Chemistry class XI unit: 1 stoichiometry Name:____________

1.1.1 discuss the significance of Chemistry as a quantitative science in daily life;

Knowledge of chemistry is central to understanding a wide range of scientific disciplines.

The role of chemistry in daily life is unavoidable fact.

· Cooking, eating and digestion of food are purely chemical processes.
· Construction, cleaning and washing of our homes are dependable on chemistry.
· The production of fertilizers, glass, plastic synthetic fiber, polymer, ceramics, petroleum
products, soaps, and detergents are based on chemistry.
· The diseases transmitted through impure drinking water as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, skin
and eye infections can be controlled with the help of chlorine treatment to kill the pathogenic
organism to obtain pure water.
· The chlorine is most important chemical which used commercially to produce more than one
thousands compounds which are used in chemical industry as bleaching agent, disinfectants,
solvents, pesticides, refrigerates, PVC and drugs are miracles of chemistry.
1.2.1: Define mole and Avogadro’s number:
Mole: Amount of substance contains 6.02x1023 particles is called mole.
Or
Atomic mass of an element, molecular mass of molecule or formula mass of formula unit
expressed in grams called mole.

Atomic mass: Molecular mass: Formula mass:

12g of carbon is mole of Carbon 18g of water is one mole of 23g of NaCl is one mole of
water NaCl
23g of Sodium is one mole 32g of Oxygen is one mole of 100g of CaCO3 is one mole of
sodium oxygen CaCO3
Avogadro’s number: It is defined as a constant number of particles present in one mole of an
element, molecule or formula unit that number is 6.02x1023 called Avogadro’s number.
Avogadro’s number is represented by NA.
1.2.2 Relate the concept of mole with Avogadro’s number.

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 Note: One mole of any substance contains 6.02x1023 particles. Hence one mole is equal to NA
Examples: One mole of H2O is 18g of water contains 6.02x1023 molecules of water.
Two moles of H2O is 36g of H2O contains 12.04x1023 molecules of water.

Note: One mole of any element always contains 6.02x1023 atoms that element.
Example: One mole of Carbon 12g of Carbon which contains 6.02x1023 atoms of Carbon.
One mole of Sulphur 32g of Sulphur which contains 6.02x1023 atoms of Sulphur.

Note: One mole of any molecule contains 6.02x1023 molecules of that element or compound.
Example: One mole of H2O 18g of Water which contains 6.02x1023 molecules of water.
One mole of CH4 16g of CH4 which contains 6.02x1023 molecules of CH4.

Note:One mole of any formula unit always contains 6.02x1023 formula units of that compound.
Example: One mole of NaCl 58.5g of NaCl which contains 6.02x1023 Formula units of NaCl.
One mole of CaCO3 100g of CaCO3 which contains 6.02x1023 formula units of CaCO3.

Drill: One mole of Glucose C6H12O6 contains following number of particles.

Total molecules No. Carbon No. of Hydrogen No. of oxygen Total number
atoms atoms atoms of atoms
1x 6.02x1023 6 x 6.02x1023 12 x NA 6 x NA 24 x NA

Write number of particles for one mole of H2O

Total number of No. Hydrogen No. Oxygen Total number of Total number of
molecules atoms molecules atom electrons

Write number of particles for one mole of CaCO3

Number of formula No. Oxygen Total number of No. Cations No. anions
units atoms ions

Write number of particles for Na2SO4

Number of formula No. of cations No. of anions Total number of Total number of
units ions atoms:

1.2.3: Calculate the number of following species/ particles

a. Atoms b. Molecules c. Moles d. ions e. protons f. electrons g. neutrons.

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Formula for number of atoms or molecules.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑁𝐴
Number of atoms/molecules = OR
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Number of atoms/molecules =mole X NA

Problem#1:Calculate number of atoms in 50g of Al.
𝟓𝟎𝒈 𝒙 𝟔.𝟎𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑
Number of atoms = = 11.14 x1023 atoms or 1.114x1024 atoms.
𝟐𝟕
Problem#2:Calculate number of molecules in 50g of CO2.
𝟓𝟎𝒈 𝒙 𝟔.𝟎𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑
Number of molecules = = 6.84 x1023 molecules.
𝟒𝟒

Problem#3:Calculate number of atoms in 50g of CO2.

𝟓𝟎𝒈 𝒙 𝟔.𝟎𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑
Number of atoms = x 3 = 20.52 x1023 atoms.
𝟒𝟒

Problem#4:Calculate the mass in grams of 2.03 x1022 molecules of CO2.

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 𝒙 𝟔.𝟎𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑
2.03x1022 = = 1.483g.
𝟒𝟒
Practice question link:
[Link]

Formula to determine number of moles

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Formula to calculate mole: Number of moles = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
Formula to calculate mole: Number of moles = 𝑁𝐴

Formula to determine number of ions:

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 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑁𝐴
Number of ions = x number of ions present in compound.
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Problem#1: what number of moles of oxygen atom are present in 50g of H2SO4.

Problem#2: What number of ions are present of 100g of CaCl2.

Problem#3: What number of Chloride ions are present in 50g AlCl3

Formula to determine number of electrons, protons or neutrons:

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑁𝐴
Number of electrons/protons or neutrons = x number of e-/ p+/n
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Problem#1: Calculate number of electrons present in 20g of CO2.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑁𝐴
Formula: Number of e, p or n = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 x number of e, p or n present in
substance.
Note: number electrons present in one molecule of CO2 is = 6e of Carbon + 16 e of two oxygen
= 22e
20𝑔 𝑥 𝑁𝐴
Number of e, p or n = 44 x 22 = 60.2 x1023 or 6.02x1024.

Problem#2: Calculate number of neutrons present in 16g of CH4.

Number of n in CH4 =

Problem#3: calculate number of protons in 0.4 moles of CH4.

0.4 x 10 x 6.02x1023 = 24x1023 or 2.4x1024 protons

Reflection time:
1. Which the following contains maximum number of moles.
a. 20g of CO2 b. 30g of CH4 c. 15g H2 d. 16g of CH4

2. Which of the following contains maximum number of atoms?

a. 20g of Al b. 15g Sulphur c. 10g of Boron d. 15g Carbon.

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 3. The maximum number of atoms present in.
a. 0.5 moles H2O b. 0.3 moles of CH4 c. 0.8 moles CO2 d. 0.5 moles of C2H6.

4. Which of the following is correct for 22g of CO2?

i. 22g of CO2 contains 9.03x1023 atoms ii.22g of CO2 contains 6.02x1023 atoms of oxygen.
iii. 22g of CO2 contains 6.02x1023 molecules iv. 22g of CO2 contains 9.03x1023 molecules.
a. I and II b. I , II and III c. I, II, III and IV d. III and IV.

1.2.4: Calculate, using a balance chemical equation, the

a. Interactive moles.
b. Representative particles.
c. Mass and volume of gases at STP (22.4dm3) and RTP (24dm3).
a. Interactive moles: In this stoichiometric relationship we compare the mole ratio of reacting
substance and the substance which are produced by using balance chemical equation.
Problem#1: compare the mole ratios of reacting substances and products.
2H2S + 3O2 2SO2 + 2H2O
Fromgiven equation we can predicted the interacting moles
Moles of H2S react Moles of O2 react Moles of SO2 produced Moles of H2O
From balanced 2 3 2 2
equation
Compute the 4 - -
moles of SO2If
we use 4 moles
of H2S
How many
moles of O2
are required to
obtain 8 moles
of SO2
Find out the 5
moles of H2O
produced If we
use 5 moles of
O2

b. Representative particles: In this stoichiometric relationship we compare the No. of particles of

reacting substance and the substance which are produced by using balance chemical equation

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 Problem#1CH4 + 2O2 2H2O + 2CO2
From given equation we can predicted the representative particles
Representative Representative Representative Representative
particles of CH4 particles of O2 particles of H2O particles of
react react produced CO2produced
From balanced 1NA (6.02x1023) 2 NA (12.04x1023) 2 NA (12.04x1023) 2 NA (12.04x1023)
equation
If we use 4 4 NA (6.02x1023)
moles of CH4
If we obtain 8 8 NA (6.02x1023)
moles of CO2
If we use 5 5 NA (6.02x1023)
moles of O2
C. Mass and Volume of gases at STP and RTP:

According to Avogadro’s law of gases equal moles of different gases at same temperature and
pressure always occupies same volume.
One mole of any gas at STP (0◦C and 1 atm pressure) Occupies volume of 22.4 dm3.
One mole of any gas at RTP(25◦C and 1 atm pressure) Occupies volume of 24 dm3.

Problem#1 2H2S + 3O2 2SO2+ 2H2O

From given equation we can predict the volume of reactants and products at STP and RTP
Reacting volume Reacting volume Produced volume Produced volume of
of H2S at STP of O2 at STP of SO2 at STP H2Oat STP
From balanced 2(22.4 dm3) 3(22.4 dm3) 2(22.4 dm3) 2(22.4 dm3)
equation If present in vapors form
only
If we use 4 4(22.4 dm3)
moles of H2S
If we obtain 8 8(22.4 dm3)
moles of SO2
If we use 5 5 (22.4 dm3)
moles of O2
Reacting volume Reacting volume Produced volume Produced volume of
of H2S at RTP of O2 at RTP of SO2 at RTP H2Oat RTP
From balanced 2(24 dm3) 3(24 dm3) 2(24 dm3) 2(24 dm3)
equation If present in vapors form
If we use 4 4(24 dm3)
moles of H2S
If we obtain 8 8(24 dm3)
moles of SO2
If we use 5 5 (24 dm3)
moles of O2

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1.2.5: Solve the problems base on stoichiometry using mole ratio as conversion factor.
Relationship Explanation
1. Mass-Mass Mass of reactant is given to calculate mass of product or vice versa.
2. Mole-Mole Mole of reactant is given to calculate mole of product or vice versa.
3. Volume-Volume Volume of reactant is given to calculate volume of product or vice versa.
4. Particle-Particle No of particles of reactants are given to calculate no pof particles of products or
vice versa.
5. Mole-Mass Mole of reactant is givento calculate mass of product or vice versa.
6. Mole-No of Mole of reactant is given to calculate No of particles of product or vice versa.
particles
7. Mole-Volume Mass of reactant is given to calculate Volume of product or vice versa.
8. Mass-No of Mass of reactant is given to calculate No of particlesof product or vice versa
particles
9. Mass-Volume Mass of reactant is given volume of product can be measured, vice versa.
10. No of particles- No of particles of reactant is given to calculate Volume of productor vice versa.
Volume
[Link]- No of Mass of reactant is given to calculate no of particles of product or vice versa.
Particles
12. Volume-Moles Volume of reactant is given to calculate moles of product or vice versa.

13. Volume-Mass Volume of reactant is given to calculate Mass of product or vice versa.
14. Volume-No of Volume of reactant is given to calculate no of particles of product or vice versa.
Particles
[Link] of Particles- No of particles of reactants are given to calculate mass of products or vice versa.
Mass
16. No of Particles- No of particles of reactants are given and moles products to be calculated or vice
Moles versa.

Problem #2: Calculate mass in grams and volume of CO2produced at STP and RTP by
combustion of 50g of CH4.
CH4 + 2O2🡺 CO2 + 2H2O
(mole to mass method)
Stoichiometric values:1 mol 1 mol
Given values 50/16=3.12mol ?
1𝑥3.12
Moles of CO2 produced = 1 = 3.12 mol
Mass of CO2 produced= 3.12x44 = 137.5g

Volume of CO2 at STP= Mole x22.4

Volume of CO2 at STP = 3.12 x 22.4 = 70dm3

Volume of CO2 at RTP= Molex 24

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Volume of CO2 at RTP = 3.12 x 24 = 75dm3

Problem #2:Calculate Volume of CO2produced by combustion of 32g of CH4. Also calculate

volume of O2 required at S.T.P.
CH4 + 2O2🡺 CO2 + 2H2O
1 mole 2moles 1 mole 2 moles
(mass volume method for volume of CO2)
Stoichiometric values: 16g 22.4 dm3
32g vol ? (44.8)
32𝑥22.4
Volume of CO2 produced = = 44.8 dm3
16

For volume of O2 required

Mole volume relationship
CH4 + 2O2🡺 CO2 + 2H2O
Stoichiometric values 1 mole (44.8dm3)
Given values 32g/16=2mol ?
44.8𝑥2
Volume of O2 required = 1 = 89.6 dm3

Calculate Volume of O2 required for combustion of 50dm3 of CH4. At S.T.P.

CH4 + 2O2🡺 CO2 + 2H2O
1 mole 2moles
Stoichiometric values22.4 dm3 44.8dm3
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Given values 50 dm ?
50𝑥44.8
Volume of O2 produced = 22.4 = 100 dm3
Reflection time: Ammonium nitrate is decomposing as 2NH4NO3 → 2N2 + 4H2O + O2. How
much amount of O2 formed when 8 moles of ammonium nitrate decompose?
(a) 100g (b) 122g (c) 128g (d) 130g.

1.3.1: Calculate the percentage (by mass) of

a. Elements in a compound.
b. Water of crystallization in hydrated salt.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
a. Percentage of element in compound = x 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
b. Percentage of water of crystallization = x 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡
Problems:
1. What is the percentage of Nitrogen in urea? (NH2CONH2).
Formula= (Mass nitrogen / Mass of Urea ) x 100
28
= 60 x 100 = 46.6%
2. What is the percentage of water of crystallization in di hydrated oxalic acid? (H2C2O4.2H2O)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Percentage of water of crystallization = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡
x 100
36
Percentage of water of crystallization = 126 x 100 = 28.5.

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1.3.2: Deduce the empirical formula and molecular formula of compound.
Definition:
The simplest formula that gives small whole number ratio between the atoms of different
elements present in a compound.
Examples:
Glucose (C6H12O6) = CH2O.
Benzene (C6H6) = CH.

Molecular formula:
Molecular formula: The formula which represents actual number and type of atoms.
e.g. the M.F of glucose is C6H12O6.
Mathematically, Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula) n Where n =
𝑀.𝐹 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐸.𝐹 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠

Steps to Calculate Empirical Formula and molecular formula :

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
1. Find percentage composition element = x 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 x 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

% 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
2. Finding the number of gram atoms of each elements = 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
3. Determination of the atomic ratio of each element. = 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠

4. If the atomic ratio is simple whole number, it gives the empirical formula otherwise multiple
with suitable number.
𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
5. Find molecular formula mass by calculating the value n where, n = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

Add slides 124 to 128.

Example:8: Acetic acid contains C, H, and Oxygen. 4.24g of sample of acetic acid on
complete combustion gave 6.21g of CO2 and 2.54g 0f H2O. Molecular mass of acetic acid is
60. Find its empirical and molecular formula.
Solution:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Step1: % of elements. x 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 x 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

6.21𝑔 12.00
% of C = x 44.00x 100 = 39.9
4.24𝑔

2.54𝑔 2.016
%of H= 4.24𝑔x 18.00x 100= 6.655

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% 0f oxygen = 100- (39.9 + 6.655) = 53.445

% 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Step2: Finding the number of gram atoms of each elements = 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
39.9 6.655 53.445
C= = 3.325 H = =6.655O = = 3.34
12 1 16
Note: least gram atoms are 3.325 of C which will be divided will all gram atoms to obtained
atomic ratio.
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
Step3: Determination of the atomic ratio of each element. = 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
3.325 6..655 3.34
C = 3.325 = 1 H= =2 O = 3.325 = 1
3.325
Thus Empirical formula of compound is CH2O

Step:4 molecular formula:

𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 60
molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n where,n = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠n = 30=2
M.F = (CH2O)2 M.F = C2H4O2
Practice problem: A sample of liquid consisting of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen was subjected
to combustion analysis. 0.5439g of sample compound gave 1.039g of CO2, 0.6369g of H2O.
Determine the empirical compound.

Element % of elements No. of gram atoms Atomic Ratio Empirical Fromula

C 1.039𝑔 12.00 52.098 4.34

x 44.00x 100 = = 4.34 =2
0.5439𝑔 12 2.17
52.098
H 0.6369𝑔 2.016 13.11 13.11
x 18.00x 100 = =13.01 =6 C2H6O
0.5439𝑔 1.008 2.17
13.11
O 100-(52.098+13.11) = 34.79 2.17
=2.17 =1
16 2.17
34.79

Problem1: An organic compound contains Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. 4.24 sample of
organic compound on combustion gave 6.21g of CO2 and 2.54g of H2O. The molecular formula
of compound is 60a.m.u find its empirical and molecular formula.

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Problem2: Ethylene Glycol used as antifreeze. Combustion of 6.38g of ethylene glycol gave
9.06g of CO2 and 2.54g of H2O. The molecular mass of ethylene glycol is 62 find its empirical
and molecular formula.

1.4.1: Deduce the Limiting reagent in chemical reaction:

Definition: In a chemical reaction when two or more reactants are involved the Reactant which
consumes first due to which reaction is stopped called limiting reactant.

To deduce limiting reagent we can use two methods:

a. To deduce limiting reagent in a chemical reaction we use limiting ratio:
The Reactant which gives least limiting ratio.
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
limiting ratio =𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
b. The reactant which gives least amount of product is limiting reactant and that least amount
would be actual amount of product.

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Problem:
Find limiting reagent when 200 g of each reactant Na2S, Na2CO3, and SO2 react to form product
Na2S2O3 And CO2
Equation: 2Na2S + Na2CO3 + 4SO2 🡺 3Na2S2O3 +
CO2
Stoichiometric moles 2moles1mole 4mole 3moles 1mole

Given amount of substances 200g/78 200g/106 200g / 64 ?

= 2.56 =1.88 = 3.135

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

Method 1: limiting ratio= =
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
2.56 1.88
limiting ratio of Na2S = =1.28limiting ratio of Na2CO3 = =1.88
2 1
3.135
limiting ratio of SO2= 4 =0.78.
Now the limiting reactant is SO2 which has least limiting ratio.

Method 2:
If 200 g of each reactant Na2S, Na2CO3, and SO2 react together. Find actual amount of product
with the help of limiting reactant.
Equation: 2Na2S + Na2CO3 + 4SO2 🡺 3Na2S2O3 +
CO2
Stoichiometric moles 2moles1mole 4mole 3moles 1mole

Given amount of substances 200g/78 200g/106 200g / 64 ?

= 2.56 =1.88 = 3.135
2.56𝑔𝑥3
mass of product from 200g of Na2S= = 3.84 moles of product
2
1.88𝑔𝑥3
mass of product from 200g of Na2CO3= = 5.64 moles of product
1
3.135𝑥3
mass of product from 200g of SO2= = 2.35 moles of product
4
As we know the reactant which least amount of product is SO2 , Thus SO2 is limiting reactant
and actual amount of product formed is 2.35 moles.

SLO. 1.4.2: Calculate maximum amount of product produced and amount of any unreacted
excess reagent with the help of limiting reactant:

Calculate the actual amount of product in grams and unreacted mass of excess reagent with the
help of limiting reactant. when 20g of Mg and 50g Oxygen reacts to form MgO
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

Stoichiometric amounts 2 moles 1 moles 2 moles

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 20 50
Given amounts of substances = 0.8333 =1.5625 Actual amount = ?
24 23

First to actual amount of product:

2
Amount of product from Mg = 2x 0.8333 = 0.8332 moles of product.

2
Amount of product from O2 = 1x 1.5625 = 3.125 moles of product.

Conclusions:
Limiting Reactant Excess Reactant Actual amount of product
Mg O2 0.8333 moles

Unreacted mass of excess reactant = total moles of excess reagent – consumed moles of excess
reagent.
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

Stoichiometric amounts 2 moles 1 moles

20 50
Given amounts of substances = 0.8333 =1.5625
24 23

1
Mass of excess reactant consumed by limiting reagent: 2x 0.8333 = 0.41 moles of O2 consumed.
Unreacted mass of excess reactant = total moles of excess reagent – consumed moles of excess
reagent.
= 1.5625 – 0.41
= 1.146 moles

Limiting reactant Mg Tota amount Limiting 0.8333 moles

reagent
Excess reactant O2 Total Amount of 1.5625 moles
excess reagent
Product MgO Used amount of 0.41 moles
excess reagent
Actual mass of 0.8333 moles Unreacted mass 1.146 moles
product formed excess reagent

1.5.1: Distinguish between theoretical, actual and percentage yield:

Theoretical yield is what you calculate the yield will be using the balanced chemical reaction.
Actual yield is what you actually get in a chemical reaction. Percent yield is a comparison of
the actual yield with the theoretical yield.

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1.5.2: Calculate percentage yield of product in a chemical reaction.

When limestone (CaCO3) is roasted, quick lime is produced according to following equation.
The actual yield of limestone 2.5kg when 4.5kg of limestone is roasted.
CaCO3(s) → CaO + CO2
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Formula = % yield = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑x 100
Data:
Actual yield of CaO= 2.5kg= 2500g
Theoretical Yield = ?
% yield =?
First to theoretical yield we use stoichiometric relations
CaCO3(s) → CaO + CO2
Stoichiometric amounts 100g 56g 44g
Given amounts 4500g ?
56
Amount of CaO = 100x 4500 = 2520g.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Formula = % yield = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑x 100
2500
% yield = x 100 = 99.2 % is the percentage purity of limestone remaining 0.8%
2520
impurities were present in sample of Lime stone.

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