HANDBOOK OF MATHEMATICS
FOR
FIRST YEAR B.E. PROGRAM
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2
CONTENTS
TRIGONOMETRY............................................................................................................................................ 5
BASIC CALCULUS ........................................................................................................................................... 6
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS .............................................................................................................................. 8
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION ........................................................................................................................... 8
MULTIPLE INTEGRAL ..................................................................................................................................... 9
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ....................................................................................................... 10
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ........................................................................................................... 11
NUMERICAL METHODS ............................................................................................................................... 12
VECTOR CALCULUS...................................................................................................................................... 14
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS ............................................................................................................................... 16
NUMBER THEORY........................................................................................................................................ 17
STATISTICS................................................................................................................................................... 17
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4
TRIGONOMETRY
1. Basic Functions
2. Identities
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
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BASIC CALCULUS
1. Differentiation
√
√
| |√
| |√
| |√
| |√
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2. Rules of differentiation
( )
( ) ( )
3. Integration
( ) ( )
√ √
( ) ( )
√
( ) ( )
* √
√
( )+
∫[ [∫ ] ]
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
1. Transformations for polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates: .
2. Transformations for Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates: √
( ) .
3. The angle between the radius vector and tangent for a polar curve :
4. The radius of curvature:
[ ]
Cartesian curve :
[ ]
Parametric curve :
[ ]
Polar curve :
[ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]
5. Centre of curvature: ̅ and ̅
6. Taylor series expansion:
7. Maclaurin series expansion:
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
1. Let be a function of two variables and .
The first order partial derivative of with respect to , denoted by or or or
or is defined as provided the limit exists.
The first order partial derivative of z with respect to y, denoted by or or zy or fy or q is
defined as provided the limit exists.
2. Notations of second order partial derivatives:
( ) or or or or r ( ) or or or s
( ) or or or or t ( ) or or or s
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3. Total differential: Let be a differentiable function of two variables, x and y then
total differential (or exact differential) is defined by .
4. Total derivative: Further, if , where , , then total derivative of is
given by .
( )
5. Differentiation of implicit functions: For , .
6. Differentiation of composite functions (chain rule):
Let be function of and and that and are functions of and then,
and .
7. Jacobian: If and are functions of variables and , then the determinant | | is
called the Jacobian of , with respect to , and denoted by .
8. If , are functions of , and , are functions of , , then .
MULTIPLE INTEGRAL
1. Area of a region ∬
2. Volume of a Solid ∭
3. Change of variables: From Cartesian plane to
uv-plane ∬ ∬ ( )| |
polar coordinates ∬ ∬
4. Mass of two-dimenssional object with surface density : ∬
5. The center of gravity: ∬ and ∬
6. Mass of a solid with density : ∭
7. The center of gravity: ∭ ∭ and
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ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. Auxiliary/Characteristic Equation: The equation is known as the Auxiliary
equation of .
2. Solution of a Homogeneous ODE with constant coefficients: For the differential
equation , if and are the roots of auxiliary equation,
then solution is given by following cases
If roots are real and distinct, then .
If are real, then .
If roots are complex say , then .
3. Non-homogeneous Linear ODE with constant coefficients: The general solution of
is given by , where is the solution of the associated
homogeneous equation and is called the particular integral.
4. Rules for finding particular integral:
If , then , provided .
If then provided .
[ ]
If , then
= , provided
If , , provided
If , then [ ] . Expanding the right hand side
as a binomial series, the particular integral can be obtained. The following series
expansions are useful:
If , then
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5. Cauchy-Euler equation: The linear ODE of the form
, where are constants, is known as
‘Cauchy-Euler’ or equidimensional equation.
This equation can be reduced to ODE with constant coefficients by changing the independent
variable as follows –
Take , then ,
,
where
6. Wronskian: For two functions and , the Wronkian is defined by
| |
7. Method of Variation of Parameters:
For the second order ODE of the form . Let
be solution of the equation with , the general solution is given by
, where and , and
| |
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. Lagrange’s linear equation: The first order linear partial differential equation of the
form , where , and are functions of is known as
Lagrange’s Linear equation.
2. Subsidiary/Auxiliary Equation: The equation is known as the subsidiary/
auxiliary equation of as Lagrange’s Linear equation .
3. One-Dimensional Wave Equation: , where the phase speed, is
the tension, and density of the string.
4. One-Dimensional Heat Equation: , where the thermal diffusivity,
thermal conductivity, s specific heat and ρ density of the material of the body.
5. Two-Dimensional Laplace equation:
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NUMERICAL METHODS
1. Forward difference:
–
2. Backward difference:
– –
3. Relation between forward and backward difference:
4. , where is a polynomial of
degree .
5. Newton-Gregory Forward Interpolation Formula:
= + ......
where
6. Newton-Gregory Backward Interpolation Formula:
......
where
7. Lagrange’s Interpolation Formula:
8. Numerical Differentiation:
9. ( ) = * +
10. ( ) = * +
11. ( ) * +
12. ( ) = * +
13. ( ) * +
14. ( ) = * +
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15. ( ) = * +
16. ( ) = * +
17. Regula - Falsi method:
18. Newton Raphson Method:
19. Runge - Kutta fourth order method:
where, , ( ), ( ),
20. Milne’s Predictor Formula:
[ ]
21. Milne’s Corrector Formula:
[ ];
22. Newton – Cote’s Quadrature formula:
( ( ) )
23. Simpson’s 1/3rd rule:
( )
24. Simpson’s 3/8th rule:
( )
25. Weddle’s rule:
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VECTOR CALCULUS
1. For ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ and ⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗⃗ | ⃗|| ⃗⃗ | ,
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗⃗ | ⃗|| ⃗⃗| ̂ | |
2. Vector Differential Operator: ̂ ̂ ̂.
3. Gradient of a scalar point function: ̂ ̂ ̂.
4. Divergence of a vector point function: ⃗ , where ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂.
̂ ̂ ̂
5. Curl of vector function: ⃗ | |, where ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂.
6. Laplacian of a scalar field:
7. Cylindrical coordinate system: , ,
8. Spherical coordinate system: ,
9. Expression for gradient:
In cylindrical polar coordinates:
In spherical polar coordinates: ̂ ̂ ̂
10. Expression for divergence:
In cylindrical polar coordinates: ( ⃗) * +,
where ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
In spherical polar coordinates:
( ⃗) * +,
where ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
11. Expression for Laplacian:
In cylindrical polar coordinates:
In spherical polar coordinates:
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12. Expression for Curl:
̂ ̂ ̂
In cylindrical polar coordinates: ⃗ | |,
where ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂
In spherical polar coordinates: ⃗ | |,
where ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
13. Green’s Theorem: If is a closed region in XY-plane, bounded by a simply closed
curve and if and , , are continuous functions at
every point in , then
∮ ∬( )
14. Stokes Theorem: If be an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve and ⃗ be
any vector point function having continuous first order partial derivatives, then
∮⃗ ⃗ ∬ ⃗ ̂ ∬ ⃗ ⃗
where ̂ is the outward drawn unit normal at any point to .
15. Gauss Divergence Theorem: If is the volume bounded by a closed surface and ⃗ is
a vector point function having continuous derivatives, then
∬⃗ ̂ ∭ ⃗
where ̂ is the outward unit normal drawn to .
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LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
1. Gamma function
( ) √
2. Beta Function
mn
m,n
⁄
sin m-
m,n
3. Laplace transform of : { }
4. Transform of elementary functions:
( ) | |
| |
e as
[ ] , where is Heaviside unit step function
s
5. Properties of Laplace transform:
[ ] [ ]
[ ].
1 s
If [ ] then [ ] F , where a is a positive constant.
a a
Let a be any real constant then [ ]
If [ ] dn
then L t n f (t ) (1) n n F (s), n 1, 2, 3,...
ds
f (t )
If [ ] , then L F ( s)ds.
t s
If [ ] then L{ f (t )} s L{ f (t )} s
n n n1
f (0) s n2 f (0) ....... f n1 (0)
If [ ] , then
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T
1
ST
Let be a periodic function of period then L{ f (t )} e st f (t )dt.
1 e 0
If { } then [ ]
be a continuous function at , then , where
is unit impulse function.
6. Inverse Laplace transform of using Convolution theorem: If [ ] and
[ ] , then [ ] .
NUMBER THEORY
1. The number of all positive divisors of a, denoted by , where
2. The sum of all positive divisors of a, denoted by ,
( )( ) ( )
3. Euler's theorem: if , then
4. If is a prime number, then
5. If is a prime number and , then
6. If the integer has the prime factorization, , then
( )( ) ( )
7. Cipher text: , where is the message.
8. Decryption: where is the private key.
STATISTICS
1. Moments for ungrouped data:
The moment about origin: ∑ , where
are observations
The central moment: ∑ ̄ where = , ̄ is mean
2. Moments for grouped data:
The moment about origin: ∑ , where observations
are the mid points of the class-intervals and are their
corresponding frequencies and N ∑i
The central moment: ∑ ̄
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The moment about any point A: ∑
3. Relation between raw (Moments about origin or any point) and Central Moments:
= r
C1 r- + rC2 r- ,r , ,3…
+ rC1 r-
+ rC2 r-
4. Measures of Kurtosis:
√
5. Measures of Skewness: Karl Pearson’s coefficient of Skewness: , where
6. Fitting of a straight line: for the data
The normal equations for estimating the values of a and are
∑ a ∑ ,
∑ ∑ ∑ .
7. Fitting of a second-degree equation (quadratic):
The normal equations for estimating the values of are
∑ ∑ ∑ ,
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ,
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ .
8. Correlation Coefficient (Karl Pearson correlation coefficient):
∑ ̄ ̄ ∑ ∑ ̅
, where variance of the series,
variance of the y series,
∑ ∑
→ Mean of the series → mean of the y series.
∑ xy ∑ ∑
√{ ∑ ∑ }{ ∑ ∑ }
∑
9. Regression line of on : ̅ , where ∑
∑ xy ∑ ∑
∑ ∑
∑
10. Regression line of on : where ∑
∑ ∑ ∑
∑ ∑
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