Mathematics Division, School of Advanced Sciences and Languages

VIT Bhopal University

Interim Semester 2024 - 25
MAT1003-Calculus
Question Bank-1

ny
Prepared by: Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany

wa
============================================

ar
1. Find the Domain and range in each of the following cases

es
K
1
(a) f (x, y) =

ar
xy

um
(b) f (x, y) = sin xy

K
ish
Solution:

sh
(a) Note that f (x, y) is defined at all points except at the point (x, y) where x · y = 0. Thus,

.A
domain of the function
D = {(x, y) : x · y ̸= 0}
Dr
Also, for each non-zero element z ∈ R, z = f ( z1 , 1). Thus, the range of the function f is

R = R \ {0}
i&

(b) ∵ sin function is defined for all values and therefore the domain of the function f is
n
wa

D = R2
ar

and range for sin function is [−1, 1] and hence range of the function f is
es

R = [−1, 1]
iK
uh

2. Represent the domain of the following function geometrically:

.J

√
x+y+1
Dr

(a) f (x, y) =
x−1
(b) f (x, y) = x ln(y 2 − x)
by

p
(c) f (x, y) = 9 − x2 − y 2
d
are
ep

Solution:
Pr

(a) f (x, y) is defined for all values of (x, y) except at the points (x, y) where x + y + 1 < 0 and
x = 1. Thus,
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 2 of 59

ny
wa
ar
es
K
(b) f (x, y) is defined for all values of (x, y) except at the points (x, y) where y 2 ≤ x. Thus

ar
um
K
ish
sh
.A
Dr
(c) f (x, y) is defined for all values of (x, y) except at the points (x, y) where x2 + y 2 > 9. Thus
n i&
wa
ar
es
iK
uh
.J
Dr
by
d
are

xy − y 2
3. Find lim √ √ .
ep

(x,y)→(0,0) x+ y
Pr

Page 2
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 3 of 59

Solution:
xy − y 2 (x − y)y
lim √ √ = lim √ √
(x,y)→(0,0) x + y (x,y)→(0,0) x + y

ny
√ √ √ √
( x − y)( x + y)y
= lim √ √

wa
(x,y)→(0,0) x+ y
√ √ √ √
( x − y) ( x
+ y)y

ar
= lim √ √
x +
 y

(x,y)→(0,0)

es
√ √
= lim ( x − y)y = 0

K
(x,y)→(0,0)

ar
um
!
4 1
4. Check whether lim x sin exists. If yes, find the value of limit.
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + |y|

K
ish
!
4
1
Solution: Let f (x, y) = x sin . Consider
x2 + |y|

sh
!
1

.A
4
0 ≤ |f (x, y)| = x sin ≤ x4
Dr x2 + |y|

=⇒ 0 ≤ |f (x, y)| ≤ x4
Now note that lim x4 = 0 and hence by sandwich theorem lim |f (x, y)| = 0 which
i&

(x,y)→(0,0) (x,y)→(0,0)
implies lim f (x, y) = 0. Thus,
(x,y)→(0,0)
n
wa

!
4 1
lim x sin =0
x2 + |y|
ar

(x,y)→(0,0)
es
iK

5. (4 points) Consider the following function

uh


 xy
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
.J

0 otherwise

Dr

Check whether lim(x,y)→(0,0) f (x, y) exists.

by

Solution: Consider the path y = mx passing through (0, 0). Then

d

x · mx m
re

f (x, y) = = ,
x2 +m x2 2 1 + m2
a
ep

m
=⇒ lim f (x, y) = ,
1 + m2
Pr

(x,y)→(0,0)

which is different for different values of m and hence lim f (x, y) does not exist.
(x,y)→(0,0)

Page 3
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 4 of 59
2 2
5x y
6. Check whether lim exists. If yes, find the value of the limit.
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2

5x2 y 6

ny
Solution: Let f (x, y) = . Then
x2 + y 6

wa
 2 2 2
x +y
5x2 y 2 2 5
≤ (x2 + y 2 )

ar
0 ≤ |f (x, y)| = 2 2
≤5 2 2
(AM-GM inequallity)
x +y x +y 4

es
5 2

K
=⇒ 0 ≤ |f (x, y)| ≤ (x + y 2 ).
4

ar
5 2
Now Note that lim (x + y 2 ) = 0 and hence by sandwich theorem lim(x,y)→(0,0) |f (x, y)| = 0
(x,y)→(0,0) 4

um
which implies lim(x,y)→(0,0) f (x, y) = 0. Thus,

K
5x2 y 2
lim =0
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2

ish
sh
7. Let f : R2 → R defined as

.A
 2 2
x − y
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 .
Dr
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0)

i&

Check whether iterated and simultaneous limits exist at (0, 0). If yes, find their values.
n

Solution:
wa

x2 − y 2 x2
lim lim f (x, y) = lim lim = lim 2 = 1
ar

x→0 y→0 2
x→0 y→0 x + y 2 x→0 x
es

2 2
x −y − y2
lim lim f (x, y) = lim lim 2 = lim = −1
y→0 x→0 x + y 2 y→0 y 2
iK

y→0 x→0

For lim f (x, y), consider the y = mx path passing through (0, 0), then
uh

(x,y)→(0,0)
.J

x2 − m2 x2 1 − m2
f (x, y) = =
x2 + m2 x2 1 + m2
Dr

1 − m2
=⇒ lim f (x, y) =
1 + m2
by

(x,y)→(0,0)

Thus, limit is different for different values of m and hence limit does not exist.
d
re

8. Let f : R2 → R defined as
a


xy
ep

if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)

f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
Pr

0 otherwise


Check whether limx→0 limy→0 f (x, y), limy→0 limx→0 f (x, y) and lim(x,y)→(0,0) f (x, y) exist. If yes, find
their values.

Page 4
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 5 of 59

Solution:
xy
lim lim f (x, y) = lim lim = lim 0 = 0
x→0 y→0 + y 2 x→0
x→0 y→0 x2

ny
xy
lim lim f (x, y) = lim lim 2 = lim 0 = 0

wa
y→0 x→0 y→0 x→0 x + y 2 y→0

For lim f (x, y), consider the y = mx path passing through (0, 0), then

ar
(x,y)→(0,0)

es
x · mx m

K
f (x, y) = = ,
x2 +m x2 2 1 + m2

ar
m
=⇒ lim f (x, y) = ,

um
(x,y)→(0,0) 1 + m2
which is different for different values of m and hence lim f (x, y) does not exist.

K
(x,y)→(0,0)

ish
sh
9. Let f : R2 → R defined as

.A

xy
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)

f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 .
Dr
0 otherwise

i&

Find fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0) if exist.

n
wa
ar

Solution:
es

f (0 + h, 0) − f (0, 0) f (h, 0) − f (0, 0) 0−0

fx (0, 0) = lim = lim = lim =0
iK

h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h

f (0, 0 + k) − f (0, 0) f (0, k) − f (0, 0) 0−0

uh

fy (0, 0) = lim = lim = lim =0

k→0 k k→0 k k→0 k
.J
Dr

10. Let f : R2 → R defined as

by

 !
1
d

(x2 + y 2 ) sin

p if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
re

f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 .

0 otherwise
a


ep
Pr

Find fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0) if exist.

Page 5
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 6 of 59

Solution:
 
1
f (0 + h, 0) − f (0, 0) h2 sin |h|
fx (0, 0) = lim = lim

ny
h→0 h h→0 h
 ! 
1

wa
 ∵ 0 ≤ h sin ≤ |h| 
!  |h| 
1 
∴ By sandwich theorem 

= lim h sin

ar
h→0 |h|  ! 
 1 

es
limh→0 h sin =0
 
|h|

K
=0

ar
Thus, fx (0, 0) = 0. Similarly, fy (0, 0) = 0.

um
K
11. Given ( 2 2
xy xx2 −y
+y 2 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
f (x, y) :=

ish
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0)

sh
Find fxy (0, 0) and fyx (0, 0) if they exists.

.A
Solution: Here Dr
fy (0 + h, 0) − fy (0, 0)
fyx (0, 0) = lim (1)
h→0 h
i&

fx (0, 0 + k) − fx (0, 0)
fxy (0, 0) = lim (2)
k→0 k
n

Thus, for finding fxy (0, 0) and fyx (0, 0), we need fy (h, 0), fy (0, 0), fx (0, k) and fx (0, 0).
wa
ar

f (0 + h, 0) − f (0, 0) 0−0
fx (0, 0) = lim = lim =0
es

h→0 h h→0 h
iK

f (0, 0 + k) − f (0, 0) 0−0

fy (0, 0) = lim = lim =0
k→0 k k→0 k
uh
.J

f (h, k) − f (0, k) hk(h2 − k 2 )/(h2 + k 2 ) − 0

fx (0, k) = lim = lim = −k
h→0 h h→0 h
Dr

f (h, k) − f (h, 0) hk(h2 − k 2 )/(h2 + k 2 )

fy (h, 0) = lim = lim =h
k→0 k k→0 k
by

Putting the values of fy (h, 0), fy (0, 0), fx (0, k) and fx (0, 0) in equations (1) and (2), we get
d
re

h−0
a

fyx (0, 0) = lim =1

h→0 h
ep

−k − 0
fxy (0, 0) = lim = −1
Pr

k→0 k
∴ fxy (0, 0) = −1 and fyx (0, 0) = 1.

Page 6
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 7 of 59

12. Show that the function f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 is differentiable at the point (0, 0).

Solution: Given that f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 . Now

ny
fx = 2x and fy = 2y =⇒ fx (0, 0) = 0 and fy (0, 0) = 0

wa
Then

ar
f (x0 + h, y0 + k) − f (x0 , y0 ) − hfx (x0 , y0 ) − kfy (x0 , y0 )
lim √
h2 + k 2

es
(h,k)→(0,0)

f (h, k) − f (0, 0) − hfx (0, 0) − kfy (0, 0)

K
= lim √
(h,k)→(0,0) h2 + k 2

ar
h + k2 − 0 − h · 0 − k · 0
2
= lim √

um
(h,k)→(0,0) h2 + k 2
p
= lim h2 + k 2 = 0

K
(h,k)→(0,0)

ish
f (x0 + h, y0 + k) − f (x0 , y0 ) − hfx (x0 , y0 ) − kfy (x0 , y0 )
Thus, lim(h,k)→(0,0) √ = 0 and hence f (x, y) =
h2 + k 2

sh
x2 + y 2 is differentiable at (0, 0).

.A
13. Let f : R2 → R be a function defined by
Dr
 !
(x2 + y 2 ) sin
 1
p if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
i&

f (x, y) = x2 + y 2

0 if (x, y) = (0, 0)

n

Check the differentiability of f at (0, 0).

wa
ar

Solution: Here
1
h2 sin |h|
es

f (0 + h, 0) − f (0, 0) 1
fx (0, 0) = lim = lim = lim h sin =0
|h|
iK

h→0 h h→0 h h→0

1
f (0, 0 + k) − f (0, 0) k 2 sin |k| 1
fy (0, 0) = lim = lim = lim k sin =0
uh

k→0 k k→0 k k→0 |k|

Now
.J

f (x0 + h, y0 + k) − f (x0 , y0 ) − hfx (x0 , y0 ) − kfy (x0 , y0 )

lim √
Dr

(h,k)→(0,0) h2 + k 2
f (h, k) − f (0, 0) − hfx (0, 0) − kfy (0, 0)
√
by

= lim
(h,k)→(0,0) h2 + k 2
!
1
d

2 2
(h + k ) sin √ −0−h·0−k·0
re

h2 + k 2
= lim √
a

(h,k)→(0,0) h2 + k 2
ep

!
p 1
= lim h + k sin √
2 2
Pr

(h,k)→(0,0) h2 + k 2
= 0

Page 7
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 8 of 59

f (x0 + h, y0 + k) − f (x0 , y0 ) − hfx (x0 , y0 ) − kfy (x0 , y0 )

Thus, lim(h,k)→(0,0) √ = 0 and hence f (x, y) =
h2 + k 2
x2 + y 2 is differentiable at (0, 0).

ny
du
14. If u = x2 + y 2 + z 2 and x = e2t , y = e2t cos 3t, z = e2t sin 3t. Find

wa
dt as a total derivative and verify
the results by direct substitution.

ar
es
Solution: By chain rule, we have

K
du ∂u dx ∂u dy ∂u dz
= . + . + .
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt

ar
= 2x.2e2t + 2y.(2e2t cos 3t − 3e2t sin 3t) + 2z.(2e2t sin 3t + 3e2t cos 3t)

um
= 4xe2t + 4ye2t cos 3t − 6ye2t sin 3t + 4ze2t sin 3t + 6ze2t cos 3t
= 4e4t + 4e4t cos2 3t − 6e4t sin 3t cos 3t + 4e4t sin2 3t + 6e4t sin 3t cos 3t

K
= 4e4t + 4e4t (cos2 3t + sin2 3t)

ish
= 8e4t

sh
By direct substitution, we have

.A
u = e4t + e4t cos2 3t + e4t sin2 3t = 2e4t
Dr
du
= 8e4t
dt
i&

15. Use the Chain Rule to find the derivative of

n
wa

w = xy
with respect to t along the path x = cos t, y = sin t.
ar
es

Solution: We apply the Chain Rule to find dw/dt as follows:

iK

dw ∂f dx ∂f dy
= +
uh

dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
∂(xy) d(cos t) ∂(xy) d(sin t)
.J

= +
∂(x) dt ∂y dt
Dr

= y(− sin t) + x(cos t)

= sin t(− sin t) + cos t(cos t)
by

= cos2 t − sin2 t
= cos 2t
d
are
ep

16. If z = f (x, y) where x = eu cos v and y = eu sin v, show that

Pr

∂z ∂z ∂z
y +x = e2u
∂u ∂v ∂y

Page 8
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 9 of 59

Solution: By chain rule

∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= · + · = · + ·

ny
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z

wa
= (eu cos v) + (eu sin v) = (−eu sin v) + (eu cos v)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

ar
Therefore,

es
! !
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
y +x = eu sin v (eu cos v) + (eu sin v) u u
+ e cos v (−e sin v) + (eu cos v)

K
∂u ∂v ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

ar
∂z ∂z ∂z
= (e2u cos v sin v − e2 u cos v sin v) + (e2u sin2 v + e2u cos2 v) = e2u
∂x ∂y ∂y

um
K
17. Find the directional derivative f (x, y) = x2 + xy at the point (1, 2) in the direction of the unit vector

ish
1 1
√ î + √ ĵ.
2 2

sh
.A
!
2
1 1
Solution: Given f (x, y) = x + xy, c = (1, 2) and u = √ , √ . By definition
2 2
Dr
f (c + hu) − f (c)
i&

Du f (c) = lim
h→0 h
!
n

h h
f 1 + √ ,2 + √ − f (1, 2)
wa

2 2
= lim
h→0 h
ar

!2 ! !
h h h
es

1+ √ + 1+ √ 2+ √ − (12 + 1 · 2)
2 2 2
iK

= lim
h→0 h
! !
2 √ h2
uh

h 3h
1+ + 2h + 2 + +√ −3
2 2 2
.J

= lim
h→0 h
5h
Dr

h2 + √
2 5 5
= lim = lim h + √ = √
h→0 h h→0 2 2
by
d

18. Let f : R2 → R be a function defined as

re

 2
 x y
a

if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
ep

f (x, y) = x + y 2
4

0 if (x, y) = (0, 0)

Pr

Check whether the directional derivative at the point (0, 0) in the direction of (1, 1) exist. If yes, find
the value.

Page 9
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 10 of 59

Solution:
!
x2 y 1 1
Given f (x, y) = 4 , c = (0, 0) and u = √ , √ . By definition
x + y2 2 2

ny
f (c + hu) − f (c)

wa
Du f (c) = lim
h→0 h
!

ar
h h
f √ ,√ − f (0, 0)
2 2

es
= lim
h→0 h

K
 
h3
√ 

ar
 2 2 

 4 −0
h2 

um
h
+
22 2
= lim

K
h→0 h
√
2

ish
= lim 2
h→0 h + 2
1

sh
=√
2

.A
Dr
19. Find the directional derivative of f (x, y) = xey +cos(xy) at the point (2, 0) in the direction of v = 3î−4ĵ.
n i&

3î − 4ĵ 3 4
wa

Solution: Given f (x, y) = xey + cos(xy), c = (2, 0) and the unit vector u = √ = î − ĵ.
2
3 +4 2 5 5
The Gradient
ar

!
es

∂ ∂ ∂f ∂
∇f = î + ĵ f= î + ĵ
iK

∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
= (ey − y sin(xy)) î + (xey − x sin(xy)) ĵ
uh

=⇒ ∇f (2, 0) = î + 2ĵ
.J

Therefore the directional derivative

Dr

Du f (c) = ∇f (2, 0) · u
!
  3 4
by

= î + 2ĵ · î − ĵ
5 5
d

3 8
= − = −1
re

5 5
a
ep
Pr

20. Find the directional derivative of f (x, y, z) = x3 − xy 2 − z at the point (1, 1, 0) in the direction of
2î − 3ĵ + 6k̂.

Page 10
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 11 of 59

2î − 3ĵ + 6k̂

Solution: Given f (x, y, z) = x3 −xy 2 −z, c = (1, 1, 0) and the unit vector u = p =
12 + (−3)2 + 62
2 3 6
î − ĵ + k̂. The Gradient

ny
7 7 7

wa
!
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f = î + ĵ + k̂ f= î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

ar
= (3x2 − y 2 ) î − 2xy ĵ − k̂

es
=⇒ ∇f (1, 1, 0) = 2 î − 2 ĵ − k̂

K
ar
Therefore the directional derivative

um
Du f (c) = ∇f (1, 1, 0) · u
!
2 3 6

K
= (2 î − 2 ĵ − k̂) · î − ĵ + k̂
7 7 7

ish
4 6 6
= + −
7 7 7

sh
4
=

.A
7 Dr
21. Find the directional derivative of ϕ = 4e2x−y+z at the point (1, 1, −1) in a direction toward the point
(−3, 5, 6).
n i&

Solution: A direction toward the point (−3, 5, 6) is given by

wa

(−3, 5, 6) − (1, 1, −1) = (−4, 4, 7).

ar

− 4 î + 4 ĵ + 7 k̂ −4 4 7
es

Thus, u = p = î + ĵ + k̂. Gradient of ϕ

(−4)2 + 42 + 72 9 9 9
iK

!
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
uh

∇ϕ = î + ĵ + k̂ ϕ= î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
.J

= (8e2x−y+z ) î − 4e2x−y+z ĵ + 4e2x−y+z k̂

=⇒ ∇ϕ(1, 1, −1) = 8 î − 4 ĵ + 4k̂
Dr

Therefore the directional derivative

by

Du ϕ(c) = ∇ϕ(1, 1, −1) · u

d

!
−4 4 7 20
re

= (8 î − 4 ĵ + 4k̂) · î + ĵ + k̂ =−
9 9 9 9
a
ep
Pr

22. Find the directions in which f (x, y) = (x2 /2) + (y 2 /2)

(a) increases most rapidly at the point (1, 1).

Page 11
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 12 of 59

(b) decreases most rapidly at (1, 1).

(c) What are the directions of zero change in f at (1, 1)?

ny
Solution:

wa
(a) The function increases most rapidly in the direction of ∇f at (1, 1). The gradient there is

ar
!

es
∂f ∂f
∇f (1, 1) = î + ĵ = (x î + y ĵ) = î + ĵ.
∂x ∂y

K
(1,1)
(1,1)

ar
Its direction is
î + ĵ î ĵ

um
u= √ =√ +√
12 + 12 2 2

K
(b) The function decreases most rapidly in the direction of −∇f at (1, 1), which is

ish
î + ĵ î ĵ
−u = √ = −√ − √
12 + 12 2 2

sh
.A
(c) The directions of zero change at (1, 1) are the directions orthogonal to ∇f :
Dr
î ĵ î ĵ
−√ + √ and √ −√
2 2 2 2
i&

23. Find the directions in which f (x, y, z) = x3 − xy 2 − z changes most rapidly at (1, 1, 0). What are the
n
wa

rates of change in these directions?

ar
es

Solution: The gradient of f at the point (1, 1, 0) is

iK

 
∇f (1, 1, 0) = (3x2 − y 2 )î − 2xy ĵ − k̂ = 2 î − 2 ĵ − k̂
(1,1,0)
uh

The function increases most rapidly in the direction of ∇f = 2 î − 2 ĵ − k̂ and decreases most
.J

rapidly in the direction of −∇f = −2 î + 2 ĵ + k̂. The rates of change in the directions are,
respectively,
Dr

p
|∇f | = 22 + (−2)2 + (−1)2 = 3 and − |∇f | = −3.
by
d
re

24. Find the tangent plane and normal line of the surface
a
ep

f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z − 9 = 0
Pr

at the point (1, 2, 4).

Page 12
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 13 of 59

Solution: The gradient is

!
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f (1, 2, 4) = î + ĵ + k̂ f= î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

ny
= (2x î + 2y ĵ + k̂)|(1,2,4) = 2î + 4ĵ + k̂

wa
The tangent plane is therefore the plane

ar
2(x − 1) + 4(y − 2) + (z − 4) = 0

es
or 2x + 4y + z = 14

K
The line normal to the surface at (1, 2, 4) is

ar
x−1 y−2 z−4
= =

um
2 4 1

K
x2 y 2 z 2

ish
25. Show that the equation of the tangent plane to the ellipsoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 at the point (x0 , y0 , z0 )
a b c
can be written as

sh
x0 x y0 y z0 z

.A
+ 2 + 2 =1
a2 b c Dr
i&

x2 y 2 z 2
Solution: Let f = + + − 1 = 0. Then
a2 b2 c2
n
wa

∂f ∂f ∂f 2x 2y 2z
∇(f ) = î + ĵ + k̂ = 2 î + 2 ĵ + 2 k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z a b c
ar

2x0 2y0 2z0

∇(f )(x0 , y0 , z0 ) = 2 î + 2 ĵ + 2 k̂
es

a b c
iK

Therefore the equation of the tangent plane to the ellipsoid at the point (x0 , y0 , z0 ).
uh

2x0 2y0 2z0

(x − x0 )2
+ (y − y0 ) 2 + (z − z0 ) 2 = 0
a ! b c
.J

!
x0 x y0 y z0 z x0 2 y0 2 z0 2
=⇒ 2 + 2 + 2 −2 + 2 + 2 =0
a2 b c a2 b c
Dr

!
x0 x y0 y z0 z
=⇒ 2 + 2 + 2 −2=0
by

a2 b c
x0 x y0 y z0 z
d

=⇒ + 2 + 2 =1
a2 b c
are
ep
Pr

26. Find the plane tangent to the surface z = x cos y − yex at (0, 0, 0).

Page 13
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 14 of 59

Solution: Let f (x, y, z) = z − x cos y + yex . Then the gradient is

!
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f (0, 0, 0) = î + ĵ + k̂ f= î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

ny
= ((− cos y + yex ) î + (x sin y + ex ) ĵ + k̂)|(0,0,0)

wa
= −î + ĵ + k̂

ar
Tangent plane is therefore

es
K
−1(x − 0) + (y − 0) + (z − 0) = 0 or −x+y+z =0

ar
27. Find the tangent plane to the surface x2 + 2xy 2 − 3z 2 = 6 at (1, 2, 1).

um
K
Solution: Let f (x, y, z) = x2 + 2xy 2 − 3z 2 − 6 = 0. Then the gradient is

ish
!
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂f ∂f ∂f

sh
∇f (1, 2, 1) = = î + ĵ + k̂ f= î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

.A
= ((2x + 2y 2 ) î + 4xy ĵ − 6z k̂)|(1,2,1)
= 10 î + 8 ĵ − 6 k̂
Dr
Tangent plane is therefore
i&

10(x − 1) + 8(y − 2) − 6(z − 1) = 0 or 10x + 8y − 6z = 20

n
wa

28. Find a quadratic approximation to f (x, y) = sin x sin y near the origin. How accurate is the approxima-
ar

tion if |x| ≤ 0.1 and |y| ≤ 0.1?

es
iK

Solution: For n = 2, the Taylor’s formula is

uh

1 2 
.J

f (x, y) = f (0, 0) + xfx (0, 0) + yfy (0, 0) + x fxx (0, 0) + 2xyfxy (0, 0) + y 2 fyy (0, 0)
2!
1 3
Dr


+ x fxxx (θx, θy) + 3x2 yfxxy (θx, θy) + 3xy 2 fxyy (θx, θy) + y 3 fyyy (θx, θy)
3!
by

Calculating the values of the partial derivatives,

d

f (x, y) = sin x sin y f (0, 0) = 0

re

fx (x, y) = cos x sin y fx (0, 0) = 0

a

fy (x, y) = sin x cos y fy (0, 0) = 0

ep

fxx (x, y) = − sin x sin y fxx (0, 0) = 0

Pr

fyy (x, y) = − sin x sin y fyy (0, 0) = 0

fxy (x, y) = cos x cos y fxy (0, 0) = 1

Page 14
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 15 of 59

we have the result

1 2 
sin x sin y ≈ 0 + x(0) + y(0) + x (0) + 2xy(1) + y(0) or sin x sin y ≈ xy
2

ny
The error in the approximation is

wa
1 3 
x fxxx (θx, θy) + 3x2 yfxxy (θx, θy) + 3xy 2 fxyy (θx, θy) + y 3 fyyy (θx, θy)

ar
E(x, y) =
3!

es
The third derivatives of f (x, y) never exceed 1 in absolute value because they are products of sines

K
and cosines. Also, |x| ≤ 0.1 and |y| ≤ 0.1. Hence

ar
1  8

um
|E(x, y)| ≤ (0.1)3 + 3(0.1)3 + 3(0.1)3 + (0.1)3 = (0.1)3 = 0.00134
6 6
The error will not exceed 0.00134 if |x| ≤ 0.1 and |y| ≤ 0.1.

K
ish
π


29. Find the Taylor’s formula for f (x, y) = sin x2 + y 2 + about the origin to get the quadratic approx-

sh
4
imation near the origin.

.A
Dr
Solution: The Taylor’s quadratic formula of f (x, y) at (0, 0) is given by
i&

1 2 
f (x, y) ≈ f (0, 0) + xfx (0, 0) + yfy (0, 0) + x fxx (0, 0) + 2xyfxy (0, 0) + y 2 fyy (0, 0)
2!
n

Now,
wa

 π π 1
f (x, y) = sin x2 + y 2 + f (0, 0) = sin =√
ar

4 4 2
es

 π
fx (x, y) = 2x cos x2 + y 2 + fx (0, 0) = 0
4
iK

 π
fy (x, y) = 2y cos x2 + y 2 + fy (0, 0) = 0
4
√
uh


2 2 π  π π
fxx (x, y) = 2 cos x + y + − 4x2 sin x2 + y 2 + fxx (0, 0) = 2 cos = 2
4 4  π4  √
.J


2 2 π 2

2 2 π
fyy (x, y) = 2 cos x + y + − 4y sin x + y + fyy (0, 0) = 2 cos = 2
4 4 4
Dr


2 2 π
fxy = −4xy sin x + y + fxy (0, 0) = 0
4
by

Thus
1 1 √ √ 1
f (x, y) ≈ √ + ( 2x2 + 2y 2 ) = √ (1 + x2 + y 2 )
2 2 2
d
are
ep

y
30. Expand f (x, y) = tan−1


x in powers of (x − 1) and (y − 1) upto second degree. Hence compute
Pr

f (1.1, 0.9) approximately.

Page 15
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 16 of 59

y
Solution: Here f (x, y) = tan−1


x , a = 1 and b = 1. Hence
y π
f (x, y) = tan−1 f (a, b) = tan−1 (1) =
x 4

ny
−y −1
fx (x, y) = 2 fx (1, 1) =
x + y2 2

wa
x 1
fy (1, 1) = 2 fy (1, 1) =

ar
x + y2 2
2xy 2 1

es
fxx (x, y) = 2 2 2
fxx (1, 1) = =
(x + y ) 4 2

K
x2 − y 2
fxy (x, y) = 2 fxy (1, 1) = 0
(x + y 2 )2

ar
2xy 2 1

um
fyy (x, y) = − 2 fxx (1, 1) = − −
(x + y 2 )2 4 2

K
Taylor’s expansion of f (x, y) in powers of (x − 1) and (y − 1) is given by

ish
f (x, y) =f (1, 1) + (x − 1)fx (1, 1) + (y − 1)fy (1, 1)+
1 
(x − 1)2 fxx (1, 1) + 2(x − 1)(y − 1)fxy (1, 1) + (y − 1)2 fyy (1, 1) + · · ·

sh
2!

y π

1
  
1 1

.A
 
1

1

Dr
tan−1 = + (x − 1) − + (y − 1) + (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 − + ···
x 4 2 2 2! 2 2
i&

y π 1  1 
tan−1 = − (x − 1) − (y − 1) + (x − 1)2 − (y − 1)2 + · · ·
n

x 4 2 4
wa
ar

Putting x = 1.1 and y = 0.9, we get

es

π 1
f (1.1, 0.9) = − (0.2) − 0 = 0.7854 − 0.1000 = 0.6854
iK

4 2
uh

31. Find the critical points of the function

.J

f (x, y) = x3 y 2 (1 − x − y).
Dr
by

Solution: Given f (x, y) = x3 y 2 (1 − x − y) = x3 y 2 − x4 y 2 − x3 y 3 . Then

d
re

fx = 3x2 y 2 − 4x3 y 2 − 3x2 y 3

a

and
ep

fy = 2x3 y − 2x4 y − 3x3 y 2 .

Pr

For critical points, we have

Page 16
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 17 of 59

fx = 0 fy = 0
2 2 3 2 2 3
=⇒ 3x y − 4x y − 3x y = 0 =⇒ 2x3 y − 2x4 y − 3x3 y 2 = 0

ny
=⇒ x2 y 2 (4x + 3y − 3) = 0 (3) =⇒ x3 y(2x + 3y − 2) = 0 (4)

wa
Solving equations (3) and (4), we get following critical points

ar
es
 
1 1
(α, 0); α ∈ R, (0, β); β ∈ R and ,
2 3

K
ar
um
32. Find the critical points of the function f (x, y) = 12x2 + y 3 − 12xy.

K
Solution: Given f (x, y) = 12x2 + y 3 − 12xy. Then

ish
fx = 24x − 12y

sh
and

.A
fy = 3y 2 − 12x.

For critical points, we have

Dr
i&

fx = 0 fy = 0
=⇒ 24x − 12y = 0 =⇒ 3y 2 − 12x = 0
n
wa

=⇒ 2x − y = 0 (5) =⇒ y 2 − 4x = 0 (6)
ar

Solving equations (5) and (6), we get following critical points

es
iK

(0, 0) and (1, 2)

uh

33. Determine the critical points and locate any relative minima, maxima and saddle points of function f
.J

defined by
f (x, y) = 2x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 − 6x
Dr
by

Solution: Given f (x, y) = 2x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 − 6x. Then

d
re

fx = 4x + 2y − 6, fy = 2x + 4y,
a

fxx = 4, fxy = 2, fyy = 4.

ep

For critical points, we solve the equations fx = 0 and fy = 0 simultaneously

Pr

fx = 0 =⇒ 4x + 2y = 6 (7)

Page 17
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 18 of 59

fy = 0 =⇒ 2x + 4y = 0 (8)
Solving above two equations, we get the critical point (2, −1). Now,

ny
r = fxx (2, −1) = 4, s = fxy (2, −1) = 2, t = fyy (2, −1) = 4.

wa
Since rt − s2 = 4 · 4 − 22 = 12 > 0 and r = 4 > 0, therefore f has local minima at (2, −1). The
local minimum value is f (2, −1) = −6.

ar
es
34. Determine the critical points and locate any relative minima, maxima and saddle points of function f

K
defined by
f (x, y) = 2x2 − 4xy + y 4 + 2.

ar
um
Solution: Given f (x, y) = 2x2 − 4xy + y 4 + 2. Then

K
fx = 4x − 4y, fy = −4x + 4y 3

ish
fxx = 4, fxy = −4, fyy = 12y 2 .

sh
For critical points, we solve the equations fx = 0 and fy = 0 simultaneously

.A
fx = 0 =⇒ 4x − 4y = 0 =⇒ x − y = 0. (9)
Dr
fy = 0 =⇒ −4x + 4y 3 = 0 =⇒ −x + y 3 = 0 (10)
Solving above equations, we get following critical points
i&

(0, 0), (1, 1), (−1, −1).

n
wa

For critical point (0, 0):

ar

r = fxx (0, 0) = 4
es

s = fxy (0, 0) = −4
iK

t = fyy (0, 0) = 0
uh

Thus, rt − s2 = −16 < 0. Therefore (0, 0) is a saddle point of f .

For critical point (1, 1):
.J

r = fxx (1, 1) = 4
Dr

s = fxy (1, 1) = −4
t = fyy (1, 1) = 12
by

Thus, rt − s2 = 48 − 16 = 32 > 0 and r = 4 > 0. Therefore (1, 1) is the point of local minima.
d

For critical point (−1, −1):

are

r = fxx (−1, −1) = 4

ep

s = fxy (−1, −1) = −4

Pr

t = fyy (−1, −1) = 12

Thus, rt − s2 = 48 − 16 = 32 > 0 and r = 4 > 0. Therefore (−1, −1) is the point of local minima.

Page 18
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 19 of 59

35. Find the greatest and smallest values that the function f (x, y) = xy takes on the ellipse

x2 y 2
+ = 1.
8 2

ny
wa
x2 y 2
Solution: Given f (x, y) = xy and g(x, y) = + − 1. Now

ar
8 2

es
!
x
∇(f ) = λ∇(g) =⇒ (y î + x ĵ) = λ î + y ĵ

K
4

ar
from which we find

um
λx
y= and x = λy (11)
4

K
which gives !
λ2 λ2

ish
y = y =⇒ 1− y = =⇒ y = 0 or λ = ±2
4 4

sh
x2 y 2
case-1 If y = 0 then x = λy gives x = 0 but point (0, 0) does not lies on the ellipse + = 1.

.A
8 2
Hence y ̸= 0.
case-2 If λ = ±2, then from Equation (11), we have x = ±2y. Substituting this in the equation
Dr
g(x, y) = 0 gives
(±2y)2 y 2
i&

+ = 1 =⇒ y 2 = 1 =⇒ y = ±1.
8 2
If y = 1, we have x = ±2 i.e. this gives following critical points
n
wa

(2, 1) and (−2, 1).

ar

If y = −1, we have x = ±2 i.e. this gives following critical points

es
iK

(−2, −1) and (2, −1).

uh

Here are the minimum and maximum values of the function.

.J

f (2, 1) = f (−2, −1) = 2 Maximum at (2, 1) and (−2, −1)

Dr

f (−2, 1) = f (2, −1) = −2 Minimum at (−2, 1) and (2, −1)

by
d

36. Suppose that the celsius temperature at the point (x, y, z)on the sphere x2 +y 2 +z 2 = 36 is T = y 2 −10z.
re

Locate the highest and lowest temperature on the sphere.

a
ep

Solution: Given that T = y 2 − 10z, and let S = x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 36

Pr

Now
∇(T ) = λ∇(S) =⇒ (2y ĵ − 10 k̂) = λ(2xî + 2y ĵ + 2z k̂)

Page 19
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 20 of 59

On comparing, we get the following equations

0 = λ2x (12)

ny
2y = λ2y (13)

wa
−10 = λ2z (14)
2 2 2
x + y + z = 36 (Constraint) (15)

ar
es
From (16), either λ = 0 or x = 0. If λ = 0 then from (18), we get −10 = 0, which is absurd. So,
λ ̸=0 and hence x = 0. Thus, from (17)

K
2y(1 − λ) = 0

ar
um
⇒ y = 0 or λ = 1

(i) If y = 0 then from (19), we have z 2 = 36 ⇒ z = ±6. So, the points are

K
(0, 0, 6) and (0, 0, −6).

ish
sh
(ii) If λ = 1 then (18) yields
−10 = 2z ⇒ z = −5.

.A
Therefore, from (19), we get
√
Dr
0 + y 2 + 25 = 36 ⇒ y 2 = 11 ⇒ y = ± 11
√ √
i&

So, we get points as (0, 11, −5) and (0, − 11, −5). Now
√ √
n

T (0, 0, 6) = −60, T (0, 0, −6) = 60, T (0, 11, −5) = 61, and T (0, − 11, −5) = 61
wa

Thus, the highest temperature on the sphere is 61 Celsius and the lowest temperature on the sphere
ar

is −61 Celsius.
es
iK

37. Find the maximum and minimum of f (x, y) = 5x − 3y subject to the constraint x2 + y 2 = 136.
uh

Solution: Given f (x, y) = 5x − 3y and g(x, y) = x2 + y 2 − 136. Now

.J

∇(f ) = λ∇(g) =⇒ (5 î − 3 ĵ) = λ(2x î + 2y ĵ)

Dr

On comparing, we get the following equations

by

5 = 2λx
−3 = 2λy
d

x2 + y 2 = 136 (Given constraint)

are

Notice that we can’t have λ = 0 since that would not satisfy the first two equations. So, since we
ep

know that λ ̸= 0 we can solve the first two equations for x and y respectively. This gives,
Pr

5 3
x= y=−
2λ 2λ

Page 20
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 21 of 59

Plugging these into the constraint gives,

25 9 17
+ 2 = 2 = 136
4λ2 4λ 2λ

ny
We can solve this for λ.

wa
1 1
λ2 =

ar
⇒ λ=±
16 4

es
Now, that we know λ we can find the points that will be potential maximums and/or minimums.

K
If λ = − 41 we get,

ar
x = −10 y=6

um
1
and if λ = 4 we get,

K
x = 10 y = −6

ish
Thus, we have the following critical points

sh
.A
(−10, 6) and (10, −6)

Here are the minimum and maximum values of the function.

Dr
i&

f (−10, 6) = −68 Minimum at (−10, 6)

f (10, −6) = 68 Maximum at (10, −6)
n
wa
ar

38. Find the dimensions of the box with largest volume if the total surface area is 64 cm2 .
es
iK

Solution: Let’s set the length of the box to be x, the width to be y and the height to be z.
uh
.J

We want to find the largest volume and so the function that we want to optimize is given by,
Dr

f (x, y, z) = xyz

Next, we know that the surface area of the box must be a constant 64. So this is the constraint.
by

The constraint is given by,

d

2xy + 2xz + 2yz = 64 =⇒ xy + xz + yz = 32

are

Let
ep

g(x, y, z) = xy + xz + yz − 32.
Pr

Now  
∇(f ) = λ∇(g) =⇒ (yz î + xz ĵ + xy k̂) = λ (y + z) î + (x + z) ĵ + (x + y) k̂

Page 21
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 22 of 59

On comparing, we get the following equations

yz = λ (y + z) (16)

ny
xz = λ (x + z) (17)

wa
xy = λ (x + y) (18)
xy + xz + yz = 32 (Constraint) (19)

ar
es
Now note that λ ̸= 0 because if λ = 0 then from Equations (16), (17), (18) and (19) we get 32 = 0,
which is absurd therefore λ ̸= 0.

K
Equations (16), (17), (18) can be re-written as

ar
1 1 1

um
+ = (20)
y z λ

K
1 1 1
+ = (21)

ish
z x λ

sh
1 1 1
+ = (22)

.A
x y λ

Solving Equations (20), (21), (22), we get

Dr
x = y = z = 2λ
i&

Putting x = y = z = 2λ in Equation (19), we get

n

s
8
wa

λ=
3
ar

This gives
es

s r
8 32
iK

x=y=z=2 = .
3 3
uh
.J
Dr
by

Z 1 Z x
39. Evaluate ey/x dy dx.
d

0 0
are
ep
Pr

Page 22
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 23 of 59

Solution:
Z 1 Z x Z 1 Z x 
y/x y/x
e dy dx = e dy dx
0 0 0 0

ny
!x
1
ey/x
Z
= dx

wa
0 1/x
0
1

ar
Z
x(e − 1)dx

es
0
!1
x2

K
= (e − 1)
2

ar
0
(e − 1)

um
=
2

K
ish
2 x
dydx
Z Z
40. Evaluate .

sh
1 o x2 + y 2

Solution: Here
.A
Dr
!
2 x 2 x
dydx dy
Z Z Z Z
= dx
i&

1 o x2 + y 2 1
2
o x +y
2
!x
2
1 y
Z
n

= tan−1 dx
wa

1 x x
0
π 21
Z
ar

= dx
4 1 x
es

π π
= (ln x)21 = ln 2
iK

4 4
uh
.J

Z 2 Z 4  Z 4 Z 2 
y y
41. Verify that (xy + e )dx dy = (xy + e )dy dx.
Dr

1 3 3 1
by

Solution:
d

2 4 2 4
x2
Z Z  Z 
re

(xy + ey )dx dy = y + xey dy

2
a

1 3 1 3
ep

Z 2   2
7 y 7 2 y
= y + e dy = y +e
2 4
Pr

1 1
21 2
= +e −e
4

Page 23
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 24 of 59

Also,
4 2 4
xy 2
Z Z  Z  
(xy + ey )dy dx = + ey dx
2

ny
3 1 3
Z 4   2 4
3x 2 3x 2
= + e − 2 dx = + (e − e)x

wa
3 2 4 3
21

ar
= + e2 − e
4

es
Hence

K
Z 2 Z 4  Z 4 Z 2 
y y
(xy + e )dx dy = (xy + e )dy dx.

ar
1 3 3 1

um
K
a Z √a2 −y2 p

ish
Z
42. Evaluate a2 − x2 − y 2 dxdy.
0 0

sh
.A
Dr
Solution: Here
Z Z √ 2 2 Z √a2 −y2 p !
i&

a a −y p Z a
a2 − x2 − y 2 dxdy = 2 2 2
a − x − y dx dy
0 0 0 0
#√a2 −y2
n
wa

" p
a 2 2 2 2 2
x a −x −y a −y
Z
x
= + sin−1 p
0 2 2 a − y2 0
2
ar

a
a2 − y 2 −1
Z
es

= sin 1 dy
0 2
iK

" #a
a
π π 2 y3
Z
2 2
= (a − y ) dy = a y−
4 2 3
uh

0
0
3
πa
.J

=
6
Dr
by
d

ZZ
43. Evaluate xy(x + y)dxdy over the area between the curves y = x2 and y = x.
are
ep
Pr

Solution:

Page 24
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 25 of 59

ny
wa
ar
es
K
ar
um
K
ish
Given curves are y = x2 and y = x so that

sh
.A
x2 = x =⇒ x2 − x = 0 =⇒ x(x − 1) = 0 =⇒ x = 0, x = 1

Using these in y = x, we get

Dr
y = 0, 1
∴ Points of intersection of given curves are (0, 0) and (1, 1). Region of integration is
i&

A = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x2 ≤ y ≤ x}
n
wa
ar

ZZ Z 1 Z x
xy(x + y)dxdy = xy(x + y)dy dx
es

0 x2
A
iK

" #x
1
x2 y 2 xy 3
Z
= + dx
2 3
uh

0
x2
!
1
5x4 x6 x 7
Z
.J

= − − dx
0 6 2 3
Dr

" #1
x5 x7 x8
= − −
6 14 24
by

0
3
=
d

56
are

RR p
ep

44. Evaluate xy − y 2 dx dy, where S is a triangle with vertices (0, 0), (10, 1) and (1, 1).
S
Pr

Solution:

Page 25
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 26 of 59

ny
wa
ar
es
K
ar
um
K
ish
S is the region given by
S = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ 10y}.

sh
Thus,

.A
ZZ p Z 1 Z 10y p
xy − y 2 dx dy = xy − y 2 dx dy
Dr
0 y
S
" #10y
1
2 1
Z
3
i&

= (xy − y 2 ) 2
3 0 y
y
n

2 1
Z
= 27y 2 dy
wa

3 0
2h i1
ar

= 9y 3 = 6
3 0
es
iK
uh
.J
Dr
by

Z π Z a(1+cos θ)
45. Evaluate r2 cos θdr dθ.
0 0
d
are
ep
Pr

Page 26
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 27 of 59

Solution:
" #a(1+cos θ)
π a(1+cos θ) π
r3
Z Z Z
2
r cos θdr dθ = cos θ dθ
3

ny
0 0 0
0
a3 π
Z

wa
= cos θ(1 + cos θ)3 dθ
3 0

ar
a3 π
Z
= (cos4 θ + 3 cos3 θ + 3 cos2 θ + cos θ)dθ
3 0

es
" Z #
a3 π/2 Z π/2

K
4 2
= 2 cos θdθ + 0 + 6 cos θdθ + 0
3 0 0

ar
" #
a3 3·1 π 1 π

um
= 2× × +6× ×
3 4·2 2 2 2
5πa3

K
=
8

ish
sh
.A
ZZ
Dr
46. Evaluate r3 dr dθ over the area included between the circles r = 2 sin θ and r = 4 sin θ.
n i&
wa

Solution:
ar
es
iK
uh
.J
Dr
by
d
are
ep

r = 2 sin θ is a circle with center (0, 1) and radius 1 and r = 4 sin θ is a circle with center (0, 2) and
Pr

radius 2. The region of integration is

R = {(r, θ) : 2 sin θ ≤ r ≤ 4 sin θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π}

Page 27
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 28 of 59

" #4 sin θ
π 4 sin θ π
r4
ZZ Z Z Z
3 3
r drdθ = r drdθ = dθ
0 2 sin θ 0 4
2 sin θ

ny
R
Z π Z π/2
1
× 240 × sin4 θdθ = 60 × 2 sin4 θdθ

wa
=
4 0 0
3·1 π

ar
= 120 × ×
4·2 2

es
45π
=

K
2

ar
um
K
ish
sh
ZZ

.A
47. Evaluate r3 dr dθ, over the area bounded between the circles r = 2 cos θ and r = 4 cos θ.
Dr
n i&
wa
ar

Solution:
es
iK
uh
.J
Dr
by
d
are
ep
Pr

The region of integration R is shown in shaded region. Here r varies from 2 cos θ to 4 cos θ while θ
varies from − π2 to π2 . Thus,

Page 28
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 29 of 59

π
ZZ Z 2
Z 4 cos θ
r3 dr dθ = r3 dr dθ
−π
2 2 cos θ
R

ny
π
" #4 cos θ
r4
Z 2
= dθ

wa
−π
2
4
2 cos θ
π

ar
Z 2
= 60 cos4 dθ

es
−π
2
π

K
Z 2
= 120 cos4 dθ
0

ar
3 · 1π
= 120 ×

um
4·22
45
= π

K
2

ish
√

sh
a
Z b Z b b2 −y 2
48. Evaluate xydx dy by changing the order of integration.

.A
0 0
Dr
Solution:
n i&
wa
ar
es
iK
uh
.J
Dr

Here we divide the region into horizontal strips.

by

( )
ap 2
d

R1 = (x, y) : 0 ≤ y ≤ b; 0 ≤ x ≤ b − y2
b
are

To change the order of integration, we divide the region into vertical strips.
ep
Pr

( )
bp 2
R2 = (x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ a; 0 ≤ y ≤ a − x2
a

Page 29
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 30 of 59

b
√ " # ab √a2 −X 2
a a2 −X 2 a
y2
Z Z a
Z
The given integral = xydy dx = x dx
0 0 0 2
0
" #a

ny
a
b2 b2 a2 x x3
Z
2 3
= 2 (a x − x )dx = 2 −
2a 2a 2 3

wa
0
0
1
= a2 b2

ar
8

es
K
49. Evaluate the following integral by changing the order of integration

ar
√

um
1 2−x2
2x
Z Z
p dy dx
0 x x2 + y 2

K
ish
Solution:

sh
Here the given region is divided into vertical strips.

.A
n p o
R1 = (x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; x ≤ y ≤ 2 − x2
Dr
n i&
wa
ar
es
iK
uh
.J
Dr
by

To change the order of integration, we divide the region into horizontal strips. It consists of two
d

regions R2 and R3 given below.

re

R2 = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ x ≤ y}
a

√
ep

n p o
R3 = (x, y) : 1 ≤ y ≤ 2; 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 − y 2
Pr

Thus
R1 = R2 ∪ R3

Page 30
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 31 of 59

1 y
√
2 Z √2−y2
x x
Z Z Z
The given integral = p dx dy + p dx dy
0 0 x2 + y 2 1 0 x2 + y 2
i√2−y2
Z 1 hp √
iy Z 2 hp

ny
= x2 + y 2 + x2 + y 2
0 0 1 0

wa
√
Z 1 √ Z 2 √
= ( 2y − y)dy + ( 2 − y)dy

ar
0 1
" #1 " # √2

es
√ y2 √ y 2
= ( 2 − 1) + 2y −

K
2 2
0 1
1 √

ar
= (2 − 2)
2

um
K
Z a Z 2a−x
50. Evaluate xydy dx by changing the order of integration.

ish
0 x2 /a

sh
Solution:

.A
Dr
n i&
wa
ar
es
iK
uh
.J

Here we divide the region into vertical strips.

Dr

( )
x2
R1 = (x, y) : ≤ y ≤ 2a − x; 0 ≤ x ≤ a
a
by

Now x2 = ay and y = 2a − x intersect

∴ x2 = a(2a − x) =⇒ x2 + ax − 2a2 = 0
d
re

∴ x = −2a, a =⇒ y = a, 4a
a

Thus the points of the intersection are (a, a) and (−2a, 4a). To change the order of integration,
ep

we divide the region into horizontal strips. It consists of two regions given below.
√
Pr

R2 = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ y ≤ a; 0 ≤ x ≤ ay}
R3 = {(x, y) : a ≤ y ≤ 2a; 0 ≤ x ≤ 2a − y}

Page 31
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 32 of 59

Thus
R1 = R2 ∪ R3
√
a ay 2a 2a−y

ny
Z Z Z Z
The given integral = xydx dy + xydx dy
0 0 a 0

wa
" #√ ay " #2a−y
a
x2 2a
x2
Z Z
= +

ar
0 2 a 2
0 0

es
a 2 2a
ay y(2a − y)2
Z Z
= dy + dy

K
0 2 a 2
" #a Z
a y3 2a 3
y − 4ay 2 + 4a2 y

ar
= + dy
2 3 a 2

um
0
" #2a
a4 1 y 4 4ay 3 2 2
= + − + 2a y

K
6 2 4 3
a

ish
3a4
=
8

sh
.A
ZZ p
51. Evaluate a2 − x2 − y 2 dx dy over the circle x2 + y 2 ≤ ax in the positive quadrant where a > 0.
Dr
i&

Solution:
n
wa
ar
es
iK
uh
.J
Dr
by

Consider the circle x2 + y 2 = ax or x2 + y 2 − ax = 0. Its center is a2 , 0 and radius a

2. Put
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dxdy = rdrdθ. Therefore the given circle becomes
d
re

r2 cos2 θ + r2 sin2 θ = ar cos θ

a

=⇒ r2 = ar cos θ
ep

=⇒ r = a cos θ
Pr

π
∴ Region of integration A is shown in the Fig. ?? and for this region θ varies from 0 to 2 and r
varies from 0 to a cos θ.

Page 32
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 33 of 59

π
ZZ p Z 2
Z a cos θ p
∴ a2 − x2 − y 2 dx dy = a2 − r2 rdr dθ
0 0
A

ny
Z π
1 2h 2 3 a cos θ
i
=− (a − r2 ) 2

wa
3 0 0
3Z π
a 2
(sin3 θ − 1)dθ

ar
=−
3 0

es
"Z π Z π2 #
a3 2
3
=− sin θdθ − dθ

K
3 0 0

ar
" #
a3 2 π
=− −

um
3 3·1 2
!
a3 4

K
= π−
6 3

ish
sh
sin[π(x2 + y 2 )]dx dy over the region bounded by the circle x2 + y 2 = 1 by changing to polar
RR

.A
52. Evaluate
co-ordinates. Dr
i&

Solution: Put x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dxdy = rdrdθ. Therefore the given circle becomes

r2 cos2 θ + r2 sin2 θ = 1 =⇒ r2 = 1 =⇒ r = 1 ( as r > 0)

n
wa

2π 1
ar

Z Z
Given integral = sin(πr2 )rdr dθ
es

0 0
" #1
2π
cos πr2
Z
iK

= − dθ
0 2π
0
uh

1 2π
Z
= dθ
π 0
.J

1
= × 2π
Dr

π
=2
by
d
re

x2 y 2
a

53. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse + = 1.

a 2 b2
ep
Pr

Solution:

Page 33
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 34 of 59

ny
wa
ar
es
K
ar
um
x2 y2

K
Here the equation of ellipse is 2 + 2 = 1. Since ellipse is symmetrical about both the axes.
a b
Therefore

ish
Required area = 4 × area in 1st quadrant

sh
∴ Region of integration, ( )
bp 2

.A
R= (x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ a; a − x2
a
Dr
b√
a a2 −x2 Z a p
b
Z Z
∴ Required area = 4 × a dy dx = 4 a2 − x2 dx
a
i&

0 0 0
" √ #a
4b a p 2 4b x a2 − x2 a 2
x
Z
−1
= a − x2 dx = + sin
n

a 0 a 2 2 a
0
wa

" #
2
4b a π
= × = πab
ar

a 2 2
es
iK
uh
.J
Dr

54. Find the area enclosed by the parabolas y 2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay, a > 0.
by
d
are
ep
Pr

Solution:

Page 34
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 35 of 59

ny
wa
ar
es
K
ar
um
K
ish
The point of intersection of given parabolas are (0, 0) and (4a, 4a). The region of integration is
( )

sh
x2 √
(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 4a; ≤ y ≤ 2 ax
4a

√
.A
Dr
Z 4a Z 2 ax
∴ Required area = dy dx
x2
0
i&

4a
Z h i2√ax
4a
= y x2
n

0 4a
Z 4a
√ x2
wa

 
= 2 ax − dx
0 4a
ar

" 3 #4a " #4a

√ x2 1 x3
−
es

=2 a 3
2
4a 3
0 0
iK

2 2 2
32a 16a 16a
= − =
3 3 3
uh
.J
Dr
by

55. Find the area bounded by the circles r = 2 sin θ, r = 4 sin θ.

d
are
ep
Pr

Solution:

Page 35
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 36 of 59

ny
wa
ar
es
K
ar
um
K
ish
r = 2 sin θ =⇒ r2 = 2r sin θ =⇒ x2 + y 2 = 2y is a circle having center at (0, 1) and radius 1 and
r = 4 sin θ is a circle having center at (0, 2) and radius 2.

sh
.A
Region of integration = {(r, θ) : 0 ≤ θ ≤ π; sin θ ≤ r ≤ 4 sin θ}
Dr
π 4 sin θ
i&

Z Z
Required area = rdr dθ
0 2 sin θ
n

π
1
Z
= (16 sin2 θ − 4 sin2 θ)dθ
wa

2
Z 0π
ar

=3 (1 − cos 2θ)dθ
0
es

" #π
sin 2θ
=3 θ−
iK

2
0
= 3π
uh
.J
Dr

56. Find the area of the region that is common to the both curves r = 3 cos θ and r = 1 + cos θ.
by
d
re

Solution: Firstly, let us find the point of intersection of these curves. From r = 3 cos θ and
r = 1 + cos θ, we get
a
ep

1 π π
3 cos θ = 1 + cos θ =⇒ cos θ = =⇒ θ = , − .
Pr

2 3 3
π
Thus, these two curves intersects at two points: one at θ = 3 and other at θ = − π3 .

Page 36
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 37 of 59

ny
wa
ar
es
K
ar
um
K
ish
sh
.A
Thus, from figure it is clear that

The area of common region = 2 × area of the coloured region above x− axis
Dr
Z Z ZZ 
=2 rdrdθ + rdrdθ
i&

R R2
"Z π 1Z Z πZ #
3 1+cos θ 2 3 cos θ
=2 rdrdθ + rdrdθ
n

π
0 0 3 0
wa

Z π Z π
3 2
= (1 + cos θ)2 dθ + (3 cos θ)2 dθ
ar

π
0 3
π Z π
es

Z
1 3 9 2
= (3 + cos 2θ + 4 cos θ)dθ + (1 + cos 2θ)dθ
2 2 π3
iK

0
  π3  π
1 sin 2θ 9 sin 2θ 2
= 3θ + + 4 sin θ + θ+
uh

2 2 0 2 2 π
3
√ ! √ !
.J

4π + 3 3 π √ 6π − 9 3
= + + 3 +
24 3 8
Dr

5π
=
4
by
d
are

Z1 Z1 Z1
ep

57. Evaluate ex+y+z dx dy dz.

Pr

0 0 0

Page 37
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 38 of 59

Solution:
 1 
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z
ex+y+z dx dy dz =  ex+y+z dx dy dz

ny
0 0 0 0 0 0
Z1 Z1

wa
 x+y+z 1
= e 0
dy dz

ar
0 0
 1 
Z1

es
Z
=  (e1+y+z − ey+z )dy  dz

K
0 0

ar
Z1
 1+y+z 1
= e − ey+z 0 dz

um
0
Z1

K
e2+z − 2e1+z + ez dz


=

ish
0
= e3 − 3e2 + 3e − 1 = (e − 1)3

sh
.A
√
Z3 Z1 Z xy
58. Evaluate xyzdz dy dx.
Dr
1 1 0
x
i&

Solution:
n

√ √ 
Z3 Z1 Z xy Z3 Z1 Z xy
wa

xyzdz dy dx = xyzdz  dy dx
 

ar

1 1 0 1 1 0
x x
es

Z3 Z1
x2 y 2
= dy dx
iK

2
1 1
x
uh

 
Z3 Z1 2 2
x y
= dy  dx
 
.J

2

1 1
x
Dr

Z3 " #1 !
x2 y 3 1 3 1
Z
2
= dx = x − dx
2 3 1 6 1 x
by

0 x
" #3
3
1 x 13 1
d

= − ln x = − ln 3
6 3 9 6
re

1
a
ep

59. Evaluate Z a Z a
xdx dy
Pr

0 y x2 + y 2
by changing to polar co-ordinates.

Page 38
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 39 of 59

Solution: Given curves are

y = 0, y = a, x = y, x = a

ny
wa
ar
es
K
ar
um
K
ish
sh
Let’s get everything converted over to polar coordinates.

.A
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dx dy = rdr dθ.
Dr
Limits of r are calculated as following

r at P is r = 0
i&

r at Q is x = a ⇒ r cos θ = a ⇒ r = a sec θ
n
wa

Then, we have the following limits of r and θ

π
ar

0≤θ≤ , 0 ≤ r ≤ a sec θ
4
es

Thus
iK

π
Z a Z a Z Z a sec θ
xdx dy 4 rdrdθ
= r cos θ
uh

0 y x2 + y 2 0 0 r2
Z π
4 h ia sec θ
.J

= r cos θ dθ
0 0
π
Dr

Z 4
= a sec θ cos θ dθ
0
by

Z π
4
= a dθ
0
d

aπ
=
re

4
a
ep

Z1 1−x 1−x−y
Pr

1
Z Z
60. Show that xyzdz dy dx = .
720
0 0 0

Page 39
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 40 of 59

Solution:

1−x−y
 1−x−y 
Z1 1−x Z1 1−x

ny
Z Z Z Z
xyzdzdydx =  xyzdz  dydx

wa
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1−x
xy(1 − x − y)2
Z Z

ar
= dydx
0 0 2

es
" #1−x 1−x 
1
x y(1 − x − y)3 y(1 − x − y)3
Z Z

K
=  − dy  dx
0 2 −3 −3
0 0

ar
" #1−x
1
1 (1 − x − y)4 1 1
Z Z

um
= x dx = − x(1 − x)4 dx
6
0 −4 24 0
0
#1 Z

K
"
5 1
1 x(1 − x) (1 − x)5
=− − dx
24 −5 −5

ish
0
0
" #1
1 (1 − x)6 1

sh
=− =
120 −6 720

.A
0

ZZZ
Dr
61. Evaluate 2x dV where E is the region under the plane 2x + 3y + z = 6 that lies in the first octant.
E
i&

Solution: Here is a sketch of the plane in the first octant.

n
wa
ar
es
iK
uh
.J
Dr
by
d

We need the limits of integration. Since we are under the plane and in the first octant (so we’re
re

above the plane z = 0) we have the following limits for z.

a
ep

0 ≤ z ≤ 6 − 2x − 3y
Pr

The projection of the region E on xy-plane will be a triangle. Thus, the region D is bounded by
the lines x = 0, y = 0 and 2x + 3y = 6.

Page 40
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 41 of 59

ny
wa
ar
es
K
ar
um
K
ZZZ Z Z Z 6−2x−3y 
2x dV = 2x dz dA
0

ish
E
ZDZ h i6−2x−3y
= 2xz dA

sh
0
D

.A
Z 3 Z − 23 x+2
= 2x (6 − 2x − 3y) dy dx
Dr
0 0
Z 3 h
i− 32 x+2
= 12xy − 4x2 y − 3xy 2 dx
0
i&

0
Z 3
4 3
= x − 8x2 + 12x dx
0 3
n

3
wa


1 4 8 3 2
= x − x + 6x
3 3 0
ar

=9
es
iK
uh
.J
Dr

ZZZ
62. Evaluate (x + y + z)dxdydz over the tetrahedron bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,
E
by

x + y + z = 1.
d
are
ep
Pr

Solution: Here is the sketch of the region

Page 41
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 42 of 59

ny
wa
ar
es
K
ar
um
K
ish
sh
.A
Dr
Since the given tetrahedron is bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x + y + z = 1, so, we
i&

have the following limits for z.

n
wa

0≤z ≤1−x−y
ar
es

The projection of the given tetrahedron on the xy-plane will be a triangle. Thus, the region D is
iK

bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1.

uh
.J
Dr
by
d
are
ep
Pr

Page 42
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 43 of 59

ZZZ Z Z Z 1−x−y 
(x + y + z) dxdydz = (x + y + z) dz dA
0
E D

ny
z 2 i1−x−y
ZZ h
= xz + yz + dA

wa
2 0
D
1 1−y

ar
1
Z Z  
= 1 − (x + y)2 dy dx
2

es
0 0
Z 1h !
1 (x + y)3 i1−x

K
= y− dx
2 0 3 0

ar
!
1 1 2 x3
Z

um
= −x+ dx
2 0 3 3
" #1

K
1 1 4 1 2 2 1
= x − x + x =
2 12 2 3 8

ish
0

sh
.A
63. Find the volume of the region enclosed by the cylinder y 2 +z 2 = 2 and the planes x = 0 and x+y −2 = 0.
Dr
Solution: Here is the sketch of the given region
n i&
wa
ar
es
iK
uh
.J
Dr
by
d
are
ep
Pr

Clearly, we have the following limits for x

0≤x≤2−y

Page 43
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 44 of 59

ZZZ
Volume V = dx dy dz
V
Z Z Z x=2−y 

ny
= dx dy dz
x=0
D

wa
ZZ
= (2 − y)dy dz

ar
D

es
Projection of the given region on yz-plane is

K
D : y2 + z2 = 2

ar
um
K
ish
sh
.A
Dr
n i&
wa

Changing the variables into polar co-ordinates, we have

ar

y = r sin θ, z = r sin θ, dy dz = rdr dθ

es

and limits of r and θ are √

iK

0≤r≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
uh

√
Z 2π Z 2
Thus Volume V = (2 − r cos θ)rdr dθ
.J

0 0
√
Z 2π Z 2
Dr

= (2r − r2 cos θ)dr dθ

0 0
Z  2π 3
√2
r
by

= r2 − cos θ dθ
0 3 0
" √ #
d

Z 2π
2 2
= 2− cos θ dθ
re

0 3
a

" √ #2π
ep

2 2
= 2θ − sin θ = 4π
3
Pr

64. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4 and the planes y + z = 4 and z = 0.

Page 44
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 45 of 59

Solution: First Method: Using Cartesian coordinate system Clearly, the limits of z are

0≤z ≤4−y

ny
Therefore, the volume of the solid is

wa
ZZZ ZZ Z 4−y
V = dV = dz dA

ar
0
V D

es
where D is the circular disc x2 + y 2 = 4, and hence limits of y and x are

K
p p
− 4 − x2 ≤ y ≤ 4 − x2 −2≤x≤2

ar
Thus,

um
√ √
Z 2 Z 4−x2 Z 4−y Z 2 Z 4−x2

K
V = √ dz dy dx = √ (4 − y)dy dx
−2 − 4−x2 0 −2 − 4−x2
√

ish
"# 4−x2
2
y2
Z Z 2p
= 4y − dy dx = 8 4 − x2
2 √ 2

sh
−2 −2
− 4−x
" √ #2

.A
x 4 − x2 4 −1 x
=8 + sin
2 2 2
−2
Dr
= 16π
i&

Second Method: Using Polar coordinate system Clearly, the limits of z are

0≤z ≤4−y
n
wa

Therefore, the volume of the solid is

ar

ZZZ ZZ Z 4−y
V = dV = dz dA
es

0
iK

V D

where D is the circular disc x2 + y 2 = 4. Converting to Polar coordinate system, we have

uh

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dx dy = rdr dθ, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

.J

Thus,
Dr

Z 2π Z 2 Z 4−r sin θ Z 2π Z 2
V = dz rdr dθ = r(4 − r sin θ)dr dθ
by

0 0 0 0 0
" #2 !
2π 2π
r3 8
Z Z
2
= 2r − sin θ dθ = 8 − sin θ dθ
d

0 3 0 3
re

0
" #2π
8
a

= 8θ + cos θ
ep

3
0
Pr

= 16π

Page 45
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 46 of 59
p
65. Determine the volume of the region that is below z = 8 − x2 − y 2 above z = − 4x2 + 4y 2 and inside
x2 + y 2 = 4.

ny
Solution: Clearly, the limits of z are

wa
p
− 4x2 + 4y 2 ≤ z ≤ 8 − x2 − y 2 .

ar
In this case D is just the disk given by x2 + y 2 ≤ 4 (i.e. the portion of the xy-plane that is inside

es
the cylinder). Therefore the volume of the solid is

K
Z Z "Z 2 2
#
ZZZ 8−x −y

ar
V = dV = √ dz dA
− 4x2 +4y 2

um
E D
ZZ
2
8−x −y 2
= z| √ dA
− 4x2 +4y 2

K
ZDZ  p 
8 − x2 − y 2 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA

ish
=
D

sh
Now, we need to evaluate this double integral over
.A
Dr
the disk x2 + y 2 ≤ 4. Let’s convert the integral
over to polar coordinates.
i&

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.
n

Then, we have the following limits of r and θ

wa

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2
ar
es
iK

The volume integral in terms of polar coordinates is then,

Z 2π Z 2
uh

8 − r2 + 2r r dr dθ
 
V =
0 0
.J

Z 2π Z 2
8r − r3 + 2r2 dr dθ


=
Dr

0 0
Z 2π   2 Z 2π
1 2 52
= 4r2 − r4 + r3 dθ = dθ
4 3 3
by

0 0 0
 2π
52 104
= θ = π
d

3 0 3
are
ep
Pr

66. Determine the volume of the region that lies behind the plane x + y + z = 8 and in front of the region
3 √ 3
in the yz-plane that is bounded by z = y and z = y.
2 4

Page 46
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 47 of 59

Solution: here is a sketch of the region

ny
wa
ar
es
K
ar
um
K
ish
Since given region is the region that lies behind the plane x + y + z = 8 and in front of the region

sh
3 √ 3
in the yz-plane that is bounded by z = y and z = y. So, we have following limits of x.

.A
2 4
Dr
i&

0≤x≤8−y−z
n
wa
ar

3 √ 3
es

In this case, we have been given region D in yz-plane which is bounded by z = y and z = y.
2 4
iK

so we won’t have to work to find that.

uh
.J
Dr
by
d
are
ep
Pr

The volume is then,

Page 47
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 48 of 59

ZZZ Z Z Z 8−y−z 
V = dV = dx dA
0
E D

ny
Z 4 √
Z 3 y/2
= 8 − y − z dz dy

wa
0 3y/4
√
3 y
4  

ar
Z
1 2
= 8z − yz − z 2 dy
2

es
0 3y
4
Z 4  
57 3 3 33 2

K
1
= 12y − y − y + y
2
2 dy
0 8 2 32

ar
 4
3 57 3 5 11 49
= 8y 2 − y 2 − y 2 + y 3 =

um
16 5 32 0 5

K
ish
sh
67. Use a triple integral to determine the volume of the region below z = 4 − xy and above the region in
the xy-plane defined by 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.

.A
Dr
Solution:
n i&
wa
ar
es
iK
uh
.J
Dr
by

The top portion of the region (the orange colored surface) is the graph of z = 4 − xy. The two
d

sides shown (the blue and red surfaces) show the two sides of the region that we can see given the
re

orientation of the region. The bottom of the region is the xy-plane.

a
ep

Clearly, the limits of z are

0 ≤ z ≤ 4 − xy
Pr

The region D is given by

{(x, y) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}

Page 48
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 49 of 59

ny
wa
ar
es
K
ar
The volume of the solid is given by

um
ZZZ Z 2 Z 1 Z 4−xy
V = dV = dz dy dx

K
0 0 0
E
2 1

ish
Z Z
4−xy
= z|0 dy dx
0 0

sh
Z 2 Z 1
= 4 − xy dy dx

.A
0 0
Z 2   1
1
= 4y − xy 2 dx
Dr
0 2 0
Z 2
1
= 4 − x dx
i&

0 2
 2
1
= 4x − x2
n

=7
4
wa

0
ar
es
iK
uh
.J

triple integral to determine the volume of the region that is below z = 8 − x2 − y 2 above
68. Use a p
Dr

z = − 4x2 + 4y 2 and inside x2 + y 2 = 4.

by
d
are
ep
Pr

Solution:

Page 49
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 50 of 59

ny
wa
ar
es
K
ar
um
K
ish
sh
.A
Dr
n i&

The top of the region (the orange colored surface) is the portion of the graph of the elliptic paraboloid
z = 8 − x2 − y 2 that is inside 2 2
wa

pthe cylinder x + y = 4. The bottom of the region is the portion of

the graph of the cone z = − 4x2 + 4y 2 that is inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4.
ar

Clearly, the limits of z are p

− 4x2 + 4y 2 ≤ z ≤ 8 − x2 − y 2 .
es

In this case D is just the disk given by x2 + y 2 ≤ 4 (i.e. the portion of the xy-plane that is inside
iK

the cylinder). Therefore the volume of the solid is

Z Z "Z 8−x2 −y2 #
uh

ZZZ
V = dV = √ dz dA
− 4x2 +4y 2
.J

E D
ZZ
2
8−x −y 2
= z| √ dA
Dr

− 4x2 +4y 2

ZDZ  p 
8 − x2 − y 2 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA
by

=
D
d
re

Now, we need to evaluate this double integral over the disk x2 + y 2 ≤ 4. Let’s convert the integral
over to polar coordinates.
a
ep

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.
Pr

Then we have the following limits of r and θ

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2

Page 50
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 51 of 59

ny
wa
ar
es
K
ar
um
The volume integral in terms of polar coordinates is then,

K
Z 2π Z 2
8 − r2 + 2r r dr dθ
 
V =

ish
0 0
Z 2π Z 2
8r − r3 + 2r2 dr dθ

sh
=
0 0

.A
Z 2π   2 Z 2π
1 2 52
= 4r2 − r4 + r3 dθ = dθ
0 4 3 0 0 3
Dr
 2π
52 104
= θ = π
3 0 3
i&

ZZZ
z(x2 + y 2 )dx dy dz over the region
n

69. Evaluate
wa

E = {(x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1, 2 ≤ z ≤ 3}.
ar
es
iK

Solution:
Here region is part of right circular cylinder. So, we change it to cylindrical coordinates i.e.,
uh

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z.
.J

∴ E = {(r, θ, z) : 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 2 ≤ z ≤ 3}.

Dr

Therefore,
Z1 Z2πZ3
by

ZZZ
2 2
z(x + y )dx dy dz = (zr2 )rdr dθ dz
d

E 0 0 2
 3   
re

Z1 Z2π Z1 Z2π
5
Z
=  zdz  r3 dθ dr =  dθ r3 dr
a

2
ep

0 0 2 0 0
Z1 " #
Pr

4
r 5π
= 5π r3 dr = 5π =
4 4
0

Page 51
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 52 of 59
ZZZ
70. Evaluate y dV where E is the region that lies below the plane z = x + 2 above the xy-plane and
E
between the cylinders x2 + y 2 = 1 and x2 + y 2 = 4.

ny
Solution: We are above the xy-plane and so we are above the plane z = 0 and below the plane

wa
z = x + 2. So, the range for z in terms of cylindrical coordinates.

ar
0≤z ≤x+2 =⇒ 0 ≤ z ≤ r cos θ + 2

es
Next, the region D is the region between the two circles x2 + y 2 = 1 and x2 + y 2 = 4 in the xy-plane

K
and so the ranges for it are,

ar
um
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π 1≤r≤2

K
ish
sh
.A
Dr
n i&

Here is the integral.

wa
ar

ZZZ Z 2π Z 2 Z r cos θ+2

y dV = (r sin θ) r dz dr dθ
es

0 1 0
iK

E
Z 2π Z 2
= r2 sin θ (r cos θ + 2) dr dθ
uh

0 1
Z 2π Z 2
1 3
= r sin (2θ) + 2r2 sin θ dr dθ
.J

0 1 2
Z 2π  2
1 4 2 3
Dr

= r sin (2θ) + r sin θ dθ

0 8 3 1
Z 2π  
15 14
by

= sin (2θ) + sin θ dθ

0 8 3
 2π
d


15 14
= − cos (2θ) − cos θ =0
re

16 3 0
a
ep
Pr

ZZZ
71. Evaluate 16z dV where E is the upper half of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
E

Page 52
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 53 of 59

Solution: Since we are taking the upper half of the sphere the limits for the variables are,

0≤ρ≤1
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

ny
π
0≤φ≤
2

wa
The integral is then,

ar
π
ZZZ Z 2
Z 2π Z 1
ρ2 sin φ (16ρ cos φ) dρ dθ dφ

es
16z dV =
0 0 0

K
E
π
Z 2
Z 2π Z 1
= 8ρ3 sin (2φ) dρ dθ dφ

ar
0 0 0

um
π π
Z 2
Z 2π Z 2
= 2 sin (2φ) dθ dφ = 4π sin (2φ) dφ
0 0 0

K
π
= −2π cos (2φ)|02 = 4π

ish
72. Find the volume of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 .

sh
.A
Solution: Here region
E = {(x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ a2 }.
Dr
Changing to spherical co-ordinates by the relations
i&

x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ, y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ, z = ρ cos ϕ,

n

we have
wa

E = {(ρ, ϕ, θ) : 0 ≤ ρ ≤ a, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}
ar

Z2πZπ Za Z2πZπ " #a

ρ3
es

Required volume = ρ2 sin ϕdρ dϕ dθ = sin ϕdϕ dθ

3
iK

0 0 0 0 0 0

Z2πZπ Z2πh
a3 a3 iπ
− cos ϕ
uh

= sin ϕdϕ dθ = dθ
3 3 0
0 0 0
.J

3 Z2π
2a 4
= dθ = πa3
Dr

3 3
0
by

ZZZ
73. Evaluate z x dV where E is inside both x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 and the cone (pointing upward) that
d
re

E
π
makes an angle of with the negative z-axis and has x ≤ 0.
a

3
ep

Solution: The region E is basically an upside down ice cream cone that has been cut in half so
Pr

that only the portion with x ≤ 0 remains. Therefore, because we are inside a portion of a sphere of
radius 2 we must have,

Page 53
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 54 of 59

0≤ρ≤2

For φ we need to be careful. The problem statement says that the cone makes an angle of π3 with
the negative z-axis. However, remember that φ is measured from the positive z-axis. Therefore,

ny
the first angle, as measured from the positive z-axis, that will “start” the cone will be φ = 2π
3 and

wa
it goes to the negative z-axis. Therefore, we get the following limits for φ.

ar
2π
≤φ≤π
3

es
K
Finally, for the θ we can use the fact that we are also told that x ≤ 0. This means we are to the
left of the y-axis and so the range of θ must be,

ar
π 3π

um
≤θ≤
2 2
Now that we have the limits we can evaluate the integral.

K
ish
3π
ZZZ Z π Z 2
Z 2
z x dV = (ρ cos φ) (ρ sin φ cos θ) ρ2 sin φ dρ dθ dφ

sh
2π π
3 2 0
E

.A
3π
Z πZ 2
Z 2
= ρ4 cos φsin2 φ cos θ dρ dθ dφ
2π π
0
Dr
3 2
3π
Z π Z 2 32
= cos φsin2 φ cos θ dθ dφ
5
i&

2π π
3 2
Z π
64
= cos φsin2 φ dφ
−
n

2π
3
5
√
wa

π
64 3 8 3
= − sin φ =
15 5
ar

2π
3
es
iK

74. Represent the following vector field diagrammatically:

uh

F (x, y) = −y î + xĵ
.J

Solution: First let us write down the vectors at some representative points in the xy plane corre-
Dr

sponding to the vector field F (x, y) = −y î + xĵ:

(x, y) F⃗ (x, y)
by

(0, 1) −î
(1, 0) ĵ
d

(1, 1) −î + ĵ
re

(0, −1) î
a

(−1, 0) −ĵ
ep

(−1, −1) î − ĵ
Pr

(0, 2) −2î
(2, 0) 2ĵ
(−2, 0) −2ĵ
(0, −2) 2î
(1, −1) î + ĵ
(−1, 1) Page 54−î − ĵ
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 55 of 59

ny
wa
ar
es
K
ar
um
K
ish
sh
75. Find a potential function for the vector field,

.A
F⃗ = 2xy 3 z 4 î + 3x2 y 2 z 4 ĵ + 4x2 y 3 z 3 k̂
Dr
Solution: Let f (x, y, z) be a potential function of the vector field F⃗ i.e.
i&

∂f ∂f ∂f
n

F⃗ = grad f = î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
wa

which gives
ar

∂f
= 2xy 3 z 4 (23)
es

∂x
iK

∂f
= 3x2 y 2 z 4 (24)
∂y
uh

∂f
= 4x2 y 3 z 3 (25)
.J

∂z
Let’s integrate the first one with respect to x.
Dr

Z
f (x, y, z) = 2xy 3 z 4 dx = x2 y 3 z 4 + g (y, z) (26)
by

Now, we differentiate this with respect to y. Doing this gives,

d
re

∂f
= 3x2 y 2 z 4 + gy (y, z) = 3x2 y 2 z 4
a

∂y
ep

which gives
Pr

gy (y, z) = 0 ⇒ g (y, z) = h (z) (say)

This means that we now know the potential function must be in the following form.

Page 55
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 56 of 59

f (x, y, z) = x2 y 3 z 4 + h (z)
Differentiate with respect to z.

ny
∂f
= 4x2 y 3 z 3 + h′ (z) = 4x2 y 3 z 3
∂z

wa
So,

ar
h′ (z) = 0 ⇒ h (z) = c

es
The potential function for this vector field is then,

K
f (x, y, z) = x2 y 3 z 4 + c

ar
um
76. Show that the vector field F⃗ = z î + x ĵ + y k̂ is solenoidal.

K
Solution: Given F⃗ = z î + x ĵ + y k̂. Then

ish
∂z ∂x ∂y
div F⃗ = ∇ · F⃗ = + +

sh
∂x ∂y ∂z
=0

Thus, F⃗ is a solenoidal vector field.

.A
Dr
77. If F⃗ = (x + 3y) î + (y − 2z) ĵ + (x + λz) k̂ is solenoidal, then find the value of λ.
n i&

Solution: Given that F⃗ = (x + 3y) î + (y − 2z) ĵ + (x + λz) k̂ is solenoidal. Hence

wa

div F⃗ = 0
ar

∂(x + 3y) ∂(y − 2z) ∂(x + λz)

es

=⇒ + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
iK

=⇒ 1 + 1 + λ = 0
=⇒ λ = −2
uh
.J

78. Calculate the curl of the following vector field

Dr

F⃗ = xey î + yez ĵ + zex k̂

by

Solution: Given that F⃗ = xey î + yez ĵ + zex k̂. Then

d
re

î ĵ k̂
a

∂ ∂ ∂
ep

curl F⃗ = ∇ × F⃗ =
∂x ∂y ∂z
Pr

xey yez zex

= −yez î − zex ĵ − xey k̂

Page 56
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 57 of 59

79. Show that the vector F⃗ = (6xy + z 3 )î + (3x2 − z)ĵ + (3xz 2 − y)k̂ is irrotational.

Solution: Given that F⃗ = (6xy + z 3 )î + (3x2 − z)ĵ + (3xz 2 − y)k̂. Therefore

ny
î ĵ k̂
∂ ∂ ∂

wa
curl F⃗ = ∇ × F⃗ =
∂x ∂y ∂z
6xy + z 3 3x2 − z 3xz 2 − y

ar
= (−1 + 1)î − (3z 2 − 3z 2 )ĵ + (6x − 6x)k̂

es
=0

K
∴ F⃗ is irrotational vector field.

ar
um
80. Find the constants a, b, c so that the following vector field is irrotational

K
F⃗ = (x + 2y + az) î + (bx + 3y − z) ĵ + (4x + cy + 2z) k̂

ish
Solution: Given that F⃗ = (x + 2y + az) î + (bx + 3y − z) ĵ + (4x + cy + 2z) k̂ is irrotational.

sh
Therefore
curl F⃗ = 0

.A
=⇒ ∇ × F⃗ = 0
Dr
î ĵ k̂
∂ ∂ ∂
=⇒ =0
i&

∂x ∂y ∂z
x + 2y + az bx + 3y − z 4x + cy + 2z
n

=⇒ (c + 1)î − (4 − a)ĵ + (b − 2)k̂ = 0

wa
ar

=⇒ c + 1 = 0 4−a=0 b−2=0
=⇒ a = 4 b=2 c = −1
es
iK

81. Determine if the following vector field is conservative.

uh
.J

3x2 y 3 3
     
F⃗ = 4y 2 + ⃗i + 8xy + x ⃗j + 11 − 2x y ⃗k
z2 z2 z3
Dr

Solution: We know all we need to do here is compute the curl of the vector field.
by

⃗i ⃗j ⃗k
∂ ∂ ∂
d

curlF⃗ = ∇ × F⃗ = ∂x ∂y ∂z
re

2 3x2 y x3 2x3 y
a

4y + 2 8xy + 2 11 − 3
 z z z
ep

2x3 2x3 6x2 y 6x2 y 3x2 3x2

  
= − 3 + 3 î − − 3 + 3 ĵ + 8y + 2 − 8y − 2 k̂ = 0
Pr

z z z z z z
So, we found that curl F⃗ = 0 for this vector field and so the vector field is conservative.

Page 57
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 58 of 59

82. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4 and the planes y + z = 4 and z = 0.

Solution: First Method: Using Cartesian coordinate system Clearly, the limits of z are

ny
0≤z ≤4−y

wa
Therefore, the volume of the solid is
4−y

ar
ZZZ ZZ Z
V = dV = dz dA

es
0
V D

K
where D is the circular disc x2 + y 2 = 4, and hence limits of y and x are

ar
p p
− 4 − x2 ≤ y ≤ 4 − x2 −2≤x≤2

um
Thus,

K
√ √
Z 2 Z 4−x2 Z 4−y Z 2 Z 4−x2
V = dz dy dx = (4 − y)dy dx

ish
√ √
−2 − 4−x2 0 −2 − 4−x2
√
"# 4−x2
2 Z 2p
y2

sh
Z
= 4y − dy dx = 8 4 − x2
−2 2 √ 2 −2

.A
− 4−x
" √ #2
x 4−x 2 4 −1 x
=8 + sin
Dr
2 2 2
−2
= 16π
i&

Second Method: Using Polar coordinate system Clearly, the limits of z are
n
wa

0≤z ≤4−y
ar

Therefore, the volume of the solid is

es

ZZZ ZZ Z 4−y
V = dV = dz dA
iK

0
V D
uh

where D is the circular disc x2 + y 2 = 4. Converting to Polar coordinate system, we have

.J

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dx dy = rdr dθ, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

Dr

Thus,
Z 2π Z 2 Z 4−r sin θ Z 2π Z 2
r(4 − r sin θ)dr dθ
by

V = dz rdr dθ =
0 0 0 0 0
" #2 !
2π 2π
r3 8
Z Z
d

2
= 2r − sin θ dθ = 8 − sin θ dθ
re

0 3 0 3
0
a

" #2π
8
ep

= 8θ + cos θ
3
Pr

0
= 16π

Page 58
 Prepared by Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany Page 59 of 59

83. Determine if the vector field F⃗ (x, y, z) = 2xy î+(x2 +2yz 3 )ĵ+(3y 2 z 2 +2z)k̂ is conservative and solenoidal.

Solution: First, we compute

ny
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
divF⃗ = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z

wa
3
= 2y + 2z + 6z + 2

ar
= 2 + 2y + 6z + 2z 3

es
Since divF⃗ ̸= 0 and hence F⃗ can not be solenoidal vector field. Now, we compute

K
î ĵ k̂

ar
∂ ∂ ∂
curlF⃗ = ∇ × F⃗ =

um
∂x ∂y ∂z
2xy x2 + 2yz 3 3y 2 z 2 + 2z

K
= (6yz 2 − 6yz 2 )î − (0 − 0)ĵ + (2x − 2x)k̂ = 0

ish
Moreover, F⃗ is defined (and smooth) on all of R3 , hence it is conservative.

sh
.A
Dr
n i&
wa
ar
es
iK
uh
.J
Dr
by
d
are
ep
Pr

Page 59