Multiple Integral

Triple Integral

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani Dr. Ashish Kumar Kesarwany

Mathematics Division, School of Advanced Sciences and Languages

VIT Bhopal University, Bhopal-Indore Highway, Kothrikalan, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, 466114, India

October 15, 2024

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 1 / 55
 Table of Contents

1 Triple Integral

2 Volume of a Solid

3 Triple Integrals In Cylindrical Coordinates

4 Triple Integrals In Spherical Coordinates

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 2 / 55
 Definition (Triple Integral)
Consider a function f (x, y , z) which is continuous of every point of a finite region
V of three dimensional space. Divide the region V into n-subregions of respective
volumes δV1 , δV2 , . . . , δVn . Let (xi , yi , zi ) be an arbitrary point in the ith sub-
region. Consider the sum
∞
X
f (xi , yi , zi )δVi .
i=1

The limit of this sum as n → ∞ and δVi → 0, if Z Zexists,

Z called the triple integral of
f (x, y , z) over the region V and is denoted by f (x, y , z)dV .
V

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 3 / 55
 To evaluate, it can be expressed as the repeated integral
Zx2 Zy2 Zz2
f (x, y , z)dx dy dz (1)
x1 y1 z1

The order of integration depends upon the limits.

Let z1 , z2 be functions of x, y ; y1 , y2 be functions of x and x1 , x2 be constants
i.e., let z1 = f1 (x, y ), z2 = f2 (x, y ); y1 = ϕ1 (x), y2 = ϕ2 (x) and x1 = a, x2 = b.
Then the integral (1) is evaluated as follows :
   
Zx2 Zy2 Zz2 xZ2 =b y2 =ϕ
Z 2 (x) z2 =fZ2 (x,y )
f (x, y , z)dx dy dz = f (x, y , z)dz  dy  dx
   
 
x1 y1 z1 x1 =a y1 =ϕ1 (x) z1 =f1 (x,y )

If x1 , x2 ; y1 y2 and z1 z2 are all constants, then the order of integration is immaterial,

provided limits are changed accordingly. Thus
Zz2 Zy2 Zx2 Zx2 Zz2 Zy2 Zx2 Zy2 Zz2
f (x, y , z)dx dy dz = f (x, y , z)dy dz dx = f (x, y , z)dz dy dx
z1 y1 x1 x1 z1 y1 x1 y1 z1

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 4 / 55
 Example
Z1 Z1 Z1
Evaluate e x+y +z dx dy dz.
0 0 0

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 5 / 55
 Solution
 1 
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z
e x+y +z dx dy dz =  e x+y +z dx  dy dz
0 0 0 0 0 0
Z1 Z1
 x+y +z 1
= e 0
dy dz
0 0
 1 
Z1 Z
1+y +z y +z
=  (e − e )dy  dz
0 0
Z1
 1+y +z 1
= e − e y +z 0 dz
0
Z1
e 2+z − 2e 1+z + e z dz


=
0
= e 3 − 3e 2 + 3e − 1 = (e − 1)3
Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 6 / 55
 Example
√
Z3 Z1 Z xy
Evaluate xyzdx dy dz.
1 1 0
x

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 7 / 55
 Solution
√ √ 
Z3 Z1 Z xy Z3 Z1 Z xy
xyzdx dy dz = xyzdz  dy dx
 

1 1 0 1 1 0
x x

Z3 Z1
x 2y 2
= dy dx
2
1 1
x
 
Z3 Z1 2 2
 x y
=  dy  dx

2
1 1
x

Z3 " #1 !
x2 y3 1 3 1
Z
2
= dx = x − dx
2 3 1 6 1 x
0 x
" #3
3
1 x 13 1
= − ln x = − ln 3
6 3 9 6
1

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 8 / 55
 Example
Z1 Z
1−x 1−x−y
1
Z
Show that xyzdx dy dz = .
720
0 0 0

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 9 / 55
 Solution

1−x−y
 1−x−y 
Z1 Z
1−x Z Z1 Z
1−x Z
xyzdxdydz =  xyzdz  dydx
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1−x
xy (1 − x − y )2
Z Z
= dydx
0 0 2
" #1−x 1−x

1
x y (1 − x − y )3 y (1 − x − y )3
Z Z
=  − dy  dx
0 2 −3 −3
0 0
" #1−x
1
1 (1 − x − y )4 1 1
Z Z
= x dx = − x(1 − x)4 dx
6 0 −4 24 0
0
" #1 Z
5 1
1 x(1 − x) (1 − x)5
=− − dx
24 −5 0 −5
0
" #1
1 (1 − x)6 1
=− =
120 −6 720
0

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 10 / 55
 Fact
The volume of the three-dimensional region E is given by the integral,
ZZZ ZZZ
V = dV = dx dy dz
E E

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 11 / 55
 Evaluation of triple integral when region is given by
surface(s)
We now discuss the more general three-dimensional regions. We have three
different possibilities for a general region.
case: Following is the sketch of the 1st possibility

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 12 / 55
 In this case we define the region E as follows,

E = {(x, y , z) | (x, y ) ∈ D, u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )}

where (x, y ) ∈ D is the notation that means that the point (x, y ) lies in the region
D from the xy -plane. In this case we will evaluate the triple integral as follows,
ZZZ Z Z "Z #
u2 (x,y )
f (x, y , z) dV = f (x, y , z) dz dA
u1 (x,y )
E D

where the double integral can be evaluated in any of the methods that we saw in
the previous couple of sections. In other words, we can integrate first with respect
to x, we can integrate first with respect to y , or we can use polar coordinates as
needed.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 13 / 55
 Example
ZZZ
Evaluate 2x dV where E is the region under the plane 2x + 3y + z = 6 that
E
lies in the first octant.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 14 / 55
 Solution
We need the limits of integration. Since we are under the plane and in the first
octant (so we’re above the plane z = 0) we have the following limits for z.

0 ≤ z ≤ 6 − 2x − 3y

The projection of the plane 2x + 3y + z = 6 on xy -plane is the straight line

2x + 3y = 6. Thus, the region D is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0 and
2x + 3y = 6.

Figure 1: The region D

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 15 / 55
 Solution Cont. . .

ZZZ Z Z Z 6−2x−3y 
2x dV = 2x dz dA
0
E D
ZZ h i6−2x−3y
= 2xz dA
0
D
Z 3 Z − 32 x+2
= 2x (6 − 2x − 3y ) dy dx
0 0
Z 3 h
i− 23 x+2
= 12xy − 4x 2 y − 3xy 2 dx
0 0
Z 3
4 3
= x − 8x 2 + 12x dx
0 3
 3
1 4 8 3 2
= x − x + 6x
3 3 0
=9

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 16 / 55
 Example
ZZZ
Evaluate (x + y + z)dxdydz over the tetrahedron bounded by the planes x =
E
0, y = 0, z = 0, x + y + z = 1.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 17 / 55
 Solution
Since the given tetrahedron is bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,
x + y + z = 1, so, we have the following limits for z.

0≤z ≤1−x −y

The projection of the plane x + y + z = 1 on the xy -plane is the straight line

x + y = 1. Thus, the region D is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1.

Figure 2: The region D.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 18 / 55
 Solution Cont. . .

ZZZ Z Z Z 1−x−y 
(x + y + z) dxdydz = (x + y + z) dz dA
0
E D
z 2 i1−x−y
ZZ h
= xz + yz + dA
2 0
D
1 1−y
1
Z Z  
= 1 − (x + y )2 dy dx
2 0 0
!
1 1h (x + y )3 i1−x
Z
= y− dx
2 0 3 0
!
1 1 2 x3
Z
= −x + dx
2 0 3 3
" #1
1 1 4 1 2 2 1
= x − x + x =
2 12 2 3 8
0

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 19 / 55
d case: We now move onto the second possible three-dimensional region we may run
into for triple integrals. Here is a sketch of this region.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 20 / 55
 For this possibility we define the region E as follows,

E = {(x, y , z) | (y , z) ∈ D, u1 (y , z) ≤ x ≤ u2 (y , z)}
So, the region D will be a region in the yz-plane. Here is how we will evaluate
these integrals.
ZZZ Z Z "Z #
u2 (y ,z)
f (x, y , z) dV = f (x, y , z) dx dA
u1 (y ,z)
E D

As with the first possibility we will have two options for doing the double integral
in the yz-plane as well as the option of using polar coordinates if needed.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 21 / 55
 Example
Determine the volume of the region that lies behind the plane x + y + z = 8 and
3 √ 3
in front of the region in the yz-plane that is bounded by z = y and z = y .
2 4

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 22 / 55
 Solution
Since given region is the region that lies behind the plane x + y + z = 8 and in
3 √ 3
front of the region in the yz-plane that is bounded by z = y and z = y . So,
2 4
we have following limits of x.
0≤x ≤8−y −z
3 √
In this case, we have been given region D in yz-plane which is bounded by z = y
2
3
and z = y . so we won’t have to work to find that.
4

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 23 / 55
 Solution Cont. . .

The volume is then,

ZZZ Z Z Z 8−y −z 
V = dV = dx dA
0
E D
√
Z 4 Z 3 y /2
= 8 − y − z dz dy
0 3y /4
Z 4  3√2 y
1 2
= 8z − yz − z dy
0 2 3y
4
Z 4 
1 57 3 3 33
= 12y 2 − y − y 2 + y 2 dy
0 8 2 32
 4
3 57 2 3 5 11 3 49
= 8y − y − y + y
2 2 =
16 5 32 0 5

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 24 / 55
d case: We now need to look at the third (and final) possible three-dimensional region
we may run into for triple integrals. Here is a sketch of this region.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 25 / 55
 In this final case E is defined as,

E = {(x, y , z) | (x, z) ∈ D, u1 (x, z) ≤ y ≤ u2 (x, z)}

and here the region D will be a region in the xz-plane. Here is how we will
evaluate these integrals.
ZZZ Z Z "Z #
u2 (x,z)
f (x, y , z) dV = f (x, y , z) dy dA
u1 (x,z)
E D

where we will can use either of the two possible orders for integrating D in the
xz-plane or we can use polar coordinates if needed.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 26 / 55
 Example
ZZZ p
Evaluate 3x 2 + 3z 2 dV where E is the solid bounded by y = 2x 2 + 2z 2 and
E
the plane y = 8.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 27 / 55
 Solution
Here is a sketch of the solid E .

Clearly, the limits of y are

2x 2 + 2z 2 ≤ y ≤ 8

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 28 / 55
 Solution Cont. . .
The region D is the projection of given solid in the xz-plane. The region D in the
xz-plane can be found by ”standing“ in front of this solid and we can see that D
will be a disk in the xz-plane. This disk will come from the front of the solid and
we can determine the equation of the disk by setting the paraboloid and the plane
equal.
2x 2 + 2z 2 = 8 =⇒ x 2 + z 2 = 4

Figure 3: The region D

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 29 / 55
 Solution Cont. . .
The integral is then,
ZZZ p Z Z Z 8 p 
3x 2 + 3z 2 dV = 3x 2 + 3z 2 dy dA
2x 2 +2z 2
E D
ZZ  p  8
= y 3x 2 + 3z 2 dA
2x 2 +2z 2
ZDZ p
3 (x 2 + z 2 ) 8 − 2x 2 + 2z 2



= dA
D

Now, since we are going to do the double integral in polar coordinates let’s get
everything converted over to polar coordinates.
x = r cos θ, z = r sin θ.

Then we have the following limits of r and θ

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 30 / 55
 Solution Cont. . .
Now
p √
3 (x 2 + z 2 ) 8 − 2x 2 + 2z 2 3r 2 8 − 2r 2




=
√
= 3 r 8 − 2r 2


√
= 3 8r − 2r 3

The integral is then,

ZZZ p ZZ √
3 8r − 2r 3 dA


3x 2 + 3z 2 dV =
E D
√ Z 2π Z 2
8r − 2r 3 r dr dθ


= 3
0 0
√ Z 2π   2
8 3 2 5
= 3 r − r dθ
0 3 5 0
√ Z 2π 128
= 3 dθ
0 15
√
256 3 π
=
15
Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 31 / 55
 Practice Problems I
Z 3 Z 4 Z 0
1 Evaluate 4x 2 y − z 3 dz dy dx.
2 −1 1
Ans: − 755
4
Z 1 Z z2 Z 3
y cos z 5 dx dy dz.


2 Evaluate
0 0 0
3
Ans: 10 sin (1)
ZZZ
3 Evaluate 6z 2 dV where E is the region below 4x + y + 2z = 10 in the
E
first octant.
625
Ans:
2 ZZZ
4 Evaluate (3 − 4x) dV where E is the region below z = 4 − xy and above
E
the region in the xy -plane defined by 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
17
Ans: − .
3
Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 32 / 55
 Practice Problems II
ZZZ
5 Evaluate (12y − 8x) dV where E is the region behind y = 10 − 2z and
E
in front of the region in the xz-plane bounded by z = 2x, z = 5 and x = 0.
3125
Ans:
6ZZZ
6 Evaluate yz dV where E is the region bounded by x = 2y 2 + 2z 2 − 5
E
and the plane x = 1.
Ans: 0 Z Z Z
7 Evaluate 15z dV where E is the region between 2x + y + z = 4 and
E
4x + 4y + 2z = 20
√ that is in front of the region in the yz-plane bounded by
z = 2y 2 and z = 4y .
49
Ans:
2

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 33 / 55
 Volume of a Solid

Example
Use a triple integral to determine the volume of the region below z = 4 − xy and
above the region in the xy -plane defined by 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 34 / 55
 Solution
Clearly, the limits of z are
0 ≤ z ≤ 4 − xy
The region D is given by

{(x, y ) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}

Figure 4: The region D.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 35 / 55
 Solution Cont. . .

The volume of the solid is given by

ZZZ Z 2 Z 1 Z 4−xy
V = dV = dz dy dx
0 0 0
E
Z 2 Z 1
4−xy
= z|0 dy dx
0 0
Z 2 Z 1
= 4 − xy dy dx
0 0
Z 2   1
1
= 4y − xy 2 dx
0 2 0
Z 2
1
= 4 − x dx
0 2
 2
1
= 4x − x 2 =7
4 0

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 36 / 55
 Example
Use a triple integral to determine
p the volume of the region that is below z =
8 − x 2 − y 2 above z = − 4x 2 + 4y 2 and inside x 2 + y 2 = 4.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 37 / 55
Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 38 / 55
 Solution
Clearly, the limits of z are
p
− 4x 2 + 4y 2 ≤ z ≤ 8 − x 2 − y 2 .

In this case D is just the disk given by x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4 (i.e. the portion of the xy -plane
that is inside the cylinder). Therefore the volume of the solid is
ZZZ Z Z "Z 8−x 2 −y 2 #
V = dV = √ dz dA
− 4x 2 +4y 2
E
ZDZ
2 2
8−x −y
= z| √ 2 dA
− 4x +4y 2

ZDZ  p 
= 8 − x2 − y2 + 4x 2 + 4y 2 dA
D
Now, we need to evaluate this double integral over the disk x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4. Let’s
convert the integral over to polar coordinates.
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.
Then we have the following limits of r and θ
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 39 / 55
 Triple Integrals In Cylindrical Coordinates

Definition(Cylindrical Coordinates): Cylindri-

cal coordinates represent a point P in space by
ordered triples (r , θ, z) in which
1 r and θ are polar coordinates for the vertical
projection of P on the xy -plane.
2 z is the rectangular vertical coordinate.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 40 / 55
 Triple Integrals In Cylindrical Coordinates

Definition(Cylindrical Coordinates): Cylindri-

cal coordinates represent a point P in space by
ordered triples (r , θ, z) in which
1 r and θ are polar coordinates for the vertical
projection of P on the xy -plane.
2 z is the rectangular vertical coordinate.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 40 / 55
 Triple Integrals In Cylindrical Coordinates

Definition(Cylindrical Coordinates): Cylindri-

cal coordinates represent a point P in space by
ordered triples (r , θ, z) in which
1 r and θ are polar coordinates for the vertical
projection of P on the xy -plane.
2 z is the rectangular vertical coordinate.

Equations Relating Rectangular (x, y , z) and Cylindrical (r , θ, z)

Coordinates: The values of x, y , r , and θ in rectangular and cylindrical
coordinates are related by the usual equations.

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z
Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 40 / 55
 Cartesian coordinates (x, y , z) to cylindrical coordinates (r , θ, z)
We have
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z
Therefore Jacobian
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂r ∂θ ∂z cos θ −r sin θ 0
∂(x, y , z) ∂y ∂y ∂y
J= = = sin θ r cos θ 0 =r
∂(r , θ, z) ∂r ∂θ ∂z 0 0 1
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂r ∂θ ∂z
Then

ZZZ ZZZ
f (x, y , z)dx dy dz = f (r cos θ, r sin θ, z)|J|dr dθ dz
E
Z EZ Z
= f (r cos θ, r sin θ, z)rdr dθ dz
E

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 41 / 55
 Example
ZZZ
Evaluate z(x 2 + y 2 )dx dy dz over the region
E

E = {(x, y , z) : x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1, 2 ≤ z ≤ 3}.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 42 / 55
 Solution
Here region is part of right circular cylinder. So, we change it to cylindrical coordi-
nates i.e.,
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z.
∴ E = {(r , θ, z) : 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 2 ≤ z ≤ 3}.
Therefore,
ZZZ Z1 Z2π Z3
z(x 2 + y 2 )dx dy dz = (zr 2 )rdr dθ dz
E 0 0 2
   
Z1 Z2π Z3 Z1 Z2π
5
=  zdz  r 3 dθ dr =  dθ r 3 dr
2
0 0 2 0 0
Z1 " #
3 r4
= 5π r dr = 5π
4
0
5π
=
4
Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 43 / 55
 Example
ZZZ
Evaluate y dV where E is the region that lies below the plane z = x + 2
E
above the xy -plane and between the cylinders x 2 + y 2 = 1 and x 2 + y 2 = 4.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 44 / 55
 Solution
We are above the xy -plane and so we are above the plane z = 0 and below the
plane z = x + 2. So, the range for z in terms of cylindrical coordinates.
0≤z ≤x +2 implies 0 ≤ z ≤ r cos θ + 2

Next, the region D is the region between the two circles x 2 +y 2 = 1 and x 2 +y 2 = 4
in the xy -plane and so the ranges for it are,
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π 1≤r ≤2

Figure 6: The region D.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 45 / 55
 Here is the integral.

ZZZ Z 2π Z 2 Z r cos θ+2

y dV = (r sin θ) r dz dr dθ
0 1 0
E
Z 2π Z 2
= r 2 sin θ (r cos θ + 2) dr dθ
0 1
Z 2π Z 2
1 3
= r sin (2θ) + 2r 2 sin θ dr dθ
0 1 2
Z 2π  2
1 4 2 3
= r sin (2θ) + r sin θ dθ
0 8 3 1
Z 2π  
15 14
= sin (2θ) + sin θ dθ
0 8 3
  2π
15 14
= − cos (2θ) − cos θ
16 3 0
=0

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 46 / 55
 Triple Integrals In Spherical Coordinates

Definition(Spherical Coordinates): Spherical

coordinates represent a point P in space by or-
dered triples (ρ, ϕ, θ) in which
1 ρ is the distance from P to the origin.
2 ϕ is the angle OP⃗ makes with the positive
z-axis (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π).
3 θ is the angle from cylindrical coordinates
(0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π).

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 47 / 55
 Triple Integrals In Spherical Coordinates

Definition(Spherical Coordinates): Spherical

coordinates represent a point P in space by or-
dered triples (ρ, ϕ, θ) in which
1 ρ is the distance from P to the origin.
2 ϕ is the angle OP⃗ makes with the positive
z-axis (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π).
3 θ is the angle from cylindrical coordinates
(0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π).

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 47 / 55
 Triple Integrals In Spherical Coordinates

Definition(Spherical Coordinates): Spherical

coordinates represent a point P in space by or-
dered triples (ρ, ϕ, θ) in which
1 ρ is the distance from P to the origin.
2 ϕ is the angle OP⃗ makes with the positive
z-axis (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π).
3 θ is the angle from cylindrical coordinates
(0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π).

Equations Relating Rectangular (x, y , z) and Spherical (ρ, ϕ, θ) Coordinates:

The values of x, y , ρ, ϕ and θ in rectangular and spherical coordinates are related
by the usual equations.

x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ, y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ, z = ρ cos ϕ

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = ρ2
Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 47 / 55
 Cartesian coordinates (x, y , z) to Spherical Coordinates (ρ, ϕ, θ)
We have
x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ, y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ, z = ρ cos ϕ
Therefore Jacobian
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂ρ ∂ϕ ∂θ sin ϕ cos θ ρ cos ϕ cos θ −ρ sin ϕ sin θ
∂(x, y , z) ∂y ∂y ∂y
J= = = sin ϕ sin θ ρ cos ϕ sin θ ρ sin ϕ cos θ =ρ2 sin ϕ
∂(ρ, ϕ, θ) ∂ρ ∂ϕ ∂θ cos ϕ −ρ sin ϕ 0
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂ρ ∂ϕ ∂θ
Then
ZZZ ZZZ
f (x, y , z)dx dy dz = f (ρ sin ϕ cos θ, ρ sin ϕ sin θ, ρ cos ϕ)|J|dρ dϕ dθ
E
Z EZ Z
= f (ρ sin ϕ cos θ, ρ sin ϕ sin θ, ρ cos ϕ)ρ2 sin ϕdρ dϕ dθ
E

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 48 / 55
 Example
ZZZ
Evaluate 16z dV where E is the upper half of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
E

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 49 / 55
 Solution
Since we are taking the upper half of the sphere the limits for the variables are,

0≤ρ≤1
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
π
0≤φ≤
2
The integral is then,

π
ZZZ Z 2
Z 2π Z 1
16z dV = ρ2 sin φ (16ρ cos φ) dρ dθ dφ
0 0 0
E
π
Z 2
Z 2π Z 1
= 8ρ3 sin (2φ) dρ dθ dφ
0 0 0
π π
Z 2
Z 2π Z 2
= 2 sin (2φ) dθ dφ = 4π sin (2φ) dφ
0 0 0
π
= −2π cos (2φ)|0 2

= 4π

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 50 / 55
 Example
Find the volume of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 .

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 51 / 55
 Solution
Here region
E = {(x, y , z) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ a2 }.
Changing to spherical co-ordinates by the relations

x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ, y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ, z = ρ cos ϕ,

we have
E = {(ρ, ϕ, θ) : 0 ≤ ρ ≤ a, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}

Z2π Zπ Za Z2π Zπ " #a

2 ρ3
Required volume = ρ sin ϕdρ dϕ dθ = sin ϕdϕ dθ
3
0 0 0 0 0 0
2π π 2π
3Z Z 3Z h
a a iπ
= sin ϕdϕ dθ = − cos ϕ dθ
3 3 0
0 0 0
Z2π
2a3 4
= dθ = πa3
3 3
0

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 52 / 55
 Example
ZZZ
Evaluate z x dV where E is inside both x 2 +y 2 +z 2 = 4 and the cone (pointing
E
π
upward) that makes an angle of 3 with the negative z-axis and has x ≤ 0.

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 53 / 55
 Solution
First, we need to take care of the limits. The region E is basically an upside down
ice cream cone that has been cut in half so that only the portion with x ≤ 0 remains.
Therefore, because we are inside a portion of a sphere of radius 2 we must have,

0≤ρ≤2
For φ we need to be careful. The problem statement says that the cone makes
an angle of π3 with the negative z-axis. However, remember that φ is measured
from the positive z-axis. Therefore, the first angle, as measured from the positive
z-axis, that will “start” the cone will be φ = 2π
3 and it goes to the negative z-axis.
Therefore, we get the following limits for φ.
2π
≤φ≤π
3
Finally, for the θ we can use the fact that we are also told that x ≤ 0. This means
we are to the left of the y -axis and so the range of θ must be,
π 3π
≤θ≤
2 2

Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 54 / 55
 Solution Cont. . .
Now that we have the limits we can evaluate the integral.

3π
ZZZ Z π Z 2
Z 2
z x dV = (ρ cos φ) (ρ sin φ cos θ) ρ2 sin φ dρ dθ dφ
2π π
3 2 0
E
3π
Z π Z 2
Z 2
= ρ4 cos φsin2 φ cos θ dρ dθ dφ
2π π
3 2 0
3π
Z π Z 2 32
= cos φsin2 φ cos θ dθ dφ
2π
3
π
2
5
Z π
64
= − cos φsin2 φ dφ
2π
3
5
π
64 3
=− sin φ
15 2π
3
√
8 3
=
5
Dr. Juhi Kesarwani & Dr. Ashish Kesarwany (VITB) Multiple integral: Double Integral October 15, 2024 55 / 55