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: Tafakkur
Buston, 2012. - B.216.
7. Muminov O. A guide to consecutive translation. - T.: Boston of Thought, 2013.
8. Kholbekov M. Copy of "Artistic Translation Today's Demand", Uzbek
Literature and Art Gazette, Tashkent.: -1993.
METHODS OF TRANSLATING OF REALIA IN LITERATURE
Sevinch Ravshanova
th
4 -year student of Uzbekistan State World Languages
Abstract. This thesis emphasizes on the difference of methods and types of
realia and draws attention to the general methods of translation. A key aspect of
this thesis is to identify the best method of translation to achieve adequate
translation of realia.
Key words. Realia, transcription, transliteration, calque, replacement,
functional analogue, description, explanation, interpretation, contextual
translation
Introduction. If we explore the history of realia, we will witness “realia” is
connected to the branch of linguistics, namely linguoculturology. It was founded as
a separate field of linguistics in 1970 which studies the linguistic picture of the
world, linguistic consciousness and cultural features of language and studies
special vocabulary in terms of its typology, origin, form, content (meaning) and
functioning, as well as its use. Upon its foundation, the term “realia” was initially
used and defined by [Link] and S. Vlahov in 1989. This is a word or phrase that
cannot be translated into target language due to cultural difference. [3]
Main part. Students of translation studies or any related field often confuse the
classification of translation in diverse aspects. It is crucial for translation must
distinguish clearly “the types” and “the methods” of translation.
Nevertheless, there are generally 4 main methods of translation:
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1) Faithful translation: The translator translates a text, saving the original
meaning, even if the structure and word choice may not match.
2) Word-for-word translation: It matches every word in the source language
with its counterpart in the target language without necessarily considering meaning
or context. It is critical to be mindful of word-for-word translation as it mostly does
not convey the intended meaning of original text accurately.
3) Omission: The translator omits certain words without translating as it cannot
necessarily affect the meaning in the target language
4) Addition: During translating, additional terms or expressions that were
absent from the source text are introduced.
As for classifications of chief methods of translation of realia, M.T. Iriskulov, N.
M. Kambarov, K. D. Tukhtaeva offered particular methods of translation which
include: [2]
1) Transcription of the nationally biased lexicon envisions the mechanical
transference of the nationally biased term from the target language to the source
language using the latter's visual devices, with the goal of getting as close to the
original as possible
2) Transliteration of the left-leaning lexicon transferring letters, which form the
English term, via national prejudice.
3) Replacement is used to transfer the national vocabulary to the source
language when transliteration is not practicable or desired in some situations.
4) A Functional Analogue is frequently useful for passing the nationally biased
language that identifies metrics, especially when it is meant to elicit qualitative
notions or concepts from the reader.
5) Description, Explanation, and Interpretation are one of the approximate
translation methods when there is no other option when a concept that cannot be
conveyed by transcription has to be communicated.
6) Contextual Translation is typically distinguished from "dictionary
translation," highlighting the correspondences that a word might have in contexts
other than those provided by dictionaries. This method of translation involves
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replacing dictionary correspondences with contextual, logically connected ones. At
the same time, the lack of some correspondences between translated words is a
distinguishing trait, and the meaning of a word is appropriately carried on by the
context modified.
Futhermore, we agree with the views of scholars above, but method of Calque
Translation [1] (a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-
for-word translation) must be added to the list as it is vital to be used in the
translation of geographical realia:
Chapter 2 – Tom’s Life 2-Bo’lim Tomning Bolaligi
The house which Tom’s father lived Tomning oilasi yashaydigan uy
was up a foul little pocket called Offial badbuy “Chiqqindilar Mahallasi” deb
Court, out of Pudding Lane [4] nomlangan Pudding Yo’lida
joylashgan.
Here we can see the effectiveness of calque method to convey the meaning of
sentence (Offial Court –Chiqqindilar Mahallasi, Pudding Lane – Pudding Yo’li).
Conclusion. Realia is one of the challenges of translation that requires
appropriate translation; therefore, transcription, transliteration, calque,
replacement, functional analogue, description, explanation, interpretation,
and contextual translation is the most suitable methods to translate it.
REFERENCES
1. Ch. Nord, Text Analysis in Translation, Brill 2006
2. M.T. Iriskulov, [Link], K. D. Tukhtaeva, Translation Theory and
Practice (Part 1), 2021.
3. oya . Proshina, Anna A. Eddy, Russian English: History, Functions, and
Features, 2016
4. Mark Twain, The Prince and The Pauper, Penguin Books, - 224
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