A power of 6 can never end in zero due to prime factor considerations. The number 6 is 2x3, lacking the prime factor 5 necessary for any product of integers to include a terminal zero. Thus, 6^n has no factorization involving 5 and cannot result in a number ending with 0 .

By constructing numbers from a product like 7 × 11 × 13 + 13, decomposition shows a base multiplicative form plus an additive term (factorable as 13*(7+1)), marking divisibility by one component of the number. This strategy reveals structural divisibility otherwise masked in composite disguises, yielding an inherent compositiveness through a distributive breakdown enforcing consistent factor presence across additive constructs .

A power of 4 cannot end in the digit zero for any natural number exponent n. This is because for a number to end with zero, it must be divisible by 10, which means it must have both 2 and 5 as prime factors. However, since 4 is composed of only the prime factor 2 (4 = 2^2), any power of 4 will only have 2s in its factorization, and hence cannot be divisible by 5, making it impossible for 4^n to end in zero when n is a natural number .

The prime factorization method involves expressing each number as a product of prime factors. To find the HCF, identify the common prime factors among the numbers and multiply them by the smallest power present in all factorizations. For the LCM, take all prime factors present in any number, multiplied by the highest power of each factor. Applying this method to, for example, the numbers 6, 72, and 120, involves factorizing each (6 = 2x3, 72 = 2^3x3^2, 120 = 2^3x3x5), then determining the HCF (2x3 = 6) and LCM (2^3x3^2x5 = 360).

To verify the relationship, calculate the LCM and HCF of the given pair of numbers using prime factorization. Multiply the LCM and HCF and compare it to the product of the two numbers. For instance, for the numbers 336 and 54, find their prime factors, compute the HCF as the product of the smallest powers of all common prime factors, and the LCM as the product of the highest powers. Multiplying HCF and LCM should give the original product of the numbers .

According to theorem 1.2, if a prime number p divides a^2, then p must also divide a. This is based on the fundamental theorem of arithmetic which asserts unique factorization. If p divides a^2 without dividing a, there would be an extra factor of p, contradicting a^2's prime composition as merely doubles of a's factors. Therefore, if p | a^2, p must divide a .

The irrationality of √2 is typically proven by contradiction. Assume √2 is rational, meaning it can be expressed as a fraction a/b in its lowest terms. Then 2 = (a^2)/(b^2), giving a^2 = 2b^2. Thus, a^2 is even, implying a must be even. Let a = 2k; substituting gives 4k^2 = 2b^2, yielding b^2 = 2k^2. Therefore, b is also even, contradicting the assumption that a/b is in lowest terms. Thus, √2 is irrational .

To prove that numbers such as 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite, check divisibility by a factor other than 1 and itself. For 7 × 11 × 13 + 13, factor into 13(7 × 11 + 1) to find it divisible by 13, thus composite. Similarly, 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 simplifies by adding 5 to a multiple of smaller integers (a factorial), showing it as a sum of distinct numerical constructs and inherently composite .

Assume for contradiction that 3 + 2√5 is rational, expressible as a/b in lowest terms. Thus, 2√5 = a/b - 3, making √5 a rational number (a/2b - 3/2), contradicting the fact that √5 is irrational (as previously proven). This shows our assumption that 3 + 2√5 is rational is false, thus it is irrational .

To find when Sonia and Ravi will meet at the starting point again, calculate the LCM of their respective times per round: 18 minutes for Sonia and 12 minutes for Ravi. By prime factorization, 18 = 2x3^2 and 12 = 2^2x3. The LCM is constructed by taking the highest power of each prime: 2^2x3^2 = 36. Therefore, they will meet again at the starting point after 36 minutes .