1
BASIC CALCULUS AND PROBABILITY &
STATISTICS PERFORMANCE TASK
Submitted by: Group 3
(ඞ!LEE SALUDES!ඞ), Dalogdog, Nierras, Rizardo, Briz, Comidoy, Rubio, Malaya, Butac)
Submitted to: Sir. Jan Leo C. Marikit
BASIC CALCULUS:
1
1
1. Integrate ∫ 2 dx for limit (0,1)
0 1+ x
SOLUTION 1: USING TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Step 1: Use the Substitution;
Substitute a trigonometric function for the variable in the integrand. This
substitution simplifies the expression.
x=tan θ
2
dx=sec x θdθ
2 2 2
1+ x =1 tan θ=sec θ
1
dx
I =∫ 2
0 1+ x
π /4 2
sec θdθ
I =∫ 2
0 sec θ
π /4
I = ∫ dθ
0
Step 2: Simplify and evaluate
Apply the substitution, resulting in the cancellation of terms. This
produces a simpler integral which is then directly evaluated to obtain the
final result.
π
I =θ ¿04
π π
I = −0=
4 4
π
Answer: 4
2
SOLUTION 2: USING INVERSE TANGENT:
Step 1:
From the formula integral of 1/1+x^2 dx is equal to tangent inverse x + C
(tan^-1).
1
1
I =∫ 2
dx
0 1+ x
¿¿
STEP 2:
Then substitute the value of x, from the upper limit which is equal to 1
minus the lower limit equal to 0.
¿ ¿ ¿]
STEP 3:
By using the calculator, in radiant mode. Tangent inverse of -1 is equal
to 0.785398163 or pi/4.
π
¿ [ −0 ]
4
π
¿
4
π
Answer: 4
3
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY:
Table 1
Indicators Mean SD Descriptive
Equivalent
Indicator 1 2.835 0.829 Moderate
Indicator 2 3.356 0.737 Moderate
Indicator 3 3.655 0.743 High
Overall 3.280 0.0448 Moderate
Table 2
Indicators Mean SD Descriptive
Equivalent
Dependent 3.210 0.750 Moderate
Variable
Overall 3.210 0.750 Moderate
Table 3
Independent Dependent r-value r-squared p- Decision
Variable Variable value
Independent Dependent 0.538* 0.289 444 <0.001 Ho is Rejected
Variable Variable
4
Explanation:
1. Independent Variable
This is the variable you manipulate or categorize to see if it affects
another variable.
Example: "Study Hours" might be an independent variable.
2. Dependent Variable
This is the outcome you're measuring or predicting.
Example: "Test Scores" could be a dependent variable affected by study
hours.
3. r-value: 0.538*
This is the correlation coefficient.
It measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship
between two variables.
Ranges from -1 to +1:
+1 = perfect positive correlation
0 = no correlation
-1 = perfect negative correlation
0.538 means:
There is a moderate positive correlation between the variables.
As the independent variable increases, the dependent variable
tends to increase as well.
The asterisk * often indicates that the correlation is statistically
significant
4. r-squared: 0.289 444
This is the coefficient of determination.
It tells you how much of the variation in the dependent variable is
explained by the independent variable.
0.289444 (or ~29%) means:
About 28.9% of the changes or variation in the dependent variable
can be explained by the independent variable.
The rest (71.1%) could be due to other factors or random variation.
5
5. p-value: <0.001
The p-value tells you whether your results are statistically significant.
Common thresholds:
p < 0.05: statistically significant
p < 0.01 or p < 0.001: highly significant
<0.001 means:
There's less than a 0.1% chance that the correlation happened by
random chance.
So, the relationship is highly statistically significant.
6. Decision: Ho is Rejected
This is the conclusion based on your hypothesis test.
Ho (null hypothesis) usually says: “There is no relationship between
the variables.”
Since the p-value is < 0.001 (significant), we reject Ho, meaning:
There is a statistically significant relationship between the variables.
Summary:
Term Value Meaning
r-value 0.538 Moderate positive correlation
r² 0.289 28.9% of the DV's variance explained by the IV
p-value <0.001 Result is highly statistically significant
Decision Ho is Rejected A real relationship exists between the IV and DV
`
6
Table 4
Unstandardized Standardized
Independent Coefficients Beta t- p-
Variable Coefficients value value Decision
B SE
(Constant) 3.210 0.119 27.082 <0.001
Independent 0.354 0.130 0.391 2.732 0.010 Ho is Rejected
Variable 1
Independent 0.475 0.165 0.467 2.870 0.007 Ho is Rejected
Variable 2
Independent 0.117 0.159 0.116 0.116 0.466 Ho is Not
Variable 3 Rejected
Dependent Variable: Dependent Variable
*p < 0.05
R = 0.567 F-value = 5.638
R2 = 0.321 P-value <0.003
Explanation:
1. Independent Variable
What it means:
These are the predictors (also called explanatory or independent variables)
used to explain or predict changes in the dependent variable.
Examples:
Independent Variable 1: The first factor you're testing.
Independent Variable 2: The second factor.
Independent Variable 3: The third factor.
(Constant): Also called the intercept; it's the baseline value of the
dependent variable when all predictors are zero.
7
2. Unstandardized Coefficient (B)
What it means:
The B value tells you how much the dependent variable changes when the
independent variable increases by one unit, assuming all other variables are
held constant.
Examples:
IV1 (B = 0.354): For every 1-unit increase in IV1, the dependent variable
increases by 0.354 units.
IV2 (B = 0.475): For every 1-unit increase in IV2, the dependent variable
increases by 0.475 units.
IV3 (B = 0.117): For every 1-unit increase in IV3, the dependent variable
increases by 0.117 units.
Constant (B = 3.210): When all independent variables are 0, the dependent
variable starts at 3.210.
Why it's important:
It reflects the real-world impact of your predictors in their original units
3. Standard Error (SE)
What it means:
SE shows the precision of the B coefficient. A smaller SE means the
estimate is more reliable.
Examples:
IV1 (SE = 0.130): Indicates a relatively precise estimate of the coefficient with
low variability.
IV2 (SE = 0.165): A higher SE, suggesting less precision and more
uncertainty in the effect of IV2.
IV3 (SE = 0.159): Suggests moderate precision; the estimate is somewhat
reliable but less so than IV1.
Why it's important:
SE is used to calculate the t-value and gives you a sense of how much the B
value might vary if you repeated the study.
4. Standardized Coefficient (Beta)
8
What it means:
Beta coefficients are calculated using standardized data (converted to z-
scores). They show the relative importance of each variable on the same scale.
Examples:
·IV1 (Beta = 0.391): Indicates a moderately strong influence on the
dependent variable compared to other predictors.
· · IV2 (Beta = 0.467):Shows the strongest influence among all variables,
making it the most impactful predictor in the model.
· IV3 (Beta = 0.116):
Reflects a weak effect, suggesting it has the least impact on the
dependent variable.
· Why it's important:
Because variables are often measured in different units, Beta lets you
compare the impact of different variables fairly.
5. t-value
What it means:
The t-value tests whether the B value is statistically different from zero.
Examples:
IV1 (t = 2.732):This value indicates a statistically significant and
positive relationship between IV1 and the dependent variable. Since
the t-value is well above 2, it suggests the coefficient is reliably
different from zero.
IV2 (t = 2.870): A higher t-value than IV1, showing a stronger and
statistically significant positive relationship. Again, the coefficient is
meaningfully different from zero.
IV3 (t = 0.116): This is a very low t-value, indicating no significant
effect. It suggests weak or no evidence that IV3 contributes
meaningfully to the model.
Why it's important:
Higher absolute t-values (>2, roughly) suggest that the variable has a
statistically meaningful effect.
6. p-value
9
What it means:
The p-value is the probability that the observed result happened by chance.
It tells you whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis (Ho).
Rule of thumb:
p < 0.05 → Reject Ho (significant result)
p ≥ 0.05 → Do not reject Ho (not significant)
Examples:
IV1 (p = 0.010): Significant.
IV2 (p = 0.007): Highly significant.
IV3 (p = 0.466): Not significant.
Constant (p < 0.001): The intercept is significant, but less important for
practical analysis.
Why it’s important:
It answers the question: “Is this result likely real?”
7. Decision
What it means:
This is your conclusion based on the p-value.
IV1: p = 0.010 → Ho is Rejected (statistically significant)
IV2: p = 0.007 → Ho is Not Rejected (statistically significant)
IV3: p = 0.466 → Ho is Rejected (not statistically significant)
Why it's important:
This tells you whether a variable is worth including in your model or
discussion.
8. Dependent Variable
What it means:
The outcome you're trying to predict or explain. While not shown directly in the
table, all coefficients describe how predictors influence this variable.
MODEL SUMMARY STATISTICS
These values describe the model’s overall performance, not individual predictors.
10
R (Multiple Correlation Coefficient)
What it means:
R measures the strength of the relationship between the observed values
and predicted values.
Value in our model:
R = 0.567 → Moderate positive correlation.
R² (Coefficient of Determination)
What it means:
R² explains how much of the variance in the dependent variable is
accounted for by the model.
Value in our model:
R² = 0.321 → Your model explains 32.1% of the variation in the outcome.
Why it's important:
A higher R² = better predictive accuracy. Though 32.1% isn’t huge, it’s
meaningful depending on your field.
F-value
What it means:
This tests whether the model as a whole is statistically significant (i.e.,
whether your set of predictors improves prediction).
Value in our model:
F = 5.638
Why it's important:
A high F-value suggests that the regression model provides a better fit than a
model with no predictors.
Model p-value
What it means:
The p-value associated with the F-test. It tells you whether your model, as a
whole, is statistically significant.
Value in your model:
p < 0.003 → The entire model is statistically significant.
11
Component Value Explanation Interpretation Significance
Predicted value of the
The intercept of the Not tested for
Constant 3.210 dependent variable
regression model. significance
when all IVs are 0.
Each 1-unit increase in
IV1 has a positive Statistically
B = 0.354 IV1 increases the
IV1 effect on the significant (Ho is
p = 0.010 outcome by 0.354
dependent variable. rejected)
units.
Each 1-unit increase in
B = 0.475 IV2 also has a strong IV2 increases the Statistically significant
IV2
p = 0.007 positive influence. outcome by 0.475 (Ho is rejected)
units.
Although the value is
IV3 shows a positive Not statistically
B = 0.117 large, we cannot
IV3 coefficient but is not significant (Ho is not
p = 0.466 confidently say it
significant. rejected)
affects the outcome.
Proportion of
32.1% of the variation
variance in the
R² (R- in the outcome is Moderate explanatory
0.321 dependent variable
squared) explained by the power
explained by all IVs
model.
combined.
The set of predictors
Tests whether the
F-statistic & F = 5.638 significantly improves ✅ Model is statistically
overall regression
p-value p < 0.003 prediction over a null significant
model is significant.
model.
12
JASP RESULTS
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
IV 1 IV 2 IV 3 Overall DV Overall IV
Valid 40 40 40 40 40
Missing 0 0 0 0 0
3.35
Mean 2.835 3.655 3.210 3.280
6
0.73
Std. Deviation 0.829 0.743 0.750 0.448
7
1.40
Minimum 1.000 1.400 1.400 2.067
0
4.40
Maximum 5.000 5.000 4.800 4.200
0
Correlation
Pearson's Correlations
Variable Overall IV Overall DV
1. Overall IV Pearson's r —
p-value —
2. Overall DV Pearson's r 0.538 —
p-value < .001 —
Linear Regression
Model Summary - Overall DV
Mode
R R² Adjusted R² RMSE
l
M₀ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.750
M₁ 0.567 0.321 0.265 0.643
13
Model Summary - Overall DV
Mode
R R² Adjusted R² RMSE
l
Note. M₁ includes IV 1, IV 2, IV 3
ANOVA
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p
M₁ Regression 7.044 3 2.348 5.683 0.003
Residual 14.872 36 0.413
Total 21.916 39
Note. M₁ includes IV 1, IV 2, IV 3
Note. The intercept model is omitted, as no meaningful information can be shown.
Coefficients
Mode Standard
Unstandardized Standardized t p
l Error
27.08
M₀ (Intercept) 3.210 0.119 < .001
2
M₁ (Intercept) 0.185 0.764 0.242 0.810
IV 1 0.354 0.130 0.391 2.732 0.010
IV 2 0.475 0.165 0.467 2.870 0.007
IV 3 0.117 0.159 0.116 0.737 0.466