Cambridge Assessment International Education

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

* 1 2 0 7 9 8 0 4 9 5 *

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/12

Paper 1 Theory October/November 2019
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces at the top of this page.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Answer all questions.

Electronic calculators may be used.

You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 17 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

DC (NF/TP) 172933/2
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Section A

1 The photograph shows terracing, a method of reducing soil erosion.

(a) Describe how this method reduces soil erosion.

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) State two other methods that could be used to reduce soil erosion.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 4]

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2 The graph shows a typical growth curve for a population.

A B C

D D

population size

time

(a) State the name of each part of the graph, labelled A, B, C and D.

part name of part

A
...............................................................
B
...............................................................
C
...............................................................
D
...............................................................
[3]

(b) Describe two ways a country could control its birth rate.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 5]

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3 (a) The photograph shows a child collecting water to drink in an LEDC.

(i) Suggest two reasons why the water may be unsafe to drink.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Describe two ways a supply of safe drinking water could be provided to the area.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[2]

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(b) A scientist investigated the impact of water quality on female life expectancy.

female life expectancy

water quality
/ years
safe drinking water 82.6
polluted water 72.9

Calculate the percentage increase in female life expectancy if there is a supply of safe
drinking water.

.......................................................% [2]

(c) Suggest two reasons why some countries do not have sufficient access to safe drinking
water.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

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4 The photograph shows the damage caused by an earthquake in Japan.

Describe the damage shown in the photograph.

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..................................................................................................................................................... [3]

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BLANK PAGE

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Section B

5 Teak is an important timber tree.

The table shows some data about the growth of teak trees.

age of tree average diameter of trunk average height of tree

/ years / cm /m
10 6.0 12.5
20 11.0 13.5
30 17.0 18.0
40 22.0 21.0
50 27.0 24.0
60 32.0 26.0
70 37.0 28.0
80 42.0 29.0
90 46.0 30.0
100 50.0 21.0
110 54.0 32.0
120 58.0 33.0
130 61.0 34.0
140 65.0 34.0
150 68.0 34.0

(a) (i) Identify the age teak trees reach their maximum height.

................................................ years [1]

(ii) Calculate the average annual increase in tree height over the first 50 years.

....................................................... m [1]

(iii) The trees may still continue to grow after 150 years.

State the evidence for this from the table.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(iv) The greater the circumference of a tree, the greater the volume of wood that is available
for timber.

The circumference of a tree can be determined using the following formula:

circumference = 3.142 × diameter

Calculate the average circumference of a 50 year old teak tree.

..................................................... cm [1]

(v) The average harvested volume of wood from a 50 year old teak tree is 8 m3. The planting
density of a managed teak forest is 200 trees per hectare.

Calculate the volume of wood that could be harvested from one hectare of this managed
teak forest if all the trees are harvested at 50 years old.

..................................................... m3 [1]

(b) Suggest how replacing natural rainforest with managed teak forest can affect biodiversity.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Excessive logging can have a negative impact on an area of forest.

Instead of banning all timber extraction in natural rainforests, some countries allow selective
logging of teak.

Suggest reasons why.

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.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 11]
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6 The newspaper report is about air pollution in 2012.

7 million deaths due to air pollution in 2012

The World Health Organisation estimates that around 7 million people died as a result of air
pollution in 2012. This represents one in eight of total global deaths. This information confirms
that air pollution is now the world’s largest single environmental health risk. Reducing air
pollution could save millions of lives.

Low and middle income countries in the South East Asia and Western Pacific regions were
the most affected by air pollution in 2012. There were 3.3 million deaths due to indoor air
pollution and 2.6 million deaths due to outdoor air pollution in these regions.

(a) (i) Calculate the percentage of global deaths that were due to air pollution in 2012.

.......................................................% [1]

(ii) Suggest reasons why low and middle income countries were greatly affected by air
pollution in 2012.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Give the ratio of air pollution deaths in the South East Asia and Western Pacific regions
compared to the total global deaths from air pollution in 2012.

.......................................................... [1]

(b) Suggest two health problems that could be caused by the air pollution.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(c) Suggest reasons why governments have difficulty in reducing air pollution.

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 11]

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7 The bar chart shows the number of oil tanker spills in the world’s oceans between 1976 and 2016.

100

90

80

70

60
number
of oil
tanker 50
spills
40

30

20

10

0
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1997
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
year
Key
small oil spills (7–700 tonnes)

large oil spills (> 700 tonnes)

(a) (i) Complete the bar chart using the data in the table for 1997.

number of oil tanker spills in 1997

small oil spills (7–700 tonnes) 10
large oil spills (>700 tonnes) 18
[2]

(ii) Identify the year with the highest number of large oil spills.

.......................................................... [1]

(iii) Identify the number of small oil spills in 1988.

.......................................................... [1]

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(iv) Describe the trends in oil tanker spills between 1976 and 2016.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(v) Suggest two reasons for the differences in the number of oil tanker spills between 1976
and 2016.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Explain ways oil spills can impact marine organisms.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Transportation of oil by tankers is a major source of oil pollution.

State one other major source of oil pollution.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 13]

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8 The map shows the location of coral reefs.

Arctic
Ocean

North Atlantic Europe

America Ocean Asia Pacific
Tropic of Ocean
Cancer Pacific Africa
Equator Ocean

South Indian
Tropic of America Ocean
Capricorn Oceania

Great Barrier Reef

Key
coral reefs

(a) Describe the location of the coral reefs.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The Great Barrier Reef is a major coral reef and a popular tourist destination.

Scientists estimate that the living coral has decreased by 50% since 1988.

(i) Suggest two reasons for this decrease.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(ii) In 1988, living coral covered an area of 300 000 km2 on the Great Barrier Reef.

Calculate the current area covered by living coral.

................................................... km2 [1]

(c) Some coral reefs are marine ecological reserves.

Suggest reasons why it is difficult to make coral reefs into marine ecological reserves.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

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9 The photograph shows an example of surface mining.

(a) State two advantages and two disadvantages of surface mining compared with subsurface
mining.

advantage 1 ..............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

advantage 2 ..............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

disadvantage 1 .........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

disadvantage 2 .........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

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(b) Rocks are classified into three main types.

Complete the table by identifying each type of rock.

basalt granite limestone

sandstone shale slate

type of rock
igneous metamorphic sedimentary

[3]

(c) Describe how metamorphic rocks are formed.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

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(d) Two students were talking about the extraction of minerals.

The extraction of minerals is

necessary as it will help the
economy of the country. This is
more important than preserving the
environment. I disagree.

Preserving the environment

is far more important than
obtaining minerals.

How far do you agree with these views?

Give reasons for your answer.

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............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 16]

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Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2019 0680/12/O/N/19