MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I)

Shailesh Trivedi
Department of Mathematics
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus.
 Chapter 15
Multiple Integrals
The contents of this Chapter are the followings:

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 3 / 95
The contents of this Chapter are the followings:

Double Integrals in Rectangular Coordinate System

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 3 / 95
The contents of this Chapter are the followings:

Double Integrals in Rectangular Coordinate System

Double Integrals in Polar Coordinate System

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 3 / 95
The contents of this Chapter are the followings:

Double Integrals in Rectangular Coordinate System

Double Integrals in Polar Coordinate System
Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinate System

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 3 / 95
The contents of this Chapter are the followings:

Double Integrals in Rectangular Coordinate System

Double Integrals in Polar Coordinate System
Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinate System
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical
Coordinate System

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 3 / 95
The contents of this Chapter are the followings:

Double Integrals in Rectangular Coordinate System

Double Integrals in Polar Coordinate System
Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinate System
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical
Coordinate System
Substitution in Multiple Integrals

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 3 / 95
 Section 15.1
Double Integrals in
Rectangular Coordinate
System

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 4 / 95
Recall

Let f (x) be a continuous function of one variable x,

defined on an interval [a, b] such that f (x) ⩾ 0 for all
x ∈ [a, b]. Then Z
f (x) dx,
[a,b]

is the area under the curve y = f (x) and above the

x-axis on [a, b].

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 5 / 95
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 6 / 95
Double Integral in RCS
Let f (x, y) be a continuous function of two independent
variables, x & y, defined on a closed region

R : a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 7 / 95
Double Integral in RCS
Let f (x, y) be a continuous function of two independent
variables, x & y, defined on a closed region

R : a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d.

We divide R into small rectangles using a network of

lines parallel to x-axes and y-axes.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 7 / 95
Double Integral in RCS
Let f (x, y) be a continuous function of two independent
variables, x & y, defined on a closed region

R : a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d.

We divide R into small rectangles using a network of

lines parallel to x-axes and [Link] lines divide R into
n rectangular pieces, where the number of such pieces n
gets large as the width and height of each piece gets
small.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 7 / 95
Double Integral in RCS
Let f (x, y) be a continuous function of two independent
variables, x & y, defined on a closed region

R : a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d.

We divide R into small rectangles using a network of

lines parallel to x-axes and [Link] lines divide R into
n rectangular pieces, where the number of such pieces n
gets large as the width and height of each piece gets
[Link] rectangles form a partition of R. A small
rectangular piece of width ∆xk and height ∆yk has area
∆Ak = ∆xk ∆yk .
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 7 / 95
Double Integral over R

Figure: Rectangular grid partitioning the region R into small

rectangles of area ∆Ak = ∆xk ∆yk

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 8 / 95
Let ∆Ak denote the area of the kth rectangle and
(xk , yk ) be a point in the kth rectangle. Then we define
the Riemann sum
n
X
Sn = f (xk , yk )∆Ak .
k=1

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 9 / 95
Double Integral in RCS

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 10 / 95
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 11 / 95
Double Integral in RCS

As n approaches infinity if limn→∞ Sn exists, we call it

the ”double integral of f (x, y) over the region R” and
denote it by
ZZ
f (x, y)dA
R

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 12 / 95
Double Integral in RCS

As n approaches infinity if limn→∞ Sn exists, we call it

the ”double integral of f (x, y) over the region R” and
denote it by
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dA or f (x, y)dxdy
R R

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 12 / 95
Double Integral in RCS

As n approaches infinity if limn→∞ Sn exists, we call it

the ”double integral of f (x, y) over the region R” and
denote it by
ZZ ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dA or f (x, y)dxdy or f (x, y)dydx
R R R

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 12 / 95
Double Integral as Volume

When f (x, y) is a positiveRRfunction over a rectangular

region R in the xy-plane, R f (x, y)dxdy can be
interpreted as the volume of 3-dimensional solid region
over xy-pane bounded below by R and bounded above
by the surface z = f (x, y).

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 13 / 95
Fubini’s Theorem-I

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 14 / 95
Fubini’s Theorem-I
Fubini’s Theorem
If f (x, y) is continuous throughout the rectangular
region R : a ⩽ x ⩽ b, c ⩽ y ⩽ d, then
ZZ Z dZ b
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dx dy
R c a
Z bZ d
= f (x, y) dy dx.
a c

RdRb RbRd
The integral c a f (x, y) dx dy (or a c f (x, y) dy dx)
is called the iterated or repeated integral.
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 14 / 95
Evaluation of Iterated Integrals

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 15 / 95
Evaluation of Iterated Integrals

First evaluate the inner integral with respect to the

inner variable (treating the other variables constant).

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 15 / 95
Evaluation of Iterated Integrals

First evaluate the inner integral with respect to the

inner variable (treating the other variables constant).
Now evaluate the outer integral with respect to
another variables.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 15 / 95
Evaluate the iterated integral
Z ln 2 Z ln 5
e2x+y dy dx.
0 1

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 16 / 95
Evaluate the iterated integral
Z ln 2 Z ln 5
e2x+y dy dx.
0 1

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 16 / 95
Evaluate the iterated integral
Z ln 2 Z ln 5
e2x+y dy dx.
0 1

Sol. We have
Z ln 2 Z ln 5 Z ln 2 Z ln 5 
e2x+y dy dx = e2x ey dy dx
0 1 0 1
Z ln 2
= e2x [(ey )ln 5
1 ] dx
Z0 ln 2
= e2x (5 − e) dx
0

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 16 / 95
 ln 2
e2x

= (5 − e)
2 0
3
= (5 − e).
2

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 17 / 95
Question
Evaluate the double integral
ZZ
1
2
dA, R : 1 ⩽ x ⩽ 2, 3 ⩽ y ⩽ 4.
R (x + y)

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 18 / 95
Question
Evaluate the double integral
ZZ
1
2
dA, R : 1 ⩽ x ⩽ 2, 3 ⩽ y ⩽ 4.
R (x + y)

Sol. We have
ZZ Z 4 Z 2 
1 1
2
dx dy = 2
dx dy
R (x + y) 3 1 (x + y)
Z 4 2
1
= − dy
3 x+y 1
Z 4 
1 1
= − dy
3 y+1 y+2
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 18 / 95
 = [ln(y + 1) − ln(y + 2)]43
 
25
= ln .
24

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 19 / 95
 = [ln(y + 1) − ln(y + 2)]43
 
25
= ln .
24

Homework Verify Fubini’s Theorem.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 19 / 95
Question
Find the volume of the region bounded above by the
plane z = 2 − x − y and below by the square
R : 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1, 0 ⩽ y ⩽ 1.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 20 / 95
Question
Find the volume of the region bounded above by the
plane z = 2 − x − y and below by the square
R : 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1, 0 ⩽ y ⩽ 1.
Sol. We have
ZZ Z 1 Z 1 
V = zdx dy = (2 − x − y)dx dy
R 0 0
Z 1 1
(2 − x − y)2
= − dy
0 2 0
Z 1
(2 − y)2 (1 − y)2

= − dy
0 2 2

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 20 / 95
 1
(2 − y)3 (1 − y)3

= − +
6 6 0
= 1.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 21 / 95
Use Fubini’s theorem to evaluate
Z 1Z 3
xexy dx dy.
0 0

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 22 / 95
Use Fubini’s theorem to evaluate
Z 1Z 3
xexy dx dy.
0 0

Sol. We have
Z 1Z 3 Z 3Z 1
xy
xe dx dy = xexy dy dx
0 0
Z0 3 0

= (exy )10 dx
0

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 22 / 95
 Z 3
= (ex − 1) dx
0
= (e − x)30
x

= e3 − 4.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 23 / 95
 Section 15.2
Double Integrals over
General Regions

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 24 / 95
Double Integral
over General Region

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 25 / 95
Double Integral
over General Region

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 26 / 95
Volumes by double integral

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 27 / 95
Volumes by double integral

The volume of the solid whose base is the region R in

xy-plane and the top is the surface z = f (x, y) is given
by ZZ
V = f (x, y) dA.
R

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 27 / 95
Properties of Double Integrals

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 28 / 95
Properties of Double Integrals
If f (x, y) and g(x, y) are continuous on the bounded
region R, then the following properties hold:

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 28 / 95
Properties of Double Integrals
If f (x, y) and g(x, y) are continuous on the bounded
region R, then the following properties hold:
RR RR
R cf (x, y) dA = c R f (x, y) dA.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 28 / 95
Properties of Double Integrals
If f (x, y) and g(x, y) are continuous on the bounded
region R, then the following properties hold:
RR RR
R cf (x, y) dA = c R f (x, y) dA.
RR
RRR [f (x, y) ± g(x,RRy)] dA =
R f (x, y) dA ± R g(x, y) dA.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 28 / 95
Properties of Double Integrals
If f (x, y) and g(x, y) are continuous on the bounded
region R, then the following properties hold:
RR RR
R cf (x, y) dA = c R f (x, y) dA.
RR
RRR [f (x, y) ± g(x,RRy)] dA =
R f (x, y) dA ± R g(x, y) dA.

If f (x, y) ⩾ g(x, y) on R, then

ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dA ⩾ g(x, y) dA.
R R

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 28 / 95
Properties of Double Integrals

In particular, if f (x, y) ⩾ 0 on R, then

ZZ
f (x, y) dA ⩾ 0.
R

If R is the union of two nonoverlapping regions R1

and R2 , then
ZZ ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dA+ f (x, y) dA.
R R1 R2

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 29 / 95
Fubini’s Theorem-II

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 30 / 95
Fubini’s Theorem-II

Fubini’s Theorem [x limits constant]

If f (x, y) is continuous on a region

R : a ⩽ x ⩽ b, g1 (x) ⩽ y ⩽ g2 (x),

with g1 , g2 continuous on [a, b], then

ZZ Z bZ g2 (x)
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dy dx.
R a g1 (x)

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 30 / 95
Fubini’s Theorem-II

Fubini’s Theorem [y limits constant]

If f (x, y) is continuous on a region

R : c ⩽ y ⩽ d, h1 (y) ⩽ x ⩽ h2 (y),

with h1 , h2 continuous on [c, d], then

ZZ Z d Z h2 (y)
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dx dy.
R c h1 (y)

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 31 / 95
Question

Find the volume of the prism whose base is the trinagle

in the xy-plane bounded by the x-axis and the lines
y = x and x = 1, and whose top lies in the plane
z = f (x, y) = 3 − x − y.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 32 / 95
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 33 / 95
Procedure toRR
Find the Region of
Integration ( R f (x, y)dydx)

Sketch. Sketch the region of integration and label

the boundary curves.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 34 / 95
Procedure toRR
Find the Region of
Integration ( R f (x, y)dydx)

Sketch. Sketch the region of integration and label

the boundary curves.
Find the limits of integration for the inner
variable y. Imagine a vertical line L cutting
through R in the direction of increasing y. Mark the
y-values where L enters and leaves. These are the
y-limits of integration and are usually functions of x
(instead of constants)

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 34 / 95
Procedure to Find the Region of
Integration

Find the limits of integration for the outer

variable (say x).Choose x-limits that include all
the vertical lines through R.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 35 / 95
Procedure toRR
Find the Region of
Integration ( R f (x, y)dxdy)

Sketch. Sketch the region of integration and label

the boundary curves.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 36 / 95
Procedure toRR
Find the Region of
Integration ( R f (x, y)dxdy)

Sketch. Sketch the region of integration and label

the boundary curves.
Find the limits of integration for the inner
variable x. Imagine a horizontal line L cutting
through R in the direction of increasing x. Mark the
x-values where L enters and leaves. These are the
x-limits of integration and are usually functions of y
(instead of constants)

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 36 / 95
Procedure to Find the Region of
Integration

Find the limits of integration for the outer

variable (say y). Choose y-limits that include all
the horizontal lines through R.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 37 / 95
Question
Find the volume of the region bounded above by the
paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 and below by the triangle
enclosed by the lines y = x, x = 0 and x + y = 2 in the
xy-plane.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 38 / 95
Question
Find the volume of the region bounded above by the
paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 and below by the triangle
enclosed by the lines y = x, x = 0 and x + y = 2 in the
xy-plane.
Sol. First sketch the region R in the xy-plane. Then, we
have
ZZ
V = f (x, y) dA
R
Z 1 Z 2−x
4
= (x2 + y 2 ) dy dx = .
0 x 3

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 38 / 95
Question
Find the volume of the solid cut from the first octant by
the surface z = 4 − x2 − y.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 39 / 95
Question
Find the volume of the solid cut from the first octant by
the surface z = 4 − x2 − y.
Sol. The intersection of the surface z = 4 − x2 − y with
the xy-plane is the parabola y = 4 − x2 and thus the
limits for the first quadrant are
0 ⩽ y ⩽ 4 − x2 , 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 2.
Hence, the required volume is
ZZ
V = f (x, y) dA
R
Z 2 Z 4−x2
128
= (4 − x2 − y) dy dx = .
0 0 15
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 39 / 95
Change of order of integration

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 40 / 95
Change of order of integration

Sometimes a double integral may be difficult to evaluate

(or can not be evaluated) with the same order (dx dy or
dy dx) as given in the problem but can be evaluated with
the change of the order of integration. So, we need to
change the order of integration.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 40 / 95
Question

RπRπ sin y
Evaluate 0 x y dy dx.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 41 / 95
Question

RπRπ sin y
Evaluate 0 x y dy dx.

Sol. It is not easy to evaluate the integral. With the help

of the limits given in the integral we draw the region of
integration that is a triangle

0 ⩽ x ⩽ π, x ⩽ y ⩽ π,

as shown in the following figure.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 41 / 95
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 42 / 95
On changing the order of integration, the region of
integration becomes:

0 ⩽ x ⩽ y, 0 ⩽ y ⩽ π.

We have

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 43 / 95
 Z π Z π
sin y
I= dy dx
y
Z0 π Zx y
sin y
= dx dy
0 0 y
Z π
sin y y
= [x]0 dy
0 y
Z π
= sin y dy
0
= [− cos y]π0
= 2.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 44 / 95
Question
Sketch the region of integration and write an equivalent
double integral with the order of integration reversed
Z 1Z 1−x2
dy dx.
0 1−x

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 45 / 95
Question
Sketch the region of integration and write an equivalent
double integral with the order of integration reversed
Z 1Z 1−x2
dy dx.
0 1−x

Sol. Note that it is easy to evaluate the integral as it is

but still we will learn how to reverse the order of
integration. With the help of the limits given in the
integral we draw the region of integration as shown in
the following figure.
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 45 / 95
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 46 / 95
Let us try with the order changed i.e., from the region of
integration write the limits w.r.t. the new order of
integration as described in the procedure. The integral is
equal to the integral
Z 1Z √
1−y
I= dx dy
0 1−y
1
= .
6

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 47 / 95
Question

Sketch the region of integration and write an equivalent

double integral with the order of integration reversed
Z 2Z 4−y 2
y dx dy.
0 0

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 48 / 95
Question

Sketch the region of integration and write an equivalent

double integral with the order of integration reversed
Z 2Z 4−y 2
y dx dy.
0 0

Sol. With the help of the limits given in the integral we

draw the region of integration as shown in the following
figure.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 48 / 95
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 49 / 95
Thus the integral in reversed order is
Z 4Z √
4−x
y dy dx.
0 0

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 50 / 95
So far

ZZ
If f (x, y) ≥ 0, then f (x, y)dA is the volume of
R
solid whose base is the region R in xy-plane and the
top is the surface z = f (x, y).

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 51 / 95
So far

ZZ
If f (x, y) ≥ 0, then f (x, y)dA is the volume of
R
solid whose base is the region R in xy-plane and the
top is the surface z = f (x, y).
ZZ
RR
R f (x, y)dA can be evaluated as f (x, y)dxdy
RR R
or R f (x, y)dydx, provided f (x, y) is continuous
on the region R.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 51 / 95
So far
ZZ
If f (x, y) = 1, then dA can be interpreted in
R
the following two ways:

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 52 / 95
So far
ZZ
If f (x, y) = 1, then dA can be interpreted in
R
theZfollowing
Z two ways:
(i) dA is the area of the region R of xy-plane.
R

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 52 / 95
So far
ZZ
If f (x, y) = 1, then dA can be interpreted in
R
theZfollowing
Z two ways:
(i) dA is the area of the region R of xy-plane.
Z ZR
(ii) dA is the volume of the solid whose base is
R
the region R in the xy-plane and top is the surface
z = 1.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 52 / 95
So far
ZZ
If f (x, y) = 1, then dA can be interpreted in
R
theZfollowing
Z two ways:
(i) dA is the area of the region R of xy-plane.
Z ZR
(ii) dA is the volume of the solid whose base is
R
the region R in the xy-plane and top is the surface
z = 1.
To change the the order of integration, we sketch
the region of integration and write the new limits
accordingly.
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 52 / 95
Question
Z 4Z 2 −1
etan y
Evaluate the integral √
dy dx.
0 x y 2 (1 + x)2

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 53 / 95
Question
Z 4Z 2 −1
etan y
Evaluate the integral √
dy dx.
0 x y 2 (1 + x)2
Sol. Integrating first with respect to y will be difficult
due to the complexity of the function. So, we change the
order of integration.
Z 2Z y2 −1
etan y
I= dx dy
0 0 y 2 (1 + x)2
Z 2 tan−1 y  y 2
e 1
= − dy
0 y2 1+x 0

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 53 / 95
 −1
2
etan y
Z  
1
I= 2
1− 2
dy
0 y 1 + y
Z 2 tan−1 y
e
= 2
dy
0 1 + y
−1
= [etan y ]20
−1
= etan 2
− 1.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 54 / 95
Homework Evaluate the integral
Z 4Z 2
x/y 2
√
e dy dx.
0 x

Hint. Region R is same as in previous example.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 55 / 95
Homework Evaluate the integral
Z 2Z 1
2
I= ex dx dy.
0 y/2

Hint. The change of order of the integration gives

Z 1 Z 2x
2
I= ex dy dx.
0 0

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 56 / 95
 Section 15.3
Area by Double Integration

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 57 / 95
Formula for the Area

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 58 / 95
Formula for the Area

The area of a closed and bounded region (in a plane) is

ZZ
Area = dA,
R

where dA = dx dy or dy dx.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 58 / 95
Question

Find the area bounded by the parabola y = x2 − 4 and

the straight line y = x + 2.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 59 / 95
Question

Find the area bounded by the parabola y = x2 − 4 and

the straight line y = x + 2.

Sol. Limits of integration are

x2 − 4 ⩽ y ⩽ x + 2, −2 ⩽ x ⩽ 3.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 59 / 95
 y x 2
!
3, 5

2, 0 ! x2 4 y

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 60 / 95
 Z 3 Z x+2
Area = dy dx
−2 x2 −4
Z 3
= [(x + 2) − (x2 − 4)] dx
−2
125
= .
6

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 61 / 95
Question
Evaluate
RR the area in previous problem by computing
dxdy.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 62 / 95
Question
Evaluate
RR the area in previous problem by computing
dxdy.

Sol. We divide the region in two parts (above x-axis and

below x-axis). Let A1 be the area above x-axis and A2
be the area below x-axis. Then the limits of integration
for A1 are
p
y − 2 ⩽ x ⩽ y + 4, 0 ⩽ y ⩽ 5,
and the limits of integration for A2 are
p p
− y + 4 ⩽ x ⩽ y + 4, −4 ⩽ y ⩽ 0.
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 62 / 95
 y x 2
!
3, 5

2, 0 !
I x2 4 y

II

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 63 / 95
 Z 5Z √
y+4
A1 = dx dy
0 y−2
Z p 5
= [ y + 4 − (y − 2)] dy
0
5
(y − 2)2

2 3/2
= (y + 4) −
3 2 0
61
= ·
6

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 64 / 95
 √
Z 0 Z y+4
A2 = √
dx dy
−4 − y+4
Z 0
p p
= [ y + 4 − (− y + 4)] dy
−4
 0
4
= (y + 4)3/2
3 −4
32
= .
3
125
Hence A = A1 + A2 = 6 .

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 65 / 95
Question

Sketch the region bounded √ by the lines y = x − 2 and

y = −x and the curve y = x. Then express the
region’s area as an iterated double integral and evaluate
the integral.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 66 / 95
Question

Sketch the region bounded √ by the lines y = x − 2 and

y = −x and the curve y = x. Then express the
region’s area as an iterated double integral and evaluate
the integral.

Sol. To find the area, the required region is divided into

two parts as shown in the graph.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 66 / 95
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 67 / 95
Then, the required area is
Z 1Z √ √
x Z 4Z x
A= dy dx + dy dx
0 −x 1 x−2
13
= .
3

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 68 / 95
Question

Sketch the region of integration and then find the area of

the region.
Z 3 Z 2x−x2
dy dx.
0 −x

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 69 / 95
Question

Sketch the region of integration and then find the area of

the region.
Z 3 Z 2x−x2
dy dx.
0 −x

Sol. The area of the region is 29 ·

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 69 / 95
Average value

The average value of f over a region R is given by

ZZ
1
Average value = f dA.
area of R R

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 70 / 95
 Section 15.4
Double Integrals in Polar
Form

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 71 / 95
Double Integral of f (r, θ) over the region
R

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 72 / 95
Double Integral of f (r, θ) over the region
R

Suppose a function f (r, θ) is defined over a region R

enclosed by the continuous polar curves r = g1 (θ) and
r = g2 (θ) and by the two rays θ = α and θ = β (α < β).

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 72 / 95
Double Integral of f (r, θ) over the region
R

Suppose a function f (r, θ) is defined over a region R

enclosed by the continuous polar curves r = g1 (θ) and
r = g2 (θ) and by the two rays θ = α and θ = β (α < β).

The region is covered by arcs and rays and is given by

R : g1 (θ) ⩽ r ⩽ g2 (θ), α ⩽ θ ⩽ β.

See the following picture:

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 72 / 95
Double Integral of f (r, θ) over the region
R

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 73 / 95
Double Integral of f (r, θ) over the region
R

Then,
n
X
Sn = f (rk , θk )∆Ak ,
k=1
and so ZZ
lim Sn = f (r, θ) dA.
n→∞ R

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 74 / 95
Double Integral of f (r, θ) over the region
R
Therefore, if the region is bounded by

r = g1 (θ), r = g2 (θ), θ = α and θ = β,

then the double integral of f (r, θ) over R is given by

ZZ
I= f (r, θ) dA
R
Z β Z g2 (θ)
= f (r, θ) rdr dθ.
α g1 (θ)

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 75 / 95
Finding the Limit of Integration

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 76 / 95
Finding the Limit of Integration

Step-1: Sketch the region of integration and label

the bounding curves.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 76 / 95
Finding the Limit of Integration

Step-1: Sketch the region of integration and label

the bounding curves.
Step-2: The r-limit of integration: Imagine a ray
from origin cutting through R in direction of
increasing r. Mark the r-values where the ray enters
and leaves R.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 76 / 95
Finding the Limit of Integration

Step-1: Sketch the region of integration and label

the bounding curves.
Step-2: The r-limit of integration: Imagine a ray
from origin cutting through R in direction of
increasing r. Mark the r-values where the ray enters
and leaves R.
Step-3: θ-Limits of Integration: Find smallest and
largest value of θ for all such rays that bound R.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 76 / 95
Area in Polar Coordinates

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 77 / 95
Area in Polar Coordinates

The area of a closed and bounded region R in the polar

coordinate plane is given by

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 77 / 95
Area in Polar Coordinates

The area of a closed and bounded region R in the polar

coordinate plane is given by
ZZ
A= r dr dθ.
R

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 77 / 95
Question
Find the area of the region cut from the first quadrant by
the cardioid r = 1 + sin θ.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 78 / 95
Question
Find the area of the region cut from the first quadrant by
the cardioid r = 1 + sin θ.

Sol.

Z π/2 Z 1+sin θ
A= r dr dθ
0 0
Z π/2
1
= (1 + sin θ)2 dθ
2 0
3π
= + 1.
8
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 78 / 95
Cartesian Integral to Polar Integral

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 79 / 95
Cartesian Integral to Polar Integral

Sometime an integral in Cartesian coordinates is difficult

to evaluate in comparison to the polar integral. Next, we
discuss steps to change the cartesian integral in polar
integral:

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 79 / 95
Cartesian Integral to Polar Integral

Sometime an integral in Cartesian coordinates is difficult

to evaluate in comparison to the polar integral. Next, we
discuss steps to change the cartesian integral in polar
integral:
Step-1: Sketch the region R of integration and
label the boundary curves.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 79 / 95
Cartesian Integral to Polar Integral

Sometime an integral in Cartesian coordinates is difficult

to evaluate in comparison to the polar integral. Next, we
discuss steps to change the cartesian integral in polar
integral:
Step-1: Sketch the region R of integration and
label the boundary curves.
Step-2: Put x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ and
dx dy(or dy dx) = r dr dθ.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 79 / 95
Cartesian Integral to Polar Integral

Sometime an integral in Cartesian coordinates is difficult

to evaluate in comparison to the polar integral. Next, we
discuss steps to change the cartesian integral in polar
integral:
Step-1: Sketch the region R of integration and
label the boundary curves.
Step-2: Put x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ and
dx dy(or dy dx) = r dr dθ.
Step-3: Follow the procedure of finding the polar
limit of integration from R, as discussed earlier.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 79 / 95
Question
Change the Cartesian integral into an equivalent polar
integral. Then evaluate the polar integral.
Z Z √ 2 1 1−y
(x2 + y 2 ) dx dy.
0 0

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 80 / 95
Question
Change the Cartesian integral into an equivalent polar
integral. Then evaluate the polar integral.
Z Z √ 2 1 1−y
(x2 + y 2 ) dx dy.
0 0

Sol. See the graph on the next slide.

Z 1 Z √1−y2 Z π/2 Z 1
π
(x2 + y 2 ) dx dy = r3 dr dθ = .
0 0 0 0 8
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 80 / 95
Question
Change the Cartesian integral into an equivallent polar
integral. Then evaluate the polar integral.
Z 2Z y
√ √ dx dy.
2 4−y 2

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 81 / 95
Question
Change the Cartesian integral into an equivallent polar
integral. Then evaluate the polar integral.
Z 2Z y
√ √ dx dy.
2 4−y 2

Sol.
Z 2 Z y Z π/2 Z 2 csc θ
π
√ √ dx dy = rdr dθ = 2 − .
2 4−y 2 π/4 2 2

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 81 / 95
Question
Find the area common to the circles r = 2 cos θ and
r = 2 sin θ.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 82 / 95
Question
Find the area common to the circles r = 2 cos θ and
r = 2 sin θ.

Sol. See the graph on the next slide.

Z π/4 Z 2 sin θ Z π/2 Z 2 cos θ
A= r dr dθ + r dr dθ
0 0
   π/4 0
π 1 π 1
= − + −
4 2 4 2
π
= − 1.
2
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 82 / 95
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 83 / 95
Question

Find the area

(a) outside the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ and inside
the circle r = 3 cos θ.
(b) common to both the curves.
(c) outside the circle and inside the cardioid.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 84 / 95
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 85 / 95
Sol. Using symmetry the required area is given by

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 86 / 95
Sol. Using symmetry the required area is given by
(a)
Z π/3 Z 3 cos θ
A=2 r dr dθ = π.
0 1+cos θ

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 86 / 95
Sol. Using symmetry the required area is given by
(a)
Z π/3 Z 3 cos θ
A=2 r dr dθ = π.
0 1+cos θ

(b)
Z π/3 Z 1+cos θ Z π/2 Z 3 cos θ
A=2 r dr dθ + 2 r dr dθ
0 0 π/3 0
= 5π/4.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 86 / 95
(c)
Z π/2 Z 1+cos θ Z π Z 1+cos θ
A=2 r dr dθ + 2 r dr dθ
π/3 3 cos θ π/2 0
= π/4.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 87 / 95
Question
Change the Cartesian integral into an equivalent polar
integral. Then evaluate the polar integral.
Z ∞Z ∞
2 2
e−(x +y ) dx dy.
0 0

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 88 / 95
Question
Change the Cartesian integral into an equivalent polar
integral. Then evaluate the polar integral.
Z ∞Z ∞
2 2
e−(x +y ) dx dy.
0 0

Sol. Clearly the region of integration R is the first

quadrant. Therefore in polar coordinate R is

R : 0 ⩽ r ⩽ ∞, 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ π/2.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 88 / 95
Hence
Z ∞Z ∞ Z π/2 Z ∞
2 2 2
e−(x +y )
dx dy = e−r rdr dθ
0 0 0 0
Z π/2 " −r2 #∞
e
= − dθ
0 2
0
Z π/2
1
= dθ
2 0
π
= .
4

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 89 / 95
Question
Z ∞
2
Evaluate the integral e−x dx.
0

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 90 / 95
Question
Z ∞
2
Evaluate the integral e−x dx.
0

Sol. Consider Z ∞
2
I= e−x dx.
0
Then, we can also write it as
Z ∞
2
I= e−y dy.
0

On multiplying both integrals:

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 90 / 95
 Z ∞  Z ∞ 
2 −x2 −y 2
I = e dx e dy
0 0
Z ∞Z ∞
2
+y 2 )
= e−(x dx dy
0 0
π
=
4
√
π
Hence I = 2 .

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 91 / 95
Question
Evaluate the integral
Z ∞Z ∞
1
dx dy.
0 0 (1 + x2 + y 2 )2

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 92 / 95
Question
Evaluate the integral
Z ∞Z ∞
1
dx dy.
0 0 (1 + x2 + y 2 )2

Sol. Clearly the region of integration R is the first

quadrant. Therefore in polar coordinate R is
R : 0 ⩽ r ⩽ ∞, 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ π/2.
Thus, Z π/2 Z ∞
1
I= rdr dθ.
0 0 (1 + r2 )2
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 92 / 95
On putting 1 + r2 = t so that r dr = dt/2, we obtain
Z π/2 Z ∞
1 1
I= dt dθ
2 0 1 t2
 ∞
1 π/2 1
Z
=− dθ
2 0 t 1
1 π/2
Z
= dθ
2 0
π
= .
4

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 93 / 95
Question
Integrate the function f (x, y) = 1−x12 −y2 over the disk
x2 + y 2 ⩽ 3/4. Does the integral over the disk
x2 + y 2 ⩽ 1 exist?

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 94 / 95
Question
Integrate the function f (x, y) = 1−x12 −y2 over the disk
x2 + y 2 ⩽ 3/4. Does the integral over the disk
x2 + y 2 ⩽ 1 exist?

Sol. We have to evaluate the integral

ZZ
1
I= 2 2
dx dy,
R 1−x −y

where R is the disk x2 + y 2 ⩽ 3/4. Changing into polar

form the region of√integration R is the disk centered at
(0, 0) and radius 3/2.
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 94 / 95
Thus
√
Z 2π Z 3/2
1
I= rdr dθ = π ln 4.
0 0 1 − r2

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 95 / 95
Thus
√
Z 2π Z 3/2
1
I= rdr dθ = π ln 4.
0 0 1 − r2

The integral over the disk x2 + y 2 ⩽ 1 does not exist

(Why?) Try to show yourself.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) September 30, 2024 95 / 95