OROMIA LAND BUREAU

LAND USE PLANNING AND

GEOSPATIAL DIVISION

LAND USE IMPLEMENTATION

DIRECTORATE

MANUAL ON GIS APPLICATION FOR

IMPLEMENTATION OF LAND USE PLAN

Part one: GIS Application for Land Use Plan

Nov, 2022
Finfinne

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Introduction
Land use planning is based on the economic and environmental conditions of the land and
helps to use the various benefits that can be derived from the land for higher economic
benefits without affecting the environment.
Since 2001, the Land Bureau of Oromia has been embarked in the land management and
development system in a sustainable manner centered on land use planning to solve the
problems of our community.
Accordingly, pilot work has been started in 2014 by selecting a few districts, districts and
villages to implement the land use planning study. Attention is being paid to implement the
land use planning research conducted as a region.
The bureau has a vision in establishing a modern land management and use system and
managing land development in a sustainable manner to ensure the foundation of prosperity in
the region.
The manual is designed to be easy for professionals in the district where the work was carried
out to understand GIS for land use planning implementation. as it is known this study has not
been implemented since it was done, as it is known there are huge changes in the land from
time to time, so what are the land uses described earlier in the study today? it was found
necessary to update the survey land use data using GIS and field work as it was not possible
to show the actual situation in a village at the scale at which the survey was conducted.
Therefore this manual has tried to put the steps in which this work can be updated in order.

This manual is two parts; part 1 is GIS Application on land use implementation and in this
part how to use Google earth, it shows how we can bring the basin/sun basin survey data to
the district and village administrations, how to convert from one coordinate system to
another, village level land use survey data how to update and field verification mapping to
identify the land use plan in the village and the actual existing in the village and finally
prepare field verification work according to required scale map while Part 2 is Watershed
delineation, slope preparation, soil map preparation, land unit preparation and management
option for the watershed using GIS application

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 1. GIS BASICS

1.1 Definition of GIS

In order to provide a simple working definition of GIS for the benefit of beginners, the
following two definitions given by Rhined (1989) and the United States Geographical Survey
(USGS, 2005) are preferred.

According to Rhind, GIS is a system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to

support capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modelling, and display of spatially
referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems.

The USGS defines GIS as a computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating,
and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e., data identified according to their
location.

Based on the ideas expressed by the above two definitions, we can define GIS simply as
Computer- based systems specially designed and implemented for two subtle but
interrelated purposes: managing geospatial data and using them to solve spatial problems.

1.2 Components of a GIS

GIS is conventionally seen as a set of tools for the input, storage and retrieval, manipulation
and analysis, and output of spatial data. Accordingly, the technological perspective on GIS
identifies four components of the system: data input, data storage and management, and
data manipulation and analysis, and data output.

1.2.1. Data input

Data input refers to the process of identifying and gathering the data required for a specific
application. The process involves acquisition, reformatting, georeferencing, compiling and
documenting the data. The data input component converts data from their raw or existing
form into one that can be used by a GIS. The systems typically provide alternative methods
of data input including: keyboard entry for non-spatial attributes and occasionally locational
data, manual locating devices (e.g. digitizers and computer mouse), automated devices (e.g.
scanning), or the importation of existing data files.

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1.2.2. Data storage and management
The data storage and management component of a GIS includes those functions needed to
store and retrieve data from the database. The methods used to implement these functions
affect how efficiently the system performs operations with the data. Most GIS systems are
database oriented. The database can be defined as a collection of non-redundant data in a
computer organized so that it can be expanded, updated, retrieved and shared by various
uses.

1.2.3. Manipulation and analysis

The distinguishing feature of a GIS is it’s capability of performing an integrated analysis of

spatial and attribute data. The data are manipulated and analyzed to obtain information
useful for a particular application. There is an enormously wide range of analytical
operations available to the GIS users.

1.2.4. Data output

The data output component of a GIS provides a way to see the data/information in the form
of maps, tables, diagrams, etc. The output subsystem displays the results of GIS data
processing and analysis to the users. The results may be generated in the hardcopy,
softcopy or electronic format. Maps are the most standard output format, but frequently
are accompanied by tabular display. A variety of output devices are used, including display
monitors, pen plotters, electrostatic plotters, laser printers, line printers, dot matrix
printers/plotters. Results, particularly in the map forms, are often modified or enhanced
interactively through cartographic map composition functions to add elements such as
legends, titles, north arrows, scale bars, color modification, and symbology adjustments.
Output functions are determined by the user’s needs, and so user involvement is important
in specifying the output requirements. In addition, two forms of data output from GIS can
be distinguished: display and transfer. The former presents the information to the GIS user
in some form (e.g. maps and tables). The latter transmits the information into another
computer-based system for further processing and analysis. Digital data can be output
directly to disk, tapes, or a network and then input into another computer-based system.

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1.3 Data models
Most GIS systems are database oriented. The relational data base management system
(RDBMS) is the most often applied approach for storing and managing data in GIS. In a
relational model, the database is a group of relations. A ‘matrix of tables’ is used to store
the data. The tables are also referred to as relations. Each table contains a data item (or a
column of data), that is the same as at least one other table containing additional data. In
other words, each table contains data relevant to a particular object and is linked to other
tables by a common value. For example, two attribute tables can be linked to a spatial data
table via the postal code. This common data item provides a relationship between two or
more tables. Advantages of the relational model include: easy access and minimal technical
training for users, flexibility for unforeseen inquiries, easy modification and addition of new
relationships, data, and records, and physical storage of data can change without affecting
the relationships between records. This type of database is particularly suited to structured
query language (SQL). Spatial data are typically arranged in a GIS using one of two models:
raster and vector.

1.3.1 Raster
Data in a raster model are stored in a two-dimensional matrix of uniform grid cells (pixels or
rasters), usually squares, on a regular grid. Each cell is supposedly homogeneous; that is, the
map is incapable of providing information at any resolution finer than the individual cell.
Areas are made up of contiguous pixels with the same value. Lines are made by connecting
cells into a one-pixel thick line. Points are single cells. All spatial objects have location
information inherent to where they lie in the grid. The map shows exactly one value (land
use, elevation, political division) for each cell. The size of the grid can vary from sub-meter
to many kilometers and therefore the spatial resolution of the data is determined by the
grid size. The higher the level of resolution, the greater the detail one can distinguish on an
image.

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Advantages of Raster (Grid) representation

1. Simple concept
2. Easy management within the computer; many computer languages deal effectively
with matrices.
3. Map overlay and algebra is simple: cell-by-cell
4. Native format for satellite imagery
5. Suitable for scanned images
6. Modelling and interpolation is simple, because the grid of data is dense and
complete
7. Cheap technology

Disadvantages of the grid representation

1. Fixed resolution can’t be improved. So when combining maps of various

resolutions, must accept the coarsest resolution
2. Information loss at any resolution, increasingly expensive storage and processing
requirements to increase resolution
3. Large amount of data especially at high resolution
4. Not appropriate for high-quality cartography (line drawing) Land Evaluation
Course Notes Part 2 : Geographical Information Systems 10
5. Slow transformations of projections (must transform each cell)
6. Some kinds of map analysis (e.g. networks) is difficult or at least not ‘natural’.

1.3.2 Vector
Entities in vector format are represented by strings of co-ordinates. A point is one
coordinate; that is, points on a map are stored in the computer with their ‘exact’ (to the
precision of the original map and the storage capacity of the computer) coordinates. Points
can be connected to form lines (straight or described by some other parametric function) or
chains. Thus, a line is represented as a number of co-ordinates along its length. Chains can
be connected back to the starting point to enclose polygons or areas. A polygon is

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represented as a set of co-ordinates at its corners. For example, a point which represents a
village or town may have a database entry for its name, size, services, etc. A line which
represents a road may have a database entry for its route number, traffic capacity,
emergency route, etc. A polygon which represents an administrative unit may have a
database entry for the various socio-economic, environmental, and population
characteristics. Each of these spatial objects may have an identifier which is a key to an
attached database containing the attributes (tabular data) of the entity. In the vector
representation, the various objects (points, lines and polygons) have a definite spatial
relation called topology. Some examples of Topology are:

1. Connectedness: lines are connected at nodes.

2. Adjacency: polygons are adjacent if they share a common boundary line.
3. Containment: one polygon can contain another as an ‘island’.
Topology can be stored as part of the map representation (in the database tables) or built as
needed from the coordinates of each entity.

In the grid representation, the only topology is cell adjacency, and this is implicit in the
representation (i.e., defined by the grid addresses), not explicit as in vector topology.

Advantages of the vector representation

1. Precision is only limited by the quality of the original data (very rarely by the
computer representation);

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 2. Very space-efficient, since only points about which there is information or which
form parts of boundaries are stored, information for the areas between such points
are inferred from the topology;
3. Explicit topology makes some kinds of spatial analysis easy;
4. High-quality output.

1.5 GIS software

There is an enormous range of software which is labeled GIS and which is available for
almost every computer platform. GIS software can run on the whole spectrum of computer
systems ranging from laptops to multi-users supercomputers. The available GIS software
can be categorized according to their intended application area into three categories: GIS
data viewers, desktop GIS, high-end GIS.

1.6. Map projection

Map projection is mathematical transformation of locations in the three dimensional space
of Earth’s surface on to the two-dimensional space of map sheet. The whole idea of map
projection is about preserving the properties of real-world features when they are depicted
on a map. These properties include area, shape, distance, and direction.

1.6.1 Classifications of map projections

There are different ways to classify map projections. One simple scheme is to classify map
projection according to the type of developable surface on to which the network of
meridians and parallels is projected. A developable surface is a surface that can be laid out
flat without distortion. There are three types of developable surfaces: Cylindrical, Conical,
and Planar.

In map projections, the developable surface can be placed in three different ways called
aspects, relative to the globe: normal, transverse, and oblique. This will affect the
appearance of the graticule and can be applied to create projections that are able to better
preserve the properties of area, shape, distance, or direction.

A map projection may be produced from three view points (also called projection points): at
the centre, from infinity, and on the surface of the globe opposite to the developable

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surface. This gives rise to three basic variants of map projections, namely Gnomonic
projection, Orthographic projection, and stereographic projection.

The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Coordinate System

The UTM Coordinate system or Grid is based on the Transverse Mercator Projection
invented by Johann Henrich Lambert (1728-1777). Lambert modified the Mercator
Projection by changing the aspect of the projection to transverse, placing the true poles of
Earth to lie on the Equator of the basic projection. In this way, the distortion from the pole
to pole is minimized. Distances are true only along the central meridian selected (where the
“cylinder,” the developable surface, touches the surface of Earth). All distances, directions,
shapes, and areas are reasonably accurate close to the central meridian. In order to
minimize the distortions occurred around the polar areas so that it can be used for geo-
referencing, several further modifications have been made. The resulting projection is called
the UTM Projection.

The UTM Coordinate system is formed by superimposing a regular square grid on each UTM
projection zone of 60 longitude width. The grid is aligned so that the vertical lines are
parallel to the central meridian. The UTM zones are numbered 1 through 60, starting at the
international Date Line and proceeding east. Thus, Zone 1 extends from 1800 W to 1740W,
with the central meridian at 1770 W. Ethiopia falls within Zones 36, 37, 38 as the country
lies between 330 E to 480 E meridian.

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Each UTM zone is divided in to horizontal bands spanning 80 of latitude identifying
themselves by letters, south to north, beginning at 800S with letter C and ending with the
letter X at 840N.

2. Global Positioning System

Fixing of positions on Earth’s surface has been revolutionized with the advent of the Global
Positioning system (GPS).
GPS is based on a constellation of 24 high-altitude satellites. The satellites are positioned in
six Earth-centered orbital planes with four satellites in each plane.

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2.2. Advantages of GPS

• Position is determined directly in an x, y, z

coordinate system

• Intervisibility between ground station is un

necessary

• As each point is fixed directly, there is no

error propagation in networks

• Survey points may therefore be selected

according to their required function, rather
than to produce a well-conditioned network
configuration.

• High skill is not required by the operator

• Position may be fixed on land, at sea or in

the air.

• Measurement may be carried out, day or night, anywhere in the world, at any time
and in any type of weather.

• Continuous measurement may be carried out, resulting in greatly improved

deformation monitoring.

2.3. Different GPS features

Waypoints in GPS are point features containing X, Y, and Z (Easting, Northing, and Altitude)
fixed by the GPS on the spot. During surveying an object the points which are used to draw
on the map can be either directly written on notes or be saved on the GPS. Most GPSs
stores at a time 500 way points, so regular downloading to a computer or writing it down
and clearing the GPS should be done, so that the GPS will be ready for the next surveying
work.

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2.3.2. Track Feature
Tracking feature is very important for surveying continuous and long irregular line features
such as roads, railways, footpaths, rivers and the likes. Besides, during tracking the GPS can
store more way points that we can’t access and can draw longer features accurately and
smoothly. So the output of the line features drawn by tracking is more accurate and has the
line attributes such as length of the object and the likes.

4. Google Earth Overview

 Provides a way to explore the
world without leaving your
computer;
 Free software;
 Available for Windows, Linux, and
Mac;
 Easy to use;
 Google Earth Pro also available, 
which has a few additional Users can add their own images to
features such as importing GIS Google Earth
data  Ability to accurately geolocate
 Initially provided mainly satellite where objects are placed,
imagery of land including satellite imagery
 Has greatly expanded datasets  Using KML files users can share
over time data
 Photos, 3D Buildings, Ocean Data,  Since the Google earth is WGS
Weather Data, etc. Projection you need to convert our
 Data interporability for google local to WGS projection &
earth is kml, so you need to
convert your data to kml file
format

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3. LAND USE PLAN UPDATING

1. Clipping to Area of Interest (District)

1. Open Catalogue window to access and

manage your data

2. Click on Connect To Folder

3. Navigate to D:\GIS Training on LUP
Implementation and click OK on the window
Connect To Folder

4. Add the proposed land use plan of

Oromia Region D:\GIS Training on LUP
Implementation\Data\[Link]
5. Add D:\GIS Training on LUP
Implementation\Data\Oromia_
[Link]
6. Select the district of your
interest (Adamitulu
Jidocombolcha) by attribute of
the district shape
i. Right click on
the District layer
ii. Choose Open Attribute Table
iii. Select “Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha”
iv. Right click Oromia_District layer>Data>Export Data
v. Save the layer in D:\GIS Training on LUP
Implementation\Outputs\Adamitulu_District
vi. Click on Yes to add the exported data on the map as a layer.
vii. Zoom to Adamitulu_Dstrict layer .

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 Clip “OroplupFinal” layer by the
chosen district.
viii. Expand Analysis tools >Extract >
Clip
ix. The clip window displayed. Insert OroplupFinal as input future,
and AdamiTuluDistrict as Clip future as shown below.

x. Name the output as “AdamiTulu_PLUP” and click OK.

xi. Uncheck all the layers except ”AdamiTulu_PLUP” and zoom to the
layer

xii. The layer on the canvas looks like this.

xiii. Look at the attribute tables and see what is planned in Adami Tulu
Jido Kombolcha district.
xiv. Use symbology to visualize different land uses.

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 7. Select a village (Kebele) of your interest.
i. Add “OroKebeles” in to the Table of Content.
ii. Clip OroKebeles by adami tulu district and save the output
“AdamituluKebeles” and click OK.

iii. Select a village to work on (Eg. Dodicha)

iv. Clip the landuse plan (either from oroplup or AdamituluPLUP
layers) following the same procedure to clip the landuse for the
district.
8. The plan for the village is ready, and has to be verified. This can be done in to
ways
1. Check the plan on Google Earth
2. Cheking on spot with the help of GPS

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2. Verification and Updating using Google Earth

1.1 Re-projection to Geographic WGS84 coordinate system

1. As Google Earth uses WGS84 Coordinate system, our village PLUP should
be converted in to this system.
i. “Data Management Tools > Projections and
Transformations > Project”
ii. For Input feature class insert “Dodich_PLUP”, for Output
type “Dodicha_PLUP_WGS84_GEO”, for Output Coordinate
system select “Geographic Coordinate

Systems>World>WGS84” and click OK.

iii. Click on the symbol of just projected layer In the table of
content. The symbol selector window will be displayed.
Select “Hollow” from the symbols, change the outline color
into red and give the value for outline width 2. Click OK

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1.2 Converting to klm file format.
i. From the ArcToolBox expand the “Convesion Tools > To Kml > Layer To KML
ii. Insert the layer to be converted, name the out put file name and type “1” The
Layer Output Scale and click OK.

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1.3 Open with Google Earth
i. Just double click on the converted kml file to be directed to Google Earth
software and be navigated to your target area.
ii. Study thoroughly and compare the plan with the actual area features we see
on the screen.
iii. If the plan we did is not as expected and missing some features, we do
editing on the screen and we update our plan. To do so
iv. Digitizing polygon on Google Earth
v. Get the PLUP you want to digitize on screen in Google Earth.
vi. Clean the unwanted stuff out of the "My Places" node in the table of
contents
vii. On My place tools Right click ,click Add folder
viii. name the folder and type ‘Updating PLUP’
ix. Decide whether you are going to digitize the features as points, lines, or
polygons, in our case use polygon features
x. Choose the tool to digitize polygons as, in GE's vocabulary placemarks, paths,
and polygons. (The icons are the second, third, and fourth buttons in the

row above image on my screen.)

xi. For each feature, enter name in the name field, and, if you like, further
attribute information in the description field of the panel that pops up,
and then click on points that define the features. You can pan and zoom
while digitizing in order to better see the thing you are recording. When
you've got the data, close the panel.
xii. If you need/want to, you can reopen the panel for a feature and edit its
coordinates or attributes by right clicking its name in the table of
contents.
xiii. You can also throw-away features by removing their node in the table of
contents
xiv. To export the data/save data...
 Right click the "My Places" node in the table of contents.
 Choose "Save Places as"

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  Navigate to a directory and supply a file name.
 Select .kml rather than .kmz at the bottom of the panel.
 Click the "Save" button.
xv. Opening the Libraries KML Layer in ArcGIS Desktop

Note: now we can open ArcGIS Desktop and convert the KML file so that it can be opened
and manipulated within the GIS software.
a. Open ArcGIS Desktop and click on the Toolbox icon.
b. Navigate to Conversion Tools -> From KML and click on KML to Layer.

c. In the KML to Layer Tool Window use the folder icons to navigate the
KML file that you saved from Google Earth, choose an output location and
then a name for your new feature layer. Leave the box entitled “Include
Ground Overlay” unchecked.
d. Click OK.
e. Exporting Layer to shape file
f. save as Updating PLUP in ‘GIS Training on LUP implementation sub
folder ‘Outputs’

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 xvi. Projection

Note: The data collected from Google earth is ‘WGS projection and we
need to return it to our main data which is Adindan. So the following
procedure is followed to
a. Re-Projecting to UTM Adindan.

xvii. UPDATING PLUP

Note: Computes a geometric intersection of the Input Features and Update Features. The
attributes and geometry of the input features are updated by the update features in the
output feature class. Now let’s updating the features collected from Google earth shapefile
with converted from google earth with originally proposed land use plan. However feature
extracted from google have a number of fields which don’t meet to the original our
proposed land use plan fields, so you are supposed to similarize Google earth shape files by
adding ‘PRLUP’.
Adding PRLUP Field
a. Open Attribute of Updated shape files(extracted from google earth)
b. Click Add field
c. Name the field ‘PRLUP’
d. Set type as Text with field property length 50
e. Click ok
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f. Select settlement from updated PLUP records.

g. Then right click on PRLUP Field

h. Click on field calculator
i. Under fields board type ‘’ Built up”

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 j. Click ok, settlement record is replaced with built up and stored in PRLUP fields and
follow the same procedure for the rest of the features.
Updating PLUP
i. Open arc tool box
ii. Click Analysis under analysis
iii. Under analysis tool click overlay, then click update tool
iv. Updating the Plup shape with converted from GoogleEarth

v. If we believe our plan is correct we go for the next procedure. – Verifying on

the ground.
3. Verification
4.1. Creating center points
i. To move to the field for verification we need an address – wher to go.
ii. We identify center coordinate points for each polygon of our plan.
iii. To do so,
 Expand the Data Management Tools > Features > Feature To
Point

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  Insert DodichaPLUP in th Input Features, Name the out put
“Dodicha_PLUP_CentePOint, and Click OK.

4.2. Adding X and Y Coordinate Fields in the attributes of the points

 “Data Management Tools > Features > Add XY Coordinates.

 Insert the points shape in Input features and click on OK.
 The fields for XY will be created in the table and looks like this

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 3. Designing Map Layouts
When you open ArcMap, you are in “Data perforated) and going to “Properties.”
View” and use the Tools toolbar to And change with other types of line.
navigate your map. When you switch to b. Set paper size and map orientation
the Layout View, you have access to a c. To add a title, from the Insert menu go
different range of tools and use the to “Title.” Type your title in the text
Layout toolbar to navigate. box and hit the enter key or click the
a. To switch to “Layout View,” click on cursor outside the text box. Double
the icon at the bottom of your map click on the title to bring up the
display that looks like a piece of paper Properties where you can make
(next to the globe icon) or, from the changes to the text and formatting
View menu, go to Layout View. d. Click Insert and click legend
e. . Click Insert and click Scale bar
f. Click insert and click North Arrow
In Layout View, you get a much better g. Adding Grid or Graticule
idea of how your map will look when it’s h. Click insert and click add neatline
printed. ArcMap will automatically place a i. Insert coordinates of center points to
border (“neat line”) around your map. You map
can remove this by right clicking on the j. Export map to JPG or PDF or any
border (so the line is turquoise and drawing format

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