Carpentry shop

INTRODUCTION

Carpentry is the process of shaping Timber, using hand tools. The products produced are used in
building construction, such as doors and windows, furniture manufacturing, patterns for moulding in
foundries, etc. Carpentry work mainly involves the joining together of wooden pieces and finishing
the surfaces after shaping them. Hence, the term joining is also used commonly for carpentry.

VARIOUS TYPES OF WOODS

Basic materials used in carpentry shop are timber and plywood. Auxiliary materials used are nails,
screws, adhesives, paints, varnishes, etc.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOOLS, MACHINES AND ACCESSORIES

The tools used in a carpentry workshop are:

1. Marking and measuring tool

2. Cutting tool

3. Planning tool

4. Drilling and Boring tool

5. Striking tool

6. Holding tool

1. Marking and Measuring Tools Marking

Is one of the most important features of wood work and success of completing job accurately
depends accuracy of marking and measuring.

(a) Rulers: Rulers are used for measuring dimensions. For measuring and setting out dimensions
various types of rulers are used in carpentry shop, Centimetre scale s

Ruler

(b) Folding Ruler: Four-fold box wood ruler is made of four pieces of each of 15 cm length. They are
hinged in such a way that they can be folded. It is adapted to carpentry up to 60 cm length.

(c) Steel Tape: It is used for large dimensions, such as marking on boards and checking the overall
dimensions of the work.
 Measuring steel tape

(d) Gauges: Gauges are used to mark lines parallel to the edges of a wooden piece. It mainly
consists of a wooden stem sliding inside a wooden stock. The gauge has a sharp point called a spur.
This is made from hardened steel and is the part that ‘scribes’ the line into the surface of the wood.
The distance between the stock and the spur can be adjusted by loosening the thumbscrew which
allows the stock to slide along the stem.

Marking Gauge Stem

(e)Try Square: Try square consists of rectangular steel blade fixed rigidly to cast on stock. try-
square is a woodworking tool used for marking and checking 90° angles on pieces of wood.

Try square

(1) Marking Knife or Scriber Marking: Knives are used to convert the pencil lines draws on the
wooden surface into deep scratch lines on the surface. They are made of steel with a sharp point at
one end and flat blade at the other end.
(2) Bevel Square: It is also called sliding level. It is an adjustable try-square used for
measuring/marking angles between 0 and 180

Calipers: Calipers are used for the precision measurement of cylindrical surface, Inside calipers are
used for measuring outside diameter and outside calipers are used to measure inner diameter of a
pipe

Divider: It consists of two pointed legs, the points are hardened and tempered to prevent wear. It is
used for transferring the sizes and scribing curves is circles on wooden surface
 2. Cutting Tools
Cutting tools are used for cutting timber to approximate size, cutting excess wood to obtain desired
shape and accuracy. Planning tools are intended to make smooth and an accurate surface.

(a) Saws: Saw is a cutting tool which has teeth on one edge and cutting is affected by reciprocating
motion of the edge relative to the work piece. Cutting occurs during the forward motion; such a saw
is called push type saw; the cutting occurs during the backward motion.

(i) Rip Saw: The blade of rip saw is either straight or skew-backed. The teeth are so set that the
cutting edge of this saw makes a steeper angle about 60°.

(ii) Cross Cut saw: This is similar in shape of a rip saw. It is used to cut across the grain of the stock.
The correct angle for cross cutting is 45°. The teeth are so set that the saw kerf is wider than the
blade thickness. This allows the blade to move freely in the cut without sticking.

(iii) Tenon or back saw: A tenon saw is used for fine and accurate work. It consists of a very fine
blade, which is reinforced with a rigid steel hack. The teeth are shaped like those of cross cut saw.

b) Chisels: Chisels are used for cutting and shaping wood accurately. The common type of chisels
used is briefly explained below.
(i) Firmer Chisels: they are most common and general-purpose chisel used by a carpenter. They have
flat blade of 15-50 mm width and 125 mm length.
(ii) Dove Tail Chisel (bevelled edge firmer chisel): These chisels are used for fine and delicate works
as well as for cutting corners.

(iii) Mortise chisel: These chisels are used for heavy and deep cut to remove large quantity of wood.
These chisels have width of about 15 mm but the blade thickness may range from 6-15 mm.

(iv) Socket chisel: Socket chisel handles are less likely to break than tang chisels, and can be replaced
easily. At 9º long, our chisels are particularly comfortable in the hand and have excellent balance

Planning Tools

Planning tool is used to smoothing the wooden surfaces.

(a) Wooden jack plane: This is the most commonly used plane in carpentry shop. The main part of a
wooden jack plane is a wooden block called sole, in which steel blade having knife edge is fixed at an
angle with the help of wooden edge. The angle of the blade is kept about 45° to bottom surface of
the blade.
 (b) Metal Jack Plane: It serves the same purpose as the wooden jack plane but facilitates a
smoother operations and better finish. The body of a metal jack plane is made from a grey iron
casting with the side and sole machined and ground to better finish.

Holding Tools

(a) Work Bench: This is a table of having size and raised construction made of hard wood. The size
ranges from 50-80 cm in length and about 90 cm in width. Two or four carpenters can work at a time
on the work bench

(b) Carpenters Bench Vice: It consists of jaw fixed on the table side and movable jaw kept in position
by means of screw and handle. The body of vice is made of cast iron or steel. The jaws are lined with
hard wood which can be removed when it is damaged. The work is clamped between jaws by
rotating the screw using the handle. It is used for clamping glued pieces or holding the work piece of
larger size together for various operations.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN CARPENTRY SHOP
 Before starting any wood working machine in carpentry shop, it should be ensured that all
the safety guards are in proper places and secured well.
 While working on a circular saw, one should not stand in a line with the plane of the
rotating blade and always keep your fingers away from the reach of blade.
 While working on wood lathe machine, the job should be properly held.
 The wooden pieces should not be fed to the sewing machines faster than the cutting speed
of the machine.
 One should not use defective or damaged carpentry tools and machines while carrying out
work in carpentry shop.
 No carpentry tools should be thrown for saving time in handling.
 Nails, screws should be properly kept in a box for proper housekeeping.
 Sufficient safety precautions need to be taken for preventing fire accidents in the carpentry
shop.
 Cross Lap Joint
Aim
To prepare a cross-lap joint from the given work pieces

Tools required
1. Jack plane

2. Try square

3. Firmer chisel

4. Mortise chisel

5. Mallet

6. Rip saw

7. Marking gauge

8. Mortise gauge

Material Required
Soft wood of size 50mm x 50mm x 200 mm .

Procedure
1. Check the job to ensure its correct size.

2. Clamp the work piece in carpentry vice and plane two adjacent faces using jack plane to get a right
angle.

3. Check the perpendicularity of faces using the try square. Cut the work piece into two halves using
the rip saw.

4. Make a slot in one half, having correct dimensions using the firmer and mortise chisels. Make the
same on the other half, so as to fit correctly with one another.

5. Check dimension and accuracy using the steel rule and try square.

Result
Thus, the cross lap joint of required dimension is obtained.
 Cross lap joint

All Dimensions are in mm