MR DENIS 1
Physics Formulas
Motion, Forces, and Energy
Physical Quantities and Measurement Techniques
Density (ρ):
ρ=m/V
where ρ is density (kg/m³), m is mass (kg), and V is volume (m³).
Motion
Speed (v):
v=d/t
where v is speed (m/s), d is distance (m), and t is time (s).
Acceleration (a):
a = (v - u) / t
where a is acceleration (m/s²), v is final velocity (m/s), u is initial velocity (m/s), and t is time (s).
Equations of Motion for Constant Acceleration:
1. v = u + at
2. s = ut + (1/2)at²
3. v² = u² + 2as
where s is displacement (m), u is initial velocity (m/s), v is final velocity (m/s), a is acceleration
(m/s²), and t is time (s).
Mass and Weight
Weight (W):
W = mg
where W is weight (N), m is mass (kg), and g is gravitational acceleration (≈ 9.8 m/s² on Earth).
Forces
Newton’s Second Law, Force (F):
F = ma
where F is force (N), m is mass (kg), and a is acceleration (m/s²).
Spring Constant
k=F/x
where k is the spring constant (N/m), F is Force (N), and x is extension (m).
MR DENIS 2
To find extension from a graph, find the gradient
Moment = F × d
Where F is force (N), and d is distance (m).
For principle of moment:
Clockwise moment =anticlockwise moment
F1d1=F2d2
Momentum
Momentum (p):
p = mv
where p is momentum (kgm/s), m is mass (kg), and v is velocity (m/s).
Impulse =F×t
Where: impulse is in newtons seconds (Ns), F is Force (N), and t is time (s)
Impulse =change in momentum
Ft=mv-mu
Where: mv is final momentum and mu initial momentum
M1U1 +M2U2= M1V1 +M1V2 (collide, separate and move with different speed)
M1U1 +M2U2 =M (V1 +V2) (collide, fuse and move together)
Energy, Work, and Power
Work (W):
W = Fd
where W is work (J), F is force (N), and d is displacement (m).
Kinetic Energy (KE):
KE = (1/2)mv²
where KE is kinetic energy (J), m is mass (kg), and v is velocity (m/s).
Gravitational Potential Energy (PE):
PE = mgh
MR DENIS 3
where PE is gravitational potential energy (J), m is mass (kg), g is gravitational acceleration (≈ 9.8
m/s²), and h is height (m).
Power (P):
P=W/t
where P is power (W), W is work done (J), and t is time (s).
𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
Efficiency = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
Or
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
Efficiency = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
Pressure
Pressure (P):
P=F/A
where P is pressure (Pa), F is force (N), and A is area (m²).
Pressure in liquids =h ρ g
Where: h is height (m), ρ is density (kg/m3), and g is gravity, pressure in pascals (pa) or newton per
metre squared (N/m2)
Thermal Physics
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
Boyle's Law (constant temperature): pV = constant
Units: pressure in pascals (pa) and V volume (cm3 or m3)
𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟐
For Charlse Law =
𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟐
Combining the two laws:
T = 273 + θ
Where T is temperature in kelvin (K) and θ is temperature in degree Celsius (°C)
Thermal Properties and Temperature
ΔE = mcΔθ = mass × specific heat capacity × change in temperature
MR DENIS 4
Units: c in J/kg·°C, m in kg and Δθ
But
Energy =power 𝑥 time
E =Pt
Where P is power in Watts (W)and t is time in seconds(s)
But P =E/t
E =VIt
Where E is energy, V voltage and t is time
Waves
General Properties of Waves
Wave speed: v = fλ
Where v is velocity (m/s), f is frequency (Hz)and λ is the wavelength (m)
Frequency: f = 1 / T
T is time in Seconds (s)
Light
Refractive index
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒊𝒓 (𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒖𝒎)
n=
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎
or n = c / v
where c is the speed of light in air or in vacuum (3 × 108 m/s) while v is the speed of light in
medium
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊
n=𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒓
where sin i is the angle of incidence while sin r is the angle of reflection.
𝟏
n =𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 OR n =1/c
MR DENIS 5
where c is the critical angle
Electricity and Magnetism
Electrical Quantities
Q=I×t
Where Q is charge in coulomb (C), I is current in ampere (A)and t is time in seconds (s)
Ohm's Law: V = IR
Where V is voltage in volts, I current in amperes and R is resistance in ohms (Ω),
Electrical Power: P = IV or P= I²R OR P= V² / R
Where P is power in Watts (W), I current (A) and V voltage (V)
Energy transferred: E = IVt
E = W/Q
or W = Q × E
Where Q is the charge in coulombs, W is the work done in joules and E is e.m.f in volts (V)
V = W/Q or V = E/Q
Where V is p.d in volts , W is work done in joules, Q is charge in coulombs and E is energy in joules
Note 1second (s) =10-3 milliseconds (ms)
1 second =10-9nanoseconds (ns)
1volt (V) =106 megavolts (MV)
1volts(V) =103 kilovolts (kV)
Resistivity
MR DENIS 6
Where R1 and R2 is the resistance for different materials, I1 and I2 is the length of the material
A1 and A2 is the cross section area of the two materials.
Resistors in series
R = R1 + R2 + R3
Resistors in parallel
For transformers,
Space Physics
Stars and the Universe
Hubble's Law: v = H₀d
Or
H0=𝒗𝒅
Where H₀ is the Hubble constant: the unit is per second (2.2x10-18 per second), 𝒗 is the speed and
d is the distance
MR DENIS 7
𝟐𝝅𝒓
v= 𝑻
where v is the orbital speed of the planet, r is the distance and T is
time.
𝒅 𝒔
v= 𝒕 or v=𝒕 where v is the speed, d or s is the distance while t is the
time.
𝟏
The age of the universe =
𝐇₀
Note that 1year =3.2 x 107seconds
Speed of light =3.0 x108m/s