GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE,

OMANDURAR GOVERNMENT ESTATE.

 INDEX
CH No. TITLE PAGE No.
01 CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND DISEASE 03
02 PRINCIPLES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL 06
METHODS
03 SCREENING OF DISEASES 10
04 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES 12
05 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES 17
AND CONDITIONS
06 HEALTH PROGRAMMES IN INDIA 21
07 DEMOGRAPHY AND FAMILY PLANNING 24
08 PREVENTIVE MEDCINE IN OBSTETRICS, PEDIATRICS AND 27
GERIATRICS
09 HEALTH CARE OF COMMUNITY 31
10 NUTRITION AND HEALTH 34
11 MEDICINE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 38
12 ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH 41
13 HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT 44
14 DISASTER MANAGEMENT 47
15 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 50
16 GENETICS AND HEALTH 53
17 MENTAL HEALTH 56
18 HEALTH INFORMATION AND BASIC MEDICAL STATISTICS 58
19 COMMUNICATION FOR HEALTH EDUCATION 61
20 HEALTH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 64
21 HEALTH CARE OF THE COMMUNITY 66
22 INTERNATIONAL HEALTH 69
23 ESSENTIAL MEDICINE 71
24 COUNTERFIET MEDICINE 72
25 RECENT ADVANCES 73
26 AETCOM QUESTIONS 76

1
 CH-01: CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND
DISEASE
LONG QUESTIONS

1. Describe the natural history of a disease with suitable illustrations and examples.
2. Define the natural history of a disease. Briefly discuss its stages and apply the concept of
levels of prevention to the natural history with relevant examples.
3. Describe the indicators of health. How is the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
assessed?
4. Define health. Discuss the changing concepts of health and provide an overview of its
different dimensions.
5. Explain the concept of "Multifactorial Causation" in disease etiology. Give examples
with a focus on lifestyle diseases.
6. Describe the principles of disease prevention and control. Discuss various approaches
used in controlling and preventing diseases.
7. Explain the spectrum, ecology, and determinants of health with examples.
8. What is rehabilitation? Describe the methods of rehabilitating a patient with leprosy.
9. Define epidemiology. Enumerate its uses and outline the general methods of controlling
diseases with known etiology.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Levels of Prevention
2. Iceberg Phenomenon of Disease
3. Morbidity Indicators
4. Lifestyle and Health
5. Spectrum of Health
6. Epidemiological Triad
7. Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
8. Epidemiological Triad: Definition and Examples
9. Case Fatality Rate (CFR)
10. Quality of Life
11. Determinants of Health
12. Impairment, Disability, and Handicap
13. Iceberg Concept of Disease
14. Rehabilitation: Concepts and Applications
15. Primary Prevention
16. Ecology of Health
17. Classification of Diseases

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 18. Types of Rehabilitation
19. Web of Causation of Disease
20. Social Medicine
21. Dimensions of Health
22. Monitoring and Surveillance
23. Impact of Urbanization on Health and Disease
24. Primordial Prevention of Disease
25. Socio-Economic Determinants of Health
26. Concepts of Disease Control
27. Cold Chain for Vaccines
28. Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)
29. Disease Elimination vs. Disease Eradication
30. Socio-Economic Indicators Related to Health
31. Vital Determinants of Health
32. Sentinel Surveillance
33. Reservoir and Source of Infection
34. Important Dimensions of Health
35. Healthy Lifestyles
36. Natural History of Disease
37. Differences Between Community Medicine and Clinical Medicine
38. Levels of Prevention: Detailed Explanation with Examples
39. Rehabilitation: Definitions and Examples for Different Diseases
40. Health Indicators
41. Morbidity Rates

APPLIED COMMUNUTY MEDICINE

1. A 35-year-old software engineer experiences high levels of work stress, irregular eating
habits, and a lack of physical activity. Although he has no diagnosed illness, he feels
"unwell." Which dimensions of health are likely affected in this scenario? Explain how.
Suggest two strategies to improve his overall health.
2. A rural community has limited access to clean drinking water, poor sanitation facilities,
and low literacy levels. The community also has a high prevalence of diarrheal diseases.
Identify the determinants of health involved. Propose a public health intervention to
address the health issues.
3. A country has a life expectancy of 80 years, an infant mortality rate of 5 per 1,000 live
births, and a maternal mortality ratio of 50 per 100,000 live births. Which indicator best
reflects the overall health status of the country? Why? How would you interpret these
indicators in terms of the country's healthcare system?

3
CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A 40-year-old man has been diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes during a routine health
check-up. His blood glucose levels were elevated, but he has no symptoms. Place this
case in the context of the natural history of disease. At what stage of the disease is the
patient? What level of prevention can be applied here?
2. In a village, 30% of the population fell ill due to cholera following heavy rainfall and
flooding. The investigation revealed contaminated water as the primary source of
infection. Apply the epidemiological triad to explain the outbreak. Suggest interventions
at each point of the triad to prevent future outbreaks.
3. A 50-year-old woman with hypertension and obesity visits a clinic for counseling.
Although she feels fine, she is worried about developing heart disease. Where does this
patient fall on the health-disease continuum? Discuss how preventive measures can help
her move toward optimal health.
4. A 60-year-old smoker develops lung cancer. His lifestyle includes exposure to
secondhand smoke at home and asbestos at his workplace. Identify and categorize the
risk factors for lung cancer in this case. Discuss the multifactorial causation of his
condition.
5. During a community survey, it is found that only 20% of individuals with hypertension
are diagnosed and on treatment. The rest remain undiagnosed. Explain this finding using
the iceberg phenomenon. Propose steps to address the undiagnosed cases in the
community.
6. A slum area in a metropolitan city has a high burden of communicable and non-
communicable diseases. Common issues include malnutrition among children, diabetes in
adults, and respiratory diseases due to poor air quality. Assess how the concepts of health
and disease apply to this population. Identify immediate, medium-term, and long-term
strategies to improve health outcomes in this community. Discuss how social
determinants of health contribute to the observed health problems.

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 CH-02: PRINCIPLES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS
LONG QUESTIONS

1. Define epidemiology. Enumerate its uses in community health with examples.

2. Describe the different types of epidemiological studies with suitable examples.
3. What is analytical epidemiology? Outline the steps involved in a case-control study and
discuss its advantages, disadvantages, and biases.
4. Define cohort. Describe the steps in a cohort study, including the measures of association.
Discuss the merits and demerits of this study design.
5. What is a randomized controlled trial (RCT)? Outline its design and enumerate the types
of clinical trials.
6. Define the terms "association" and "correlation." Explain the types of associations
observed in epidemiological studies.
7. Explain the "chain of disease transmission" and outline general control measures for
communicable diseases at each link.
8. Describe the different modes of disease transmission with examples and discuss
appropriate preventive measures for each.
9. Define the terms "eradication" and "elimination." Outline their principles and describe
strategies for disease prevention and control.
10. Enumerate the five models of intervention for disease prevention. Apply these modes to
control pulmonary tuberculosis in India.
11. Describe the steps involved in the investigation of an epidemic, using an example.
12. Define "epidemic" and "pandemic." Discuss how you would proceed with the
investigation of an epidemic of an infectious disease.
13. Describe various time trends or fluctuations in disease occurrence and their usefulness to
an epidemiologist.
14. Describe the different modes of intervention available for disease prevention with
examples.
15. To improve DPT immunization coverage in a community of 30,000, outline the steps to
organize a health education program, detailing strategies and methods.
16. Define confounding factors. Explain how confounders can affect epidemiological study
results.
17. Enumerate the biases in case-control studies and describe how to minimize them.
18. Describe the epidemiology and prevention of lymphatic filariasis.
19. Outline the epidemiology of any disease of your choice and describe its prevention and
control measures.

5
SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Uses of Epidemiology
2. Cold Chain and Cold Chain Equipment
3. Herd Immunity and Its Importance
4. Attributable Risk and Relative Risk
5. Source and Reservoir of Infection
6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Case-Control Studies
7. Non-Randomized Trials
8. Cohort Study
9. Emporiatrics
10. Uses of Incubation Period in Epidemiological Studies
11. Bias in Epidemiological Studies
12. Autoclaving
13. Extrinsic Incubation Period and Serial Interval
14. Universal Immunization Programme
15. Epidemic Curve and Spot Map
16. Nosocomial Infections and Control Measures
17. Live Attenuated Vaccines and Freeze-Dried Vaccines
18. Isolation and Quarantine
19. Types of Epidemics (Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic)
20. Secondary Attack Rate
21. Incidence and Prevalence
22. Differences Between Case-Control and Cohort Studies
23. Limitations of Mortality Data
24. Migration Studies
25. Concurrent and Terminal Disinfection
26. Physical and Chemical Methods of Disinfection
27. Odds Ratio and Measures of Association
28. Periodic Fluctuations in Disease Occurrence
29. Propagated and Common-Source Epidemics
30. Population Attributable Risk
31. Merits and Demerits of Cohort Studies
32. Hazards of Immunization
33. Health Advice for Travelers
34. Carrier State and Its Implications for Disease Transmission
35. Fly Control Measures
36. Uses of Descriptive Epidemiology
37. Investigation of an Epidemic
38. Modes of Disease Transmission (Direct, Indirect, Vector-borne, Airborne)
39. Case Fatality Rate
40. Specific Death Rate
41. Occupational Careers and Health Risks
42. Surveillance and Monitoring of Infectious Diseases
43. Role of Community Waste in Disease Transmission and Prevention in Rural Areas
44. International Health Regulations (IHR) and Global Health Security

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 45. Childhood Diseases of Public Health Importance and Immunization Procedures
46. Retrospective Studies and Their Applications
47. Active Immunization: Principles and Methods
48. Control and Eradication of Diseases: Differences and Strategies
49. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Incubation Period
50. Early Diagnosis and Prompt Treatment as Preventive Measures
51. Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
52. Features of Non-Randomized Trials
53. Epidemic Investigation and Control Measures
54. Role of Surveillance in Disease Control
55. Types of Disinfection and Their Practical Applications
56. Factors Affecting Disease Transmission: Environmental, Host, and Agent
57. Zoonotic Diseases: Prevention and Control Measures
58. Epidemiological Transition: Concept and Implications
59. Screening in Public Health: Principles and Types
60. Health Promotion Strategies for Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
61. Role of Public Health Education in Disease Prevention
62. Cluster Investigation in Epidemiology
63. Risk Communication in Epidemic Management
64. Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) in Public Health
65. Mental Health in Public Health Context
66. Behavioral Risk Factors and Their Impact on Public Health
67. Climate Change and Its Impact on Public Health
68. Vector Control Strategies in Epidemiology
69. Quarantine and Isolation: Definitions and Differences
70. Health Impact Assessment (HIA) in Public Health Planning
71. The Role of Social Determinants of Health in Epidemiology
72. Global Health Initiatives: WHO and Its Role
73. Public Health Surveillance Systems and Their Effectiveness
74. Ethical Issues in Epidemiological Research
75. Health Systems and Their Role in Disease Prevention
76. Nutritional Epidemiology: Approaches and Challenges
77. Social Networks and Health: Implications for Disease Spread
78. Health Inequalities and Their Impact on Disease Outcomes
79. Assessment of Health Interventions in Public Health
80. Challenges in Vaccination Coverage and Strategies to Overcome Them

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. You are working in a rural area where there is an increase in non-communicable diseases
(NCDs) but infectious diseases are still prevalent. Explain how you would use
epidemiological principles to prioritize health interventions.
2. The crude death rate of a district is higher than that of the state average, but the age-
adjusted mortality rate is lower. Explain the possible reasons for this difference.

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 3. If the prevalence of diabetes in a community is found to be 12%, but the annual incidence
is only 1.5%, what does this indicate about the nature of the disease in this population?
4. A new screening test for cervical cancer has a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 90%.
If used in a population where the prevalence of cervical cancer is 1%, calculate the
predictive values of the test and discuss its utility.
5. During a study on the association between smoking and lung cancer, it was found that
age acted as a confounder. How would you address this issue in your analysis?

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A sudden outbreak of diarrhea is reported in a village after a wedding. As an

epidemiologist, outline the steps you would take to investigate and control the outbreak.
2. A researcher wants to study the relationship between air pollution and asthma in children.
What type of epidemiological study design would you recommend? Justify your choice.
3. In a hospital, a cluster of neonatal sepsis cases was reported in the NICU. Describe how
you would use epidemiological methods to identify the source of the infection.
4. A case-control study was conducted to study the association between pesticide exposure
and Parkinson's disease. The odds ratio was found to be 2.5. Interpret this finding and its
implications.
5. A cohort study reveals that the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) is 30 per 1,000
among smokers and 10 per 1,000 among non-smokers. Calculate the attributable risk and
discuss how this information can be used for public health planning.
6. A community health survey identifies a higher incidence of dengue fever in urban areas
compared to rural ones, with most cases in children aged 5-15 years. Discuss possible
factors contributing to this distribution.
7. A population-based mammography screening program for breast cancer was introduced,
but mortality rates remain unchanged after five years. Analyze possible reasons for this
outcome using epidemiological principles.
8. A state-level report indicates a rise in malaria cases during the monsoon season. How
would you utilize disease surveillance systems to implement preventive strategies?
9. A pharmaceutical company is testing a new vaccine for influenza. Discuss the key
elements that must be addressed to ensure the RCT produces reliable and ethical results.
10. In a study on leptospirosis in a flood-affected area, explain how the epidemiological triad
(agent, host, environment) can be applied to develop control measures.

8
 CH-03: SCREENING OF DISEASES
LONG QUESTIONS

1. Define screening and explain the criteria for screening a disease and selecting a screening
test. Discuss the measures used to evaluate the effectiveness of a screening test, and
include a note on lead time bias.
2. Define screening for disease and outline its uses and types. Discuss the key criteria for an
effective screening program and provide a note on the screening test.
3. What are the objectives of screening? Mention some important screening tests and
describe their utility.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What is the concept of sensitivity and specificity in screening tests?

2. What are the different types of screening for diseases?
3. What is the concept of lead time in disease screening?
4. What are the uses and applications of screening tests in public health?
5. What are false negatives and false positives in the context of screening tests?
6. How do sensitivity and specificity impact the effectiveness of screening tests?
7. What is the difference between a screening test and a diagnostic test?
8. What are the key principles of screening for diseases?
9. How does the epidemiological triad relate to disease screening?
10. What determines the validity of a screening test?
11. What criteria should be considered when selecting screening procedures?

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. How would you design a screening program for cervical cancer in India? Outline the
steps.
2. Describe the screening tests available for diabetes mellitus and their utility in primary
care settings.
3. In a population with a high prevalence of tuberculosis, what screening tools would be
appropriate, and why?
4. Explain the role of mammography in breast cancer screening and the age groups targeted
in a public health program.
5. Discuss the criteria for initiating newborn screening programs for inherited metabolic
disorders.?

9
CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A 45-year-old asymptomatic man with no family history of colorectal cancer is advised

to undergo screening. What are the available screening options, and which one would you
recommend? Why?
2. In a rural setting with limited resources, how would you implement a screening program
for anemia among pregnant women?
3. A positive rapid diagnostic test for HIV is reported during a community-based screening
campaign. Outline the next steps for confirmatory testing and counseling.
4. During a school health program, you are tasked with screening children for refractive
errors. What methodology would you adopt?
5. A community health center is introducing an HPV vaccine alongside a cervical cancer
screening program. What factors should be considered to ensure the program's success?

10
 CH–04: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
LONG QUESTIONS

1. Describe the epidemiology, prevention, and control of Tetanus. Discuss the key factors
involved in its spread and the strategies for its prevention.
2. Explain the epidemiology and prevention of lymphatic filariasis. Discuss the control
measures and the challenges faced in managing this disease.
3. Discuss in detail the epidemiology, prevention, and control of hepatitis infection. How
does the disease spread, and what measures can be taken to prevent and control its
transmission?
4. Describe the epidemiology, prevention, and control of measles. What are the factors
contributing to the persistence of measles outbreaks, and how can these be addressed?
5. Discuss the epidemiological factors contributing to acute diarrheal diseases. Briefly
describe the preventive and control measures that can mitigate the spread of these
diseases.
6. Explain the prevention and control strategies for rabies. Discuss the global burden of the
disease and the measures taken to reduce its incidence.
7. Describe the epidemiology and control of malaria in India. What are the key challenges
in the current malaria control program, and what improvements can be made?
8. Discuss the epidemiology and control of pulmonary tuberculosis in India. What are the
current strategies being employed to reduce the incidence of tuberculosis in the country?
9. Explain the epidemiological features of leptospirosis. What preventive measures should
be adopted to control the spread of this disease?
10. Discuss the epidemiology, prevention, and control of swine flu. How does the disease
spread, and what are the strategies for preventing and managing outbreaks?
11. Describe the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of dengue hemorrhagic fever.
What preventive measures can be taken to control outbreaks of this disease?
12. Explain the Leprosy Elimination Campaign (MLEC) and its role in the control of leprosy
in India. Discuss the effectiveness of this campaign and its challenges.
13. Outline the strategies adopted for controlling a cholera outbreak in a village. What
immediate and long-term measures should be implemented?
14. Discuss the epidemiology of poliomyelitis and the role of the pulse polio program in its
eradication. What challenges remain in the fight against polio?
15. Describe the epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis. Suggest measures for its prevention
and control, particularly in endemic regions.
16. Discuss the epidemiology and current strategies in the control of rabies. What are the
main preventive measures, and how effective have they been in reducing rabies
transmission?
17. Describe the epidemiology and current strategies in the control of hepatitis B infection.
Discuss the preventive measures and the challenges in reducing its spread.

11
 18. Discuss the extent of the problem, epidemiology, and control of leprosy in India. What
strategies have been effective in reducing the burden of leprosy?
19. Describe the epidemiology and current strategy in the control of lymphatic filariasis in
India. Discuss the impact of the program and any gaps in its implementation.
20. Enumerate and explain the five different models of intervention for disease prevention
and control. How would you apply these models in the context of pulmonary tuberculosis
control in India?
21. Describe the epidemiology, prevention, and control of Japanese encephalitis. Discuss the
challenges in controlling the disease and suggest potential solutions.
22. Explain how you would investigate an outbreak of meningococcal meningitis in a
student’s hostel. What control and preventive measures would you implement?
23. Define the terms “reservoir of infection” and “source of infection.” Discuss the dynamics
and modes of disease transmission.
24. How would you assess the burden of hookworm infection in a community? Describe the
control and preventive measures that can be implemented to reduce hookworm
infestations.
25. What is rehabilitation in the context of public health? Describe the methods of
rehabilitation for a patient with leprosy, focusing on physical and psychosocial aspects.
26. Describe the epidemiology, prevention, and control of poliomyelitis. Discuss the progress
made in poliomyelitis eradication and the ongoing challenges.
27. Discuss the epidemiology and control of acute respiratory infections. What strategies can
be implemented to reduce the incidence of these infections, particularly in children?
28. Explain the epidemiology, prevention, and control of rabies. What are the main strategies
for managing rabies exposure and preventing its spread in the community?
29. Describe the epidemiology of malaria in India. Discuss the modified plan of operation
under the National Malaria Eradication Program and its impact on malaria control.
30. As the medical officer of a primary health center, a 3-year-old child weighing 8 kg,
whose father had tuberculosis, comes to you. What advice would you give the mother
regarding the management of this child?
31. Describe how you would investigate and control a sudden outbreak of illness after a
wedding feast in a village, where 200 guests have taken ill within a few hours.
32. List the diseases that result from poor sanitation and overpopulation. Discuss the public
health strategies that can prevent such diseases in a community.
33. In a village with 1,000 people, a hookworm infestation has been identified. Describe the
control measures you would implement to reduce the incidence of hookworm infection.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Multidrug Therapy for Leprosy

2. Chandler's Index
3. Carriers in Cholera
4. Carrier State in Typhoid
5. Flea Indices
6. BCG Vaccination
7. Modified Malaria Operation Plan

12
8. Blocked Flea
9. Prevention and Control of Hookworm Infection
10. Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)
11. Pulse Polio Programme
12. Prevention of Rabies
13. Liquid Pentavalent Vaccine
14. Epidemiology and Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis
15. Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS)
16. Guidelines for Malaria Treatment
17. Epidemiology and Prevention of Swine Flu
18. Lepra Reactions
19. Epidemiological Features of Chikungunya
20. Polio Eradication Strategy
21. Classification of Arboviral Diseases
22. Epidemiological Features of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)
23. Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)
24. DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse)
25. Pre-Test Counseling in HIV
26. Diagnosis of Typhoid
27. Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections
28. John Snow’s Contributions
29. Kala Azar in India: Problems and Control
30. Maternal-Fetal HIV Transmission
31. Indian Classification of Leprosy
32. Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs)
33. Prevention of Viral Hepatitis B
34. Active and Passive Surveillance in Malaria
35. Prevention of Neonatal Tetanus
36. Filariasis Survey
37. Case Finding Methods in Leprosy
38. Pulse Polio Immunization
39. Chemotherapy in Malaria
40. Early Detection of Tuberculosis
41. DPT Vaccine
42. Prevention of Hepatitis
43. Leprosy Control Unit
44. Cell-Culture Anti-Rabies Vaccines
45. Disability Limitation in Leprosy
46. District Tuberculosis Centre
47. Botulism
48. Epidemiology of Rabies and Urban Control Measures
49. Gross Immunity

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APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A 25-year-old healthcare worker in a rural clinic reports a needle-stick injury while

handling a patient with hepatitis B. Discuss the steps involved in post-exposure
prophylaxis and prevention of disease transmission.

1. A school reports an outbreak of chickenpox among students. As a public health officer,

outline the epidemiological steps to control the outbreak and prevent further spread.
2. Explain how the concept of the "R0" (basic reproduction number) can be used to
determine the potential spread and control measures of a new influenza strain in a
population.
3. A government-run immunization program reports poor vaccine coverage for measles in a
community. As a community health specialist, propose interventions to improve
vaccination rates.
4. A remote village experiences a sudden rise in cases of malaria after heavy rainfall.
Develop an action plan using vector control strategies.
5. A 45-year-old man presents with a chronic cough, night sweats, and weight loss. Sputum
smear tests confirm acid-fast bacilli. What are the key components of Directly Observed
Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) under the Revised National TB Control Program? How
will you trace and manage the contacts of this patient?

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A pregnant woman tests positive for HIV during her antenatal visit. What measures can
prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV? Discuss the role of antiretroviral therapy in
such cases.
2. A pregnant woman tests positive for HIV during her antenatal visit. What measures can
prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV? Discuss the role of antiretroviral therapy in
such cases.
3. Over 50 people fall ill after attending a wedding feast, presenting with diarrhea and
vomiting. What steps will you take to investigate and confirm the causative agent?
Outline the measures to prevent similar outbreaks in the future.
4. A 3-year-old child presents with acute flaccid paralysis in a polio-free region. What
immediate actions will you take as part of the surveillance system? Discuss the role of
environmental surveillance in confirming the diagnosis.
5. Following a major flood, a community reports several cases of fever, jaundice, and
myalgia. Suspecting leptospirosis, a team is deployed. What steps should the public
health team take to confirm and control the outbreak? Explain the preventive measures to
reduce the risk of leptospirosis in flood-prone areas.
6. A patient is diagnosed with COVID-19 in a densely populated urban area. Outline the
steps for contact tracing in this scenario. How would you prioritize testing and isolation
in a resource-limited setting?

14
7. A child is bitten by a stray dog in a rural area without rabies vaccination coverage. What
immediate steps should be taken for post-exposure prophylaxis? How would you address
the community’s concerns about rabies prevention?
8. An urban hospital reports a surge in dengue cases during the monsoon season. What are
the key epidemiological features of dengue that aid in its control? Design a community
awareness campaign to reduce mosquito breeding sites.

15
 CH–05: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NON-
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND
CONDITIONS
LONG QUESTIONS

1. Discuss the epidemiology of coronary heart disease, including its risk factors and impact
on public health. Furthermore, elaborate on the National Program for the Prevention and
Control of Coronary Heart Disease in India, highlighting its strategies and effectiveness.
2. Describe the danger signals of cancer, with a focus on early detection and intervention.
Discuss the preventive measures for oral cancer, emphasizing public health strategies and
community involvement.
3. Define blindness and classify the various categories of visual impairment. Enumerate the
common causes of blindness and provide a detailed explanation of the National Program
for Control of Blindness, including its goals and achievements. Additionally, discuss the
Vision 2020 initiative.
4. Discuss the epidemiology of rheumatic heart disease, including its prevalence, risk
factors, and impact on public health. Explain the diagnostic criteria for rheumatic heart
disease and the preventive strategies that can be adopted to control its spread, including
primary and secondary prevention measures.
5. Enumerate the risk factors associated with coronary heart disease, both modifiable and
non-modifiable. Discuss the preventive measures that can be implemented at the
individual and community levels to reduce the burden of coronary heart disease.
6. Define accidents in the context of public health and describe the intersectorial approach
for the prevention and management of injuries. Classify the different types of accidents
and discuss the strategies that can be employed to prevent road traffic accidents.
7. Describe the natural history of rheumatic heart disease, including its progression from
initial infection to potential complications. Outline the strategies that have been adopted
for its control and prevention, particularly in high-risk populations.
8. Discuss the extent and magnitude of blindness in India, including the epidemiological
factors contributing to its prevalence. Elaborate on the causes of blindness and the
national strategies in place for its prevention, with a focus on public health initiatives and
awareness campaigns.
9. Describe the natural history of hypertension, including its progression and complications.
Discuss the strategies adopted for the prevention and control of hypertension,
emphasizing early detection, lifestyle modifications, and public health policies.
10. Discuss the natural history of diabetes mellitus, including its onset, progression, and
associated complications. Outline the primary prevention strategies aimed at reducing the
incidence of diabetes, focusing on lifestyle modifications and public health initiatives.
11. Discuss the magnitude of the problem of rheumatic heart disease in India, its
epidemiological factors, and the preventive measures that can be taken to reduce its

16
 burden. Highlight the role of public health campaigns and early detection in controlling
the disease.
12. Provide an overview of the epidemiology of hypertension, including its prevalence and
risk factors. Discuss the strategies for its prevention and control, focusing on both
individual and community-based interventions.
13. Discuss the epidemiology of industrial accidents, identifying common causes and risk
factors. Describe the preventive measures that can be implemented in the workplace to
reduce the incidence of industrial accidents and improve worker safety.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Early detection and monitoring of hypertension.

2. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension. Preventive strategies for
hypertension.
3. Lifestyle changes and interventions for preventing and controlling hypertension.
4. Identification of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease.
5. Prevention strategies for coronary heart disease, including lifestyle changes, medical
interventions, and screening.
6. Key epidemiological factors contributing to the rise of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
7. Strategies to prevent the onset of diabetes at the population level.
8. Methods for early detection and management of diabetes mellitus.
9. Effective management strategies for individuals living with diabetes.
10. Early detection and screening methods for various cancers, including oral, breast,
cervical, and other types. Role of cancer registries.
11. Identifying early warning signals for various cancers.
12. Strategies to reduce the incidence and impact of cancer.
13. Risk factors and preventive measures for oral cancer.
14. Health risks associated with obesity and preventive measures.
15. Methods for assessing obesity and strategies for prevention and control.
16. Strategies for preventing avoidable blindness, including eye health interventions.
17. Primary prophylaxis and early interventions for preventing rheumatic heart disease.
18. Risk factors for accidents in the community, including industrial and road traffic
accidents. Preventive measures for road traffic and industrial accidents.
19. Common risk factors for diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
20. Public health measures to reduce violence and negligence-related injuries.
21. Screening programs for early diagnosis and intervention in hypertension, diabetes, and
cancer.
22. Community-level strategies for accident prevention.
23. The distribution, determinants, and prevention of rheumatic heart disease.

17
APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A public health official in an urban area notices a significant increase in cases of

hypertension among residents over the past five years. Using the epidemiological
methods discussed in the chapter, outline a strategy for identifying the risk factors
contributing to this rise in hypertension. What data would you collect, and what type of
study design would you recommend?
2. A newly launched health campaign focuses on reducing the incidence of Type 2 diabetes
in a city. Based on the epidemiology of non-communicable diseases, describe how you
would assess the prevalence of diabetes and identify the lifestyle factors contributing to
its increase in the population.
3. A regional health authority plans to implement an intervention to reduce cardiovascular
diseases in a population of 50,000 people. Using the epidemiological framework of
primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, explain how you would design and
implement the intervention at each level.
4. A country’s health ministry has released data indicating a rising prevalence of mental
health disorders, specifically depression and anxiety, among young adults aged 18-30.
Using the concepts of incidence, prevalence, and burden of disease, analyze how this
trend might impact national health resources and suggest appropriate policy
interventions.
5. A community-based intervention is being planned to address the increasing rates of
obesity. Based on epidemiological evidence from similar settings, how would you assess
the potential effectiveness of such an intervention in reducing obesity rates in the target
population?

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A 45-year-old male from a rural area presents to the clinic with a diagnosis of
hypertension. He reports a sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy dietary habits, and a family
history of heart disease. As a public health professional, how would you approach this
case from an epidemiological standpoint? What risk factors would you assess in this
community, and what strategies would you suggest for preventing the spread of
hypertension in this population?
2. In a densely populated urban area, the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes has increased
significantly in recent years. A cohort study is planned to determine the main risk factors
contributing to the rise in cases. The target group includes 1,000 adults aged 30-50, who
are followed up over five years. What variables would you include in your study design,
and how would you analyze the results to draw meaningful conclusions about diabetes
risk in this population?
3. A public health study identifies a strong correlation between tobacco use and lung cancer
in a particular region. A case-control study is initiated to further explore this association.
How would you select cases and controls for this study, and what factors would you
consider to minimize biases? What steps would you take to ensure the validity and
reliability of the findings?

18
4. A hospital reports a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases in women aged 40-60
than in men of the same age group. Epidemiological data suggests that factors such as
sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, and smoking are contributing to the higher burden in
women. How would you approach this issue from an epidemiological perspective? What
would be the key areas of intervention to address this disparity in cardiovascular disease?
5. A university has observed an alarming increase in depression and anxiety cases among its
students. A health survey reveals that academic pressure, lack of sleep, and poor coping
mechanisms are major contributing factors. As a public health expert, how would you
assess the burden of mental health disorders in this population, and what community-
based interventions would you recommend to address the root causes?

19
 CH–06: HEALTH PROGRAMMES IN INDIA

LONG QUESTIONS

1. Discuss the diseases covered under the National Vector Borne Diseases Control
Programme (NVBDCP). Additionally, describe the prevention and control measures for
Dengue fever within the context of this program.
2. What are the key components of the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) program?
Provide a detailed description of how the program functions and its impact on maternal
and child health.
3. Describe the objectives, strategies, and implementation of the National AIDS Control
Programme (NACP) in India. How has it contributed to the reduction of HIV/AIDS
transmission?
4. Highlight the salient features of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). Justify its
implementation by discussing the challenges it addresses in rural healthcare and its
impact on improving health services in rural India.
5. Describe the modified plan of operation under the National Malaria Eradication
Programme (NMEP). Discuss its objectives, strategies, and the role it plays in controlling
malaria in India.
6. Discuss the objectives, organizational structure, and functions of the National Programme
for Control of Blindness in India. How has this program contributed to reducing
preventable blindness in the country?
7. Describe the components of the Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme.
Discuss its role in reducing maternal and child mortality rates and its alignment with
global health goals.
8. Describe the objectives, organizational structure, and functions of the National Family
Planning Programme of India. How has this program contributed to the control of
population growth in India?
9. Enumerate the various National Health Programmes implemented in India. Focus on the
National Leprosy Eradication Programme and discuss how it is being implemented in
your state.
10. Discuss the salient features of the Universal Immunization Programme in India. Highlight
the reasons for its success, particularly in states like Andhra Pradesh, and its role in
reducing vaccine-preventable diseases.
11. Describe the epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in India. Discuss the key components of
the National Tuberculosis Control Programme and its role in managing and controlling
TB cases.
12. Discuss the epidemiology of malaria in India. Provide a detailed description of the
modified plan of operation under the National Malaria Eradication Programme and its
effectiveness in controlling malaria transmission.

20
SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What is the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP)?

2. What are the health consequences of tobacco-related disorders?
3. What are the main objectives of Vision 2020 for eliminating avoidable blindness?
4. What are the key components of the National Cancer Control Programme?
5. What is the current strategy of the National Leprosy Eradication Programme?
6. What are the goals of the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP)?
7. What are the key strategies of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)?
8. What are the key parameters for effective malaria surveillance?
9. What are the main highlights of the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Programme?
10. What is the revised strategy for controlling filaria in India?
11. What is the role and function of a District Tuberculosis Center?
12. How does the Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) contribute to public health?
13. What is the role of HelpAge in health promotion and care?
14. What services are included in the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) package?
15. What is the Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Control Programme?
16. What are the key objectives of the National Programme for Control of Blindness?
17. What strategies are employed in the National Filariasis Control Programme?
18. What is the purpose and scope of the Nutrition Rehabilitation Programme?
19. What are the goals and strategies of the National Guinea Worm Eradication Programme?
20. What were the reasons for the failure of the National Malaria Programme, and what are
the current strategies to address them?
21. What challenges are faced in implementing the National Leprosy Control Programme?
22. Who are informal health workers, how are they identified, and what role do they play in
health programs?

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. How would you apply the goals of the National Health Policy 2017 to reduce the burden
of non-communicable diseases in an urban slum setting? What specific strategies would
you implement to promote healthier lifestyles?
2. Given a recent outbreak of measles in a rural area, how would you design a public health
campaign to increase vaccination coverage among children under five years old? What
resources would you leverage?
3. Imagine you are a community health officer in a high HIV prevalence district. How
would you implement the strategies of the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) to
reduce stigma and promote safe sexual practices in the community?
4. Given the current status of sanitation in your area, how would you ensure the successful
implementation of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan to improve hygiene in both rural and urban
environments?
5. In a remote district with limited access to healthcare, how can the Ayushman Bharat
scheme be adapted to ensure vulnerable populations benefit from health insurance?

21
 6. How would you address the issue of maternal and neonatal mortality in a rural area with
low healthcare access by using the strategies outlined in the Reproductive and Child
Health Programme?
7. During an outbreak of dengue in a city, how would you implement the key measures
under the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme to control the spread of the
disease?

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A rural village reports a low immunization rate among children due to misconceptions
about vaccines. As a public health official, you are tasked with addressing this issue.
What steps would you take to increase vaccine coverage in this village, and how would
you involve local leaders in this process?
2. A tribal community is facing high rates of malnutrition among children under five. The
local health department has limited resources. How would you implement the Integrated
Child Development Services (ICDS) to tackle malnutrition in this community?
3. A migrant worker community in an urban slum is experiencing high rates of mental
health issues, but mental health services are scarce. How would you implement the
National Mental Health Programme to address the mental health needs of this
population?
4. In a rural area with a high prevalence of tobacco use, how would you apply the strategies
of the National Tobacco Control Programme to reduce the use of tobacco among youth
and adults? What measures would you take to change social norms regarding tobacco
use?
5. In an urban slum with poor living conditions and a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB),
how would you implement the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme
(RNTCP) to reduce the TB burden? What strategies would you use to improve case
detection and treatment adherence?
6. In a mining area, workers and residents are suffering from respiratory problems due to air
pollution. How would you apply the health programme strategies related to
environmental health to reduce the impact of air pollution in this area?

22
 CH–07: DEMOGRAPHY AND FAMILY
PLANNING
LONG QUESTIONS

1. Explain the various fertility rates. Briefly describe Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Net
Reproduction Rate (NRR).
2. Discuss the issue of underreporting vital events (births and deaths) through the regular
reporting system at a Primary Health Center. If you were the Medical Officer at a
Primary Health Center, what steps would you take to improve the reporting system in
your area?
3. Enumerate the various methods of contraception, with particular reference to the Family
Welfare Programme in India.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What is demographic transition?

2. Enumerate the post-conceptional methods of family planning.
3. Discuss the age pyramid in demography.
4. What is MTP? Enumerate the indications.
5. Describe the demographic cycle.
6. What are the types of intrauterine devices (IUDs)?
7. Who is a level IUD candidate?
8. What are oral contraceptive pills (OCP)?
9. What is the couple protection rate?
10. What are the health problems in urban slums?
11. What is the demographic gap?
12. What are the eligible couples and couple protection rate?
13. What are fertility rates?
14. What is the unmet need for family planning?
15. What are the measures of fertility?
16. What is the sex ratio in India?
17. What are hormonal contraceptives?
18. What are the merits and demerits of conventional contraceptives?
19. Describe the stages of the demographic cycle.
20. What are the advantages and contraindications for intrauterine devices (IUDs)?
21. What are the side effects and complications of IUCDs?
22. What is emergency contraception?
23. What is the total fertility rate (TFR)?
24. What are the factors influencing fertility in India?

23
 25. What is social marketing in the context of family planning?
26. What is the current level of life expectancy in India?
27. What are the demographic trends in India?
28. What is population education?
29. What is laparoscopic sterilization?
30. What are barrier methods in family planning?
31. What are the mode of action and adverse effects of oral contraceptive pills (OCP)?
32. What are the contraindications and complications of oral contraceptives?
33. What are the merits and demerits of hormonal contraceptives?
34. What are the post-operative advice after vasectomy?
35. What is copper T (IUD)?

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A city is experiencing rapid population growth, resulting in increased pressure on local

health services. As a public health officer, what family planning strategies would you
implement to control population growth and ensure the availability of health services to
all?
2. After conducting a survey in a rural community, you find that the majority of couples do
not use any form of contraception. How would you apply the concepts of demographic
transition to create a community-based family planning intervention plan?
3. You are tasked with analyzing the impact of a government-sponsored family planning
program in a district over the last decade. How would you assess the effect of the
program on fertility rates, maternal health, and child mortality rates?
4. In a region where the fertility rate is higher than the national average, how would you
prioritize the introduction of different family planning methods, considering both cultural
beliefs and socioeconomic factors?
5. A country is experiencing an aging population due to declining fertility rates. How would
you adapt existing family planning policies to accommodate the needs of an aging
population while maintaining sustainable growth?

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A rural community with a high birth rate is struggling with poverty, inadequate
healthcare, and limited education. The government has initiated a family planning
program, but the uptake of contraception methods is low.
As a public health expert, analyze the factors that may contribute to the low adoption of
family planning in this community. What recommendations would you make to improve
participation in the program?
2. An urban slum with overcrowding and limited access to healthcare services shows high
fertility rates. Despite government efforts, family planning methods are not widely used
in the community.

24
 What strategies would you recommend to increase the awareness and accessibility of
family planning services in this slum? How would you address the social and cultural
barriers that might affect the acceptance of these services?
3. In a developing country, the adolescent fertility rate is significantly higher than the global
average. Teenage pregnancies are contributing to high maternal and child morbidity and
mortality.
As a public health officer, how would you design a family planning intervention to
address the high adolescent fertility rate? Consider the role of education, healthcare
access, and community engagement in your response.
4. A South Asian country has successfully reduced its fertility rate through a nationwide
family planning program. However, the fertility rate is plateauing in certain urban areas,
and the government is seeking ways to continue progress.
What advanced family planning strategies would you recommend to sustain the decline in
fertility rates in urban areas? How can demographic data be used to target specific
communities for intervention?
5. In a traditional society where women have limited decision-making power, a new family
planning initiative is introduced. However, male partners are resistant to using
contraception.
How would you approach this situation to promote male involvement in family planning?
What strategies could be employed to ensure that both men and women are equally
engaged in family planning decisions?

25
 CH–08: PREVENTIVE MEDICINE IN
OBSTETRICS, PAEDIATRICS AND
GERIATRICS

LONG QUESTIONS

1. Explain the different levels of prevention in public health, providing relevant examples.
Additionally, discuss the various modes of intervention at each level, and illustrate them
with suitable examples.
2. Describe the objectives of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) program in
India. Identify the different beneficiaries of ICDS and elaborate on the services and
benefits they receive.
3. Discuss the primary causes of neonatal mortality in India. What measures have been
taken by the Government of India to address neonatal mortality, and how effective have
these measures been?
4. Describe the key community nutrition programs implemented in India. Focus on the
nutritional components of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) program
and analyze its effectiveness in addressing malnutrition.
5. Examine the preventive and social measures aimed at reducing the infant mortality rate in
India. How have these measures contributed to improving infant health outcomes?
6. Define maternal and child health (MCH) and discuss the national programs in place to
reduce the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in India. How do these programs contribute
to improving maternal and child health?
7. Enumerate the risk factors associated with low birth weight and discuss the measures that
could be taken to reduce the prevalence of low birth weight in India. How can these
measures be implemented effectively at the community level?
8. Identify the causes of perinatal mortality in India and discuss the preventive measures
that can be adopted to reduce perinatal mortality. How can healthcare systems support
these interventions?
9. In light of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), explain how the effectiveness of
Maternal and Child Health (MCH) services can be evaluated. What indicators should be
considered in such evaluations?
10. A married couple seeks your advice on postponing their first pregnancy. What advice
would you provide, and what justifications support your recommendations? Discuss the
various family planning methods available for this purpose.
11. Discuss the issue of low birth weight in India, including its causes and the interventions
available to reduce its prevalence. What are the key challenges in implementing these
interventions at the community level?

26
 12. Describe the common health problems experienced by the elderly in India, including
organic, sensory, psychiatric, and social issues. What measures can be taken to address
these health concerns and improve the quality of life for older adults?
13. Explain the concept of a risk-based approach in antenatal care. How does this approach
contribute to better maternal and fetal health outcomes? Discuss the components of
antenatal care that are crucial in preventing complications.
14. Discuss the objectives, tasks, and administration of school health services in India. How
do these services contribute to the overall well-being of students and what challenges do
they face?
15. Identify the common causes of infant mortality in India. Discuss the strategies and
interventions that have been implemented to reduce infant mortality. How can healthcare
systems further improve outcomes in this area?
16. Briefly describe the Maternity and Child Health (MCH) care package. Discuss the MCH
activities at the primary health center level and evaluate the effectiveness of these
services in improving maternal and child health.
17. What are the common causes of perinatal mortality in India? Discuss the preventive
measures that could help in reducing perinatal mortality. How can these measures be
integrated into existing healthcare programs?
18. Explain how the infant mortality rate is calculated. What are the primary causes of infant
mortality in India? Suggest measures to reduce infant mortality, focusing on both
healthcare interventions and social factors.
19. Discuss the common organic, sensory, psychiatric, and social problems faced by the
elderly in India. How can these issues be prevented or mitigated through public health
initiatives and healthcare services?
20. What are the common causes of maternal deaths in India? Discuss how maternal health
can be improved through safe motherhood initiatives. How can the success of these
initiatives be measured?
21. Discuss the importance of growth monitoring in preschool children. What are the
methods used to monitor growth, and how do they contribute to early detection of health
issues?
22. What are the factors affecting perinatal mortality in your state? Discuss the role of
primary health centers in reducing perinatal mortality and improving maternal and child
health outcomes.
23. Discuss the indicators that can be used to evaluate MCH programs at the primary health
center level. How would you conduct an evaluation of these programs, and what factors
should be considered to assess their impact on maternal and child health?

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Immediate Care of the Newborn

2. Under-Five Clinic: Objectives and Services
3. Low Birth Weight: Causes and Prevention
4. Juvenile Delinquency
5. Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS): Overview and Beneficiaries
6. Identification of 'At-Risk' Infants

27
 7. School Health Programme: Components and Benefits
8. Growth Monitoring in Children: Growth Charts and Their Use
9. Child Guidance Clinics: Services and Importance
10. Perinatal Mortality: Causes and Reduction Strategies in India
11. High-Risk Pregnancy: Identification and Management
12. Domiciliary Midwifery Services: Scope and Benefits
13. Causes of Maternal Mortality in India and Reduction Strategies
14. Objectives of Antenatal Care and Antenatal Visits
15. Child Labour: Causes and Impact on Health
16. Additional Dietary Requirements During Pregnancy
17. Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices (IUCD): Role in Family Planning
18. Health Problems of the Aged: Identification and Care
19. Infant Feeding: Importance and Practices
20. Mentally Handicapped Children: Identification and Care
21. Road to Health Chart: Purpose and Usage
22. Causes of Infant Mortality in India and Measures for Reduction
23. Senile Dementia: Causes and Management
24. First Referral Unit for Safe Motherhood: Role and Function
25. Trends in Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Care
26. Breastfeeding: Importance and Principles of Artificial Feeding
27. School Health Programme: Health Promotion in Schools
28. Maternal Mortality: Causes, Trends, and Prevention Strategies
29. Prevention of Low Birth Weight: Factors and Measures
30. Training of Traditional Birth Attendants
31. Small-for-Date Babies: Identification and Management
32. Weaning: Importance and Guidelines
33. Risk Approach in Child Health: Application and Benefits
34. Medical Causes of Maternal Mortality and How to Reduce It
35. Factors Influencing Infant Mortality and Reduction Strategies
36. Maternity Benefits: Importance and Policy
37. Discuss the Role of IUCD in the Control of Tuberculosis
38. School Medical Check-Up: Importance and Components
39. Factors Affecting High Child Mortality in India and Prevention Measures
40. Road to Health Chart: Overview and Role in Monitoring Child Health

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. You are working in a primary health center in a rural area. A pregnant woman visits for
her first antenatal check-up. What are the key preventive measures you would advise her
to ensure a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of complications?
2. A child aged 2 years comes to the clinic for routine vaccination. The child's mother asks
about the importance of immunizations and any potential side effects. What preventive
steps would you explain, and how would you address concerns about vaccines?

28
 3. An elderly patient with hypertension and diabetes presents to the clinic for a routine
check-up. What preventive health strategies would you recommend to manage
comorbidities and enhance the patient’s quality of life?
4. A 25-year-old pregnant woman presents with a history of gestational diabetes in her
previous pregnancy. What preventive interventions would you consider to reduce the risk
of recurrence and ensure her current pregnancy proceeds smoothly?
5. A mother brings her 6-month-old infant for a routine check-up. The baby is at risk for
iron deficiency anemia due to poor dietary intake. What preventive measures would you
suggest to improve the child’s nutritional status?
6. An elderly individual is diagnosed with osteoarthritis and is at risk of falls. What
preventive strategies would you recommend to minimize the risk of falls and manage
osteoarthritis effectively?

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A 30-year-old woman, 20 weeks pregnant, presents with excessive weight gain and high
blood pressure. She has a family history of preeclampsia. Based on this case, what
preventive steps would you recommend to monitor and manage her condition during the
remainder of her pregnancy?
2. A 5-year-old child is brought to the clinic with a complaint of recurrent ear infections.
The child’s mother is concerned about the child’s frequent colds. What preventive
strategies would you advise to reduce the recurrence of ear infections and improve the
child’s immune system?
3. A 70-year-old male patient with a history of smoking, high cholesterol, and a sedentary
lifestyle visits your clinic for a routine check-up. Considering his medical history and
age, what preventive measures would you suggest to manage his risk of cardiovascular
disease and promote overall health?
4. A 22-year-old woman, currently 8 weeks pregnant, presents with nausea, vomiting, and
dehydration. She has a history of hyperemesis gravidarum in a previous pregnancy. What
preventive care and management strategies would you recommend for this patient to
manage the condition and ensure the pregnancy progresses safely?
5. A 3-year-old child from a low socioeconomic background is diagnosed with severe acute
malnutrition (SAM) during a routine check-up. What immediate and long-term
preventive measures would you recommend to improve the child’s nutritional status and
prevent future occurrences of malnutrition?
6. An 80-year-old woman with cognitive decline is brought to your clinic by her daughter.
The patient has difficulty managing daily tasks and is at risk of depression. What
preventive strategies and interventions would you suggest to manage her cognitive
decline and improve her quality of life?

29
 CH–09: HEALTH CARE OF COMMUNITY
LONG QUESTIONS

1. Discuss the causes of population explosion in India and explain how family welfare
services are delivered at the Primary Health Centre (PHC) level.
2. Define Primary Health Care (PHC). Discuss its principles with relevant examples and
enumerate its components.
3. Explain the role of inter-country organizations in influencing healthcare delivery systems
across nations.
4. Describe how Primary Health Care is provided to rural areas in India. Include challenges
and strategies for improving access to care.
5. What are the functions of a Primary Health Centre (PHC)? Discuss its role in the overall
healthcare delivery system in rural areas.
6. Discuss the components of Primary Health Care and identify the targets set for achieving
"Health for All" by the year 2000 AD.
7. The Universal Immunization Programme has only achieved 50% coverage in your
Primary Health Centre. How would you utilize health education strategies to improve
immunization coverage, involving the PHC staff?
8. There is under-reporting of vital events (births and deaths) through the normal reporting
system at your Primary Health Centre. As the Medical Officer, what steps would you take
to improve the vital event reporting system in your area?
9. What modifications would you suggest in undergraduate medical education to make it
more relevant for doctors working at Primary Health Centres?
10. Discuss the role of traditional practitioners in the Primary Health Care programme. How
can they be integrated into the healthcare delivery system?

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Elements of Primary Health Care

2. Principles of Primary Health Care
3. Functions of a Primary Health Center (PHC)
4. Minimum Requirements at PHC under IPHS
5. Staffing Pattern and Functions of a Primary Health Center
6. Sub-Center: Role and Functions
7. Staff of a Sub-Center
8. Functions and Job Responsibilities of Health Workers (Female and Male)
9. Specific Job Functions of a Male Health Assistant
10. Duties of a Multipurpose Health Worker (Female)
11. Role and Responsibilities of the Village Health Guide
12. Role of Anganwadi Worker
13. Functions of Anganwadi Worker in Primary Health Care

30
 14. Role of Voluntary Health Agencies in Health Care
15. Health Problems of the Aged
16. Scope of Domiciliary Health Care
17. Health Insurance Scheme: Overview
18. Public-Private Partnership in Health Care
19. Job Description and Responsibilities of a Medical Social Worker
20. Health Care Delivery Indicators and Characteristics
21. Health for All (HFA) Goals
22. Community Participation in Primary Health Care Programs
23. Role of Community Health Workers and Multipurpose Health Workers
24. Responsibilities of the Medical Officer of a Primary Health Center
25. Diet Survey: Types and Methods
26. Methods of District Survey: Merits and Demerits
27. Importance of Community Participation in Primary Health Care Programs
28. Overview of Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)
29. Job Responsibilities of Multipurpose Health Assistant Female (MPHAF)
30. Types of Diet Surveys and Their Methods
31. Voluntary Health Agencies: Functions and Impact
32. Functions of a Primary Health Center and its Staffing Pattern

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. You are tasked with designing a health policy for a rural community facing high rates of
maternal mortality. How would you apply the principles of community health care to
reduce these rates? Consider the role of maternal health services, education, and
community involvement.
2. As the district health officer in a region with inadequate access to primary healthcare
facilities, you are given limited resources. How would you prioritize interventions to
strengthen the community's health system, ensuring maximum reach and impact?
3. A sudden outbreak of waterborne diseases has affected a community in a coastal area. As
a public health official, what strategies would you implement for immediate containment,
and how would you work with the community to prevent future outbreaks?
4. In a community with high levels of smoking and alcohol consumption, you are
responsible for planning a health promotion program. How would you design a campaign
that integrates local cultural norms and effectively encourages behavior change?
5. A remote tribal community faces challenges in accessing healthcare due to geographical
and socio-economic barriers. How would you approach improving access to essential
health services for this community, considering telemedicine and mobile health units?

31
CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. Mrs. R, a 28-year-old pregnant woman, lives in a rural area with limited access to
healthcare facilities. She has had two previous pregnancies, both ending in stillbirths.
Given the limited healthcare infrastructure, as a public health expert, how would you
address her needs and ensure a safe delivery?
2. In a semi-urban community, Mr. A, aged 55, has been diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes.
He struggles with adherence to his medication regimen and lifestyle modifications. How
would you design a community-based intervention to support him and others in managing
their condition effectively?
3. A community with a high rate of vaccine hesitancy is at risk of a measles outbreak. As a
health administrator, how would you handle the situation, balancing public health policy
with local beliefs and ensuring that all children are vaccinated?
4. The community of a small town reports a sudden rise in mental health issues among its
youth, especially depression and anxiety. As a community health worker, how would you
develop a program to raise awareness, reduce stigma, and provide adequate care for
mental health in this setting?
5. A small urban slum suffers from overcrowding and poor sanitation. Healthcare services
are available, but there is a lack of awareness and trust in the system. How would you
design an outreach program that addresses the community’s health concerns and
encourages them to utilize existing healthcare resources?

32
 CH–10: NUTRITION AND HEALTH
LONG QUESTIONS

1. Enumerate the ecological factors related to malnutrition. Discuss in detail the prevention
and social measures against malnutrition at both the family and community levels.
Include how these measures can be implemented effectively in the local context.
2. Define a balanced diet and enumerate the dietary goals recommended by the WHO
Expert Committee. Describe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in detail, including its
causes, effects, and the role of dietary interventions in prevention.
3. List the major community nutrition programs in India and describe two of them in detail.
Discuss their objectives, implementation strategies, and the impact they have had on
improving nutritional outcomes in the country.
4. Enumerate the major nutritional problems in India. Discuss the causes of protein-energy
malnutrition (PEM) in India and elaborate on the measures that can be taken to reduce
PEM in the country, with an emphasis on policy, community-based interventions, and
public health strategies.
5. What are the components of nutritional assessment? Discuss in detail how you would
conduct a nutritional assessment in a community setting, including the methods, tools,
and challenges you may encounter in collecting and analyzing nutritional data.
6. Discuss the various techniques that can be used to assess the nutritional status of a
community. Highlight the advantages and limitations of each technique, with particular
reference to anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical assessment methods.
7. Classify protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and discuss the contributory social and
cultural factors in India that lead to its prevalence. Provide a detailed analysis of how
cultural practices and socioeconomic factors exacerbate PEM, and suggest ways to
address these challenges.
8. Enumerate the methods of assessing the nutritional status of a community. How would
you assess the nutritional status of preschool children specifically, using anthropometric
measurements? Discuss the importance of these measurements and how they contribute
to understanding childhood nutrition in the community.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Why is anaemia a concern during pregnancy, and what can be done to prevent it?
2. How can iodine deficiency be assessed epidemiologically?
3. What are trace elements, and why are they important for health?
4. What are dietary antioxidants, and how do they protect against disease?
5. Explain the benefits of parboiling rice.
6. What is the concept of limiting amino acids, and why is it important?
7. What is toned milk, and how does it differ from regular milk?
8. What is the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA), and how is it determined?

33
9. What are the nutritional requirements for preschool children?
10. What is meant by the "Reference Man" in nutrition studies?
11. What is the "Reference Woman," and how does it help in nutritional planning?
12. How do nutritional requirements change during pregnancy and lactation?
13. What constitutes a balanced diet for a pregnant woman?
14. Why is egg protein considered the reference protein for human nutrition?
15. What are the methods of assessing protein quality in food?
16. How is the amino acid score used to assess protein quality?
17. What is NPU (Net Protein Utilization), and how is it calculated?
18. What does the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) indicate about protein quality?
19. What is a balanced diet, and how does it vary based on age and activity level?
20. Define a prudent diet and its health benefits.
21. What are the dietary goals for maintaining optimal health?
22. How is the Food Guide Pyramid used in planning a healthy diet?
23. Explain the vicious cycle of undernutrition.
24. What is protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)?
25. What are iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), and how are they prevented?
26. What is fluorosis, and what are its toxic effects?
27. Enumerate the toxic manifestations of fluorosis.
28. What is the Nalagonda technique, and how is it used to address fluorosis?
29. What is neuro-lathyrism, and how is it linked to diet?
30. What is BOAA, and how does it affect human health?
31. How can neuro-lathyrism be prevented?
32. What is the steeping method in reducing harmful substances in pulses?
33. What role do high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) play in heart health?
34. How is the glycaemic index useful in planning a healthy diet?
35. What are the methods used in nutritional assessment, and how do they relate to national
health data?
36. What are anthropometric measurements, and why are they important for nutrition
assessment?
37. Define nutritional anthropometry and its role in evaluating malnutrition.
38. How is a diet survey conducted, and what information does it provide?
39. What is the concept of a dietary cycle in relation to food intake?
40. What are the methods used to assess dietary intake in a population?
41. What is nutritional surveillance, and why is it important?
42. What are the indicators of nutrition used to assess population health?
43. How does malnutrition affect health outcomes?
44. What are the social factors contributing to PEM in a community?
45. How do cultural factors influence the prevalence of PEM in certain populations?
46. What is food surveillance, and why is it essential in food security programs?
47. What is milk hygiene, and how does it impact public health?
48. What are the common milk-borne diseases, and how can they be prevented?
49. What is pasteurization, and how does it improve milk safety?
50. What tests are used to assess pasteurized milk quality?
51. What are food toxicants, and how can they impact health?
52. What are food additives, and how do they impact food safety?

34
 53. What is food fortification, and why is it important in addressing micronutrient
deficiencies?
54. What is nutritional rehabilitation, and how is it applied in malnutrition treatment?
55. What role do food handlers play in ensuring food safety?
56. How can food handlers be educated to prevent foodborne illnesses?
57. What is the PFA Act, and how does it regulate food safety?
58. How can food adulteration be prevented in the community?
59. What measures are taken to prevent food adulteration?
60. What is the Codex Alimentarius, and how does it regulate international food standards?
61. How do food standards help in ensuring safe food production?
62. What is the significance of the ISI mark in food quality assurance?
63. What is FSSAAI, and how does it ensure the quality of agricultural products?
64. What are the key features of national nutritional programmes in India?
65. What is the Applied Nutrition Programme, and who benefits from it?
66. What services and beneficiaries are covered under the Integrated Child Development
Scheme (ICDS)?
67. What is the Mid-Meal Programme (MDMP), and how does it improve child nutrition?
68. What is a model menu in the MDMP, and why is it important?

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A community health worker is conducting a survey to assess the nutritional status of

children aged 5-12 in a rural area. What key indicators should be used to assess
malnutrition? How would you apply these indicators in the field?
2. A pregnant woman presents to a community health clinic with symptoms of fatigue and
dizziness. Her weight gain during pregnancy is below the recommended levels. What
dietary recommendations would you provide to improve her nutritional status and ensure
a healthy pregnancy?
3. A local government introduces a fortification program that adds iodine to salt to prevent
iodine deficiency disorders. As a public health professional, how would you assess the
effectiveness of this program in the community over the next year?
4. A 60-year-old man with type 2 diabetes and hypertension seeks dietary advice to manage
his condition. Based on the principles of nutrition and health, what dietary modifications
would you recommend, and how would you monitor his progress?
5. You are tasked with planning a nutrition education campaign in an urban slum with a
high prevalence of obesity and malnutrition. What strategies would you use to address
both undernutrition and overnutrition in this community?

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A 3-year-old child in a village is identified as stunted (height for age below the 3rd
percentile) during a routine health check-up. The child’s mother reports that the child has

35
 had recurrent infections and poor appetite. What are the likely causes of this child's
stunting? What interventions would you suggest for improving the child’s nutritional
intake?
2. A 7-year-old child in a rural area presents with night blindness. His diet mainly consists
of rice, lentils, and some vegetables. How would you diagnose and manage this
condition? What long-term public health measures could be implemented to prevent
vitamin A deficiency in the community?
3. In a school health survey, 15% of adolescents were found to be overweight or obese.
Many of them have a sedentary lifestyle and consume high-calorie, low-nutrient foods.
How would you approach this situation from a community health perspective? What are
the key strategies for preventing and managing obesity among adolescents in this
community?
4. A 4-year-old child presents with symptoms of severe wasting and edema (Kwashiorkor).
The child’s family lives in a drought-affected area and has limited access to protein-rich
foods. What is the clinical diagnosis, and what immediate interventions would you
recommend? What long-term strategies could be implemented to address food security
and prevent further cases of PEM in the community?
5. A pregnant woman is diagnosed with anemia (hemoglobin levels of 8 g/dl). She reports
fatigue and shortness of breath, and her diet lacks variety, particularly iron-rich foods.
What would be your recommended dietary interventions for this woman? How would
you monitor her progress, and what public health initiatives could be introduced to
address anemia among pregnant women in the region?

36
 CH–11: MEDICINE AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES
LONG QUESTIONS

1. Define the concept of family. Discuss the different types of families, highlighting their
merits and demerits. Elaborate on the role of the family in promoting health and well-
being within a community.
2. Enumerate the subjects under the interpretation of "Behavioural Sciences". Discuss how
the principles and concepts of behavioural sciences influence the delivery of healthcare
services, including patient care and health outcomes.
3. Discuss the impact of social and cultural factors on health and disease in a community.
Explore how these factors shape health behaviors, healthcare access, and health outcomes
in diverse populations.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Define social control and explain its mechanisms in maintaining public health.
2. Describe the various types of families and their impact on health.
3. What is social security? Discuss the social security schemes implemented in India, and
elaborate on the provisions of one scheme.
4. Explain how social class affects health outcomes.
5. What are the primary functions of the family, and how do these functions relate to health
and disease?
6. Define acculturation and its impact on health behaviors and outcomes.
7. Describe the dynamics of the doctor-patient relationship and its role in effective
healthcare delivery.
8. Discuss the role of cultural factors in the prevention and treatment of disease.
9. Explain the role of families in promoting health and managing disease.
10. Define medical sociology and discuss its significance in understanding health behaviors
and healthcare systems.
11. What is social pathology, and how does it relate to public health?
12. Describe the different types of learning and their relevance in health education.
13. Discuss the role of intelligence tests in public health research and policy.
14. What is culture, and how does it influence health behaviors?
15. Explain the role of juvenile homes in the rehabilitation of children and adolescents.
16. Define health-seeking behavior and discuss the factors that influence it.
17. What is social diagnosis, and how does social therapy contribute to community health?
18. Discuss the role of medico-social workers in healthcare settings.

37
 19. Describe how social factors such as socioeconomic status, education, and environment
influence health outcomes.
20. Explain how emotions can influence health and disease processes.
21. Discuss the role of behavioral sciences in promoting community health.
22. Analyze the relationship between social class and health outcomes.
23. Discuss the various factors influencing human behavior, particularly in health contexts.
24. Define social epidemiology and explain its scope in public health research.
25. What are the measures of social differentiation, and how do they impact health
disparities?
26. Discuss strategies for the prevention of drug addiction in communities.
27. Define a "problem family" and explain how such families affect public health.
28. How would you organize health education activities to promote childhood immunization
in an urban community?
29. What is the role of community health workers in improving public health outcomes?

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. How can addressing social determinants like education, income, and housing improve the
health outcomes of a community? Discuss with reference to the Indian context.
2. You are part of a public health team implementing a new health policy in a rural area.
How would you integrate the findings of social sciences (such as sociology and
anthropology) into the policy design to make it more effective for the community?
3. A community in South India believes in traditional healing methods rather than modern
medicine. As a healthcare provider, how would you approach this situation to encourage
a combination of both practices for better health outcomes?
4. Discuss how the concept of social stratification influences the accessibility and quality of
healthcare services in urban and rural areas of India. Provide strategies to reduce health
inequities.
5. Using a case example, explain how social sciences can be applied in designing an
effective health education program to reduce the incidence of tobacco use among youth
in urban areas.

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A health survey in a rural area reveals high levels of maternal and infant mortality,
despite the availability of healthcare facilities. After conducting interviews with local
women, it becomes clear that cultural beliefs about childbirth and gender roles influence
their healthcare choices.
How can the knowledge of social sciences (sociology, anthropology) help in redesigning
health programs to address these cultural barriers and improve maternal health in this
community?

38
2. In an urban slum, a 35-year-old man has been showing signs of depression but is hesitant
to seek professional help due to the stigma surrounding mental health issues in his
community. His family believes that mental illness is a result of spiritual causes.
As a public health expert, how would you use social sciences to design an intervention
that addresses both the individual's mental health and the cultural factors that hinder
seeking care?
3. A community in an industrial town reports a high prevalence of chronic diseases such as
hypertension and diabetes. Investigations reveal that most of the workers come from
lower socio-economic backgrounds, with limited access to nutritious food and regular
exercise.
Discuss how social factors such as income, work environment, and education contribute
to the rise in chronic diseases in this population, and suggest preventive measures based
on social science principles.
4. In a tribal area, women face significant challenges in accessing healthcare services due to
cultural norms that restrict their mobility and decision-making power. The maternal
mortality rate is high, and many women deliver at home without professional assistance.
How can understanding the social structure and gender dynamics of the community help
in designing a culturally sensitive health intervention to improve maternal health
outcomes?
5. A national HIV prevention campaign is being launched in India, targeting high-risk
populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM), sex workers, and intravenous
drug users. However, there is significant resistance in certain regions due to cultural
taboos and lack of awareness.
Based on your knowledge of social sciences, how would you design a culturally
appropriate approach for this campaign to ensure better acceptance and effectiveness in
these regions?

39
 CH-12: ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH

LONG QUESTIONS

1. Discuss the effects of heat stress on human health. How can heat stress be effectively
prevented?
2. What are the major sources of air pollution in India? Explain the strategies recommended
by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the prevention and control of air pollution.
3. Define potable water. Describe the various methods of household water purification, and
explain the process and importance of rapid sand filtration in water treatment.
4. Explain the process of water purification on a large scale. What are the key techniques
used to ensure safe drinking water for communities?
5. Describe the functioning of a modern sewage treatment plant. How do these plants
contribute to public health and environmental protection?
6. Enumerate the different methods of solid waste disposal. Discuss the Bangalore method
in detail, highlighting its advantages and limitations.
7. What are the major sources of air pollution? Identify some common air pollutants, and
discuss the strategies for preventing and controlling air pollution in India.
8. Discuss the categorization of different types of waste. How should each type of waste be
hygienically disposed of to minimize public health risks?
9. Define air pollution and its impact on health. Explain the sources, effects, monitoring
methods, and strategies for the prevention and control of air pollution in India.
10. Identify the insects of medical importance and the diseases they transmit. Explain in
detail the modes of transmission of arthropod-borne diseases and the public health
measures to control them.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Difference between slow sand and rapid sand filtration.

2. Features of rapid sand filter and its role in water purification.
3. Importance of residual chlorine in drinking water.
4. Bacteriological and microbiological standards of drinking water quality.
5. Superchlorination and its role in water purification.
6. Methods of small-scale water purification.
7. Disinfection of wells during epidemics.
8. Primary treatment of sewage.
9. Working and features of a septic tank.
10. Features of a sanitary toilet and its role in disease prevention.
11. Water seal latrine and its importance in sanitation.
12. Principles of sewage disposal, including soakage pits.

40
 13. Methods of refuse disposal.
14. Composting and its role in waste management.
15. Sources and control of air pollution.
16. Effects of air pollution on health and control measures.
17. Control of noise pollution and its health impacts.
18. Approaches to control noise pollution.
19. Indoor air pollution: Sources, health effects, and control.
20. Prevention of air pollution and its impact on health.
21. Integrated vector control measures.
22. Anti-mosquito and anti-rodent measures.
23. Environmental control of vectors, including mosquito control.
24. Control of Cyclops and its significance in public health.
25. Insect repellents and their use in vector control.
26. Biological transmission of diseases and control strategies.
27. Sources of ionizing radiation and health effects.
28. Biological effects of radiation and preventive measures.
29. Prevention of the health effects of radiation.
30. Indices of thermal discomfort and related health effects.
31. Globe thermometer and its use in assessing thermal comfort.
32. Global warming and its impact on public health.
33. Features of a sanitary well and its role in disease prevention.
34. Prevention and control of health hazards related to solid waste.
35. Control measures for fleas and other pests.
36. Control measures for louse infestations.
37. Biological layer (Zoogleal layer) in water filtration.
38. Health hazards of healthcare waste (bio-medical waste) and its management.
39. Principles of chlorination of water.
40. Principles and procedure of Horrock's test.
41. Kitchen garden and its health benefits.
42. Plenum ventilation and types of ventilation in buildings.

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A city has experienced an increase in air pollution due to industrial growth. Local
authorities are considering measures like green spaces and stricter emissions regulations.
What public health strategies can be applied to mitigate the adverse health effects of air
pollution on vulnerable populations?
2. A community living near a river source for drinking water has recently been facing an
outbreak of waterborne diseases. Suggest an intervention plan that includes water
treatment, sanitation, and community education to prevent further outbreaks.
3. With the rise in global temperatures, the frequency of heatwaves has increased, especially
in urban areas. What steps can be taken by local governments to reduce heat-related
illnesses and improve urban health systems in response to climate change?

41
 4. A sudden increase in vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue has been observed in
an area following a period of heavy rainfall. How can environmental health surveillance
be integrated into public health systems to track and prevent the spread of these diseases?
5. A town is undergoing rapid industrialization, leading to an increase in environmental
pollutants like particulate matter and chemicals. What long-term public health strategies
can be implemented to protect the health of residents while supporting economic growth?

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A community living near a major highway has been reporting increased respiratory
issues, especially among children and the elderly. The local health department has
identified that the air quality index regularly exceeds safe limits. As a public health
professional, outline a multi-faceted approach to address the health impact of air
pollution on this community. Consider intervention strategies, community education, and
policy recommendations.
2. A rural village has been facing an outbreak of diarrhea and cholera due to contamination
in its water supply. The local water source, a nearby river, has been polluted by industrial
effluents and agricultural runoff. How would you, as a public health expert, address the
immediate health crisis in this village? What long-term solutions would you propose to
ensure safe drinking water?
3. In a coastal region, recent changes in rainfall patterns have led to an increase in mosquito
breeding sites, resulting in a surge in malaria cases. Local healthcare facilities are
struggling with the increased burden of disease. Propose a comprehensive public health
intervention to combat the rise in malaria in this region. Include preventive measures,
vector control strategies, and community involvement in your solution.
4. In an urban slum area, improper waste management has led to the spread of diseases such
as typhoid and dengue. Stagnant water from accumulated garbage has created breeding
grounds for mosquitoes, and open dumpsites are a major health hazard. What immediate
actions should the local health authorities take to reduce the incidence of these diseases?
Additionally, what sustainable waste management practices can be implemented to
improve the health outcomes in the long run?
5. In a city with heavy vehicular traffic, residents have been exposed to high levels of air
pollution, which has been linked to an increase in cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
As a public health leader, how would you assess the impact of environmental exposure
on the health of the population? What policies and health interventions would you
recommend to address the rising burden of non-communicable diseases related to
pollution?

42
CH–13: HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
LONG QUESTIONS

1. Define hospital waste and categorize it into different types, such as general, hazardous,
infectious, and pathological.
2. Discuss the importance of proper hospital waste management in terms of infection
control and environmental protection.
3. Explain the key steps involved in hospital waste management, including segregation,
collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal.
4. Outline the regulatory guidelines and policies for hospital waste management in India.
5. Highlight the roles and responsibilities of healthcare workers in ensuring safe waste
management practices.
6. Describe the various types of biomedical waste generated in a typical healthcare setting.
Discuss the regulations and guidelines for waste segregation and disposal, and explain
how the implementation of these guidelines can contribute to sustainable waste
management practices in hospitals.
7. With a focus on the environmental risks posed by biomedical waste, describe the role of
incineration, autoclaving, and deep burial in the disposal of hospital waste. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of each method, and how do they comply with national and
state regulations?

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What are the different colour codes used for biomedical waste segregation and the types
of waste associated with each?
2. What types of biomedical waste are generated in a hospital?
3. Define biomedical waste and provide examples.
4. What is hazardous biomedical waste?
5. What are the major health risks associated with improper disposal of healthcare waste?
6. What is the process of incineration in biomedical waste disposal?
7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of incineration for waste treatment?
8. What is screw feed technology and its role in biomedical waste disposal?
9. What are sanitary landfills, and how do they function in waste management?
10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using sanitary landfills for waste disposal?
11. What is inertisation in biomedical waste management?
12. What are the key benefits of inertisation for hazardous waste disposal?
13. What are the key provisions of the Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016?
14. Why are colour-coded containers essential for biomedical waste disposal?
15. What are the primary technologies used for biomedical waste treatment?
16. How does autoclaving help in sterilizing biomedical waste?
17. What is the significance of microwave treatment in biomedical waste management?

43
 18. Describe the principle behind microwave treatment of biomedical waste.
19. What are the advantages of using microwave technology for waste treatment?
20. How does chemical disinfection work in the treatment of biomedical waste?
21. What are the advantages and limitations of chemical disinfection for biomedical waste?
22. What is the role of landfilling in biomedical waste disposal?
23. What types of biomedical waste are suitable for disposal in sanitary landfills?
24. What role does shredding play in the treatment of biomedical waste?
25. What types of waste are typically shredded before further treatment or disposal?

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. During an inspection, you discover improper disposal of biomedical waste in a

hospital, leading to contamination of surrounding areas. As a public health officer,
outline an action plan to address this issue, improve waste segregation practices,
and ensure compliance with relevant disposal guidelines.
2. A recent public demonstration has taken place at a block primary health center
regarding the disposal of biomedical waste, which is reportedly contaminating a
nearby water body. As the Block Medical Officer of Health (BMOH), what measures
would you adopt to ensure proper waste management at your hospital and prevent
further environmental contamination?
3. During an inspection at your hospital, you notice that the biomedical waste is not
being properly segregated according to the colour codes. Some waste from red bags
is being disposed of in yellow bags, leading to potential contamination. As the waste
management officer, outline a plan to rectify this issue, including strategies to
educate staff and improve waste segregation practices.

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A patient with a highly infectious disease (e.g., tuberculosis or COVID-19) is admitted to

an isolation ward. What specific protocols would you follow for the disposal of the
patient’s waste, including contaminated linens, syringes, and gloves, to minimize the risk
of infection spread within the hospital?
2. A healthcare worker at your hospital sustains a sharps injury while handling used
syringes and needles from a medical procedure. What steps should be taken immediately
following the injury, and how can hospital waste management protocols prevent similar
incidents in the future?
3. A pediatric ward in a hospital is dealing with expired or unused medications from
patients. What steps should be taken to ensure the safe disposal of pharmaceutical waste,
including any potential risks to the environment or the community?

44
4. A cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy produces significant amounts of pathological
waste, including used bandages, tissues, and surgical waste. How would you ensure the
appropriate segregation, handling, and disposal of this waste, considering the potential
hazards involved?

45
 CH–14: DISASTER MANAGEMENT

LONG QUESTIONS

1. Define disaster and explain the different types. What is the role of medical professionals
in managing disasters?
2. Discuss the stages of disaster management and the role of healthcare systems in each
stage.
3. What is disaster preparedness? What are the key components of a disaster preparedness
plan for healthcare institutions?
4. Describe the medical responses needed after a natural disaster. How should healthcare
providers handle mass casualties?
5. What is the role of triage in disaster management? Explain how triage works in a mass
casualty situation.
6. Discuss the psychological impact of disasters on affected populations. How can
healthcare providers address mental health issues during and after a disaster?
7. What role do public health interventions play in disaster response? What measures should
be taken to control infectious diseases in disaster areas?
8. What does "disaster recovery" mean? What are the main strategies for restoring
healthcare services after a disaster?
9. What is the role of international aid in disaster management? How can healthcare systems
collaborate across borders to respond to large-scale disasters?

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Draw and label the disaster cycle, explaining each phase briefly.
2. Define triage and explain the significance of the color codes (Red, Yellow, Green, Black)
used in disaster management.
3. What is disaster rehabilitation, and what are its key components in helping affected
communities recover?
4. Define disaster mitigation and provide two examples of strategies used to reduce the
impact of disasters.
5. Explain the concept of community preparedness in disaster management and mention two
steps communities can take to prepare for a disaster.
6. Define the greenhouse effect and explain how it contributes to global warming.
7. What is World Disaster Reduction Day, and why is it significant in promoting disaster
risk reduction?

46
APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A community is prone to frequent floods during the monsoon season. As a public health
professional, outline a disaster preparedness plan for this community, including the roles
of local authorities, health agencies, and residents.
2. A massive earthquake has struck a densely populated urban area. As the head of the local
disaster management team, describe the immediate actions you would take to ensure
effective disaster response, considering both medical and non-medical needs.
3. After a cyclone has hit a coastal town, there is a shortage of medical supplies. How would
you prioritize resource allocation to ensure the most critical needs are met? Discuss how
you would manage both immediate medical treatment and long-term recovery efforts.
4. During a chemical spill, there is widespread panic among the affected population. How
would you, as a public health official, use risk communication strategies to calm the
public and provide clear instructions on safety measures?
5. After a major flood, there are reports of widespread displacement and loss of livelihood.
How would you assess the impact of the disaster on public health, and what strategies
would you use to restore essential health services in the affected area?
6. After a disaster like a tsunami, many survivors suffer from acute stress and trauma. How
would you implement a mental health support program for disaster survivors, considering
both short-term and long-term needs?

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A powerful earthquake has caused widespread destruction in a metropolitan area,

affecting thousands of people. As a public health officer, you are tasked with
coordinating relief efforts. How would you assess the needs of the affected population?
What steps would you take to set up temporary health clinics? How would you address
the risk of infectious diseases in the aftermath of the earthquake?
2. A severe cyclone has made landfall in a coastal region, leading to the displacement of
thousands of people. Many are housed in overcrowded evacuation centers, and there are
reports of waterborne diseases. How would you organize health services in evacuation
centers to control the spread of diseases? What preventive measures would you take to
avoid further outbreaks? How would you ensure that vulnerable groups (e.g., children,
elderly, pregnant women) receive the necessary support?
3. In a rural area prone to flooding, heavy rains have caused riverbanks to overflow, leading
to severe flooding. Many roads are impassable, and communication with the affected
population is difficult. As a disaster management coordinator, what steps would you take
to ensure an efficient response? How would you address the challenges of delivering aid
and medical assistance in such an environment? How would you ensure the continuity of
public health services in the flooded area?
4. A hazardous chemical leak has occurred in an industrial area, posing immediate threats to
the health of workers and nearby residents. What immediate public health measures
would you take to contain the chemical spill and prevent exposure? How would you
manage the long-term health risks associated with the chemical exposure for affected

47
 individuals? What role would the community play in the disaster response and recovery
efforts?
5. A severe heatwave has struck an urban area, with temperatures soaring above 40°C for
several days. Vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and homeless, are at risk of
heat-related illnesses. As a disaster management expert, what steps would you take to
protect the vulnerable population during this heatwave? How would you use community
engagement and education to prevent heat-related illnesses? What infrastructure
improvements would you recommend for long-term resilience to heatwaves?

48
 CH–15: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
LONG QUESTIONS

1. Define and classify occupational diseases. Describe the clinical features, diagnosis, and
prevention of lead poisoning in an industrial setting.
2. Enumerate the key occupational diseases and their preventive measures.
3. Discuss the epidemiological aspects and preventive measures for Asbestosis. Describe
Silicosis and bagassosis, including their causes, clinical features, and preventive
measures. Explain the clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention of industrial lead
poisoning.
4. What are the health hazards caused by industrialization, and what measures can be taken
to protect workers in an industrial environment?
5. Define Pneumoconiosis and describe its preventive measures. Discuss various types of
Pneumoconiosis and suggest measures to reduce the prevalence of these conditions in our
country.
6. What is ergonomics, and how does it relate to preventing occupational hazards? Discuss
measures to control occupational hazards, including pneumoconiosis and other industrial
diseases.
7. Discuss the benefits of the Employee State Insurance (ESI) Scheme for workers.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What is pneumoconiosis and what are its types?

2. What are the symptoms, diagnosis, and preventive measures for pneumoconiosis?
3. Define silicosis and mention the industries where it is most commonly found.
4. What is anthracosis, and how does it affect the lungs?
5. Describe byssinosis and its association with cotton dust exposure.
6. What is bagassosis, and which workers are at risk for this condition?
7. What measures are taken to control bagasse exposure in workers?
8. Define asbestosis and explain its long-term health effects.
9. What is plumbism, and how does lead exposure lead to this condition?
10. How do chemical, physical, and biological hazards impact workers' health?
11. What are the specific occupational health hazards faced by agricultural workers and how
can they be prevented?
12. How do radiation and physical hazards in industries affect workers' health?
13. What are the preventive measures for radiation and physical hazards in the workplace?
14. What is ergonomics and how does it help in preventing occupational injuries?
15. How can ergonomic practices reduce musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace?
16. What is industrial absenteeism, and what are its causes and impacts on businesses?
17. How can absenteeism be reduced through improved occupational health and safety
practices?

49
 18. What benefits does the Employees’ State Insurance (ESI) Act provide to workers?
19. How does the ESI Act address medical benefits, sickness benefits, and other worker
protections?
20. What are the key provisions of the Factories Act, 1948, and how does it ensure worker
safety?
21. How does the Factories Act regulate working hours, medical checks, and factory
conditions?
22. What are the preventive measures for diseases caused by exposure to dust in occupational
settings?
23. How does pre-placement health screening help in preventing occupational diseases?
24. What are the types of personal protective equipment (PPE) used to prevent workplace
injuries and diseases?
25. How does social security protect workers, and what benefits are provided under the ESI
scheme?
26. What are the medical benefits provided to workers under the ESI Act?
27. What are the main features of the ESI scheme’s medical and disability benefits?
28. What are the causes and prevention strategies for occupational cancers, such as those
caused by asbestos and benzene exposure?
29. How can accidents in the workplace be prevented through safety measures and worker
training?
30. What engineering measures can be used to prevent occupational diseases among
workers?

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A factory employs a large number of workers handling chemicals daily. What

occupational health measures should be put in place to prevent accidents and chronic
diseases among these workers?
2. A call center has reported an increase in cases of musculoskeletal disorders among
employees due to prolonged sitting and poor workstation setup. What ergonomic changes
would you recommend to improve their health and comfort?
3. In a mining company, workers are exposed to dust and hazardous chemicals. What type
of health surveillance program should be established to monitor and prevent occupational
diseases like pneumoconiosis?
4. Nurses working in a hospital are rotating between night shifts and day shifts. What are
the potential health risks associated with this schedule, and how can the hospital
minimize these risks for the workers?
5. Employees in a high-stress corporate environment report feelings of burnout. What
occupational health programs can be implemented to manage work-related stress and
improve employee well-being?

50
CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. Rajesh, a construction worker, has been working on building sites for over 10 years.
Recently, he has been experiencing chronic cough and shortness of breath. His doctor
suspects pneumoconiosis. What are the potential occupational health risks that Rajesh
faces? What measures should be taken to prevent such conditions in workers like Rajesh?
2. Priya, a data entry operator, has been experiencing pain in her wrists and forearms after
working for long hours on a computer. She seeks medical attention for repetitive strain
injury (RSI). What occupational health interventions should be introduced in her
workplace to prevent RSI? How can Priya adjust her work habits to prevent further
injury?
3. In a textile factory located in a hot climate, workers are frequently exposed to high
temperatures. Several workers have started showing signs of heat exhaustion, including
dizziness and nausea. What are the primary occupational health risks associated with
working in hot environments? How can the factory implement preventive measures to
protect workers from heat stress?
4. A worker in a metal processing plant has been diagnosed with noise-induced hearing loss
after several years of exposure to loud machinery without proper ear protection. What are
the steps the company should take to prevent such conditions in the future? How can
regular health monitoring and safety training help reduce the incidence of noise-induced
health issues?
5. A chemical manufacturing plant worker has been diagnosed with dermatitis due to
exposure to hazardous chemicals used in the production process. What immediate steps
should be taken to address this worker’s condition? What long-term occupational health
strategies should the company adopt to minimize the risk of chemical-related health
issues among workers?

51
 CH–16: GENETICS AND HEALTH
LONG QUESTIONS

1. Define eugenics and discuss its historical context, ethical concerns, and the role it has
played in shaping genetic policies. Evaluate whether eugenics can be justified in the
modern context of genetic technologies.
2. Explain the concept of euthenics and how environmental manipulation can improve
health outcomes. Discuss the ethical considerations surrounding environmental
interventions in health.
3. Discuss the importance of genetic counseling in healthcare. Describe its role in helping
individuals understand their genetic risks and make informed decisions about
reproduction and health management.
4. Evaluate the importance of prenatal diagnosis in detecting genetic disorders early in
pregnancy. Discuss the ethical, social, and medical considerations involved in using
diagnostic techniques like amniocentesis.
5. Examine the significance of neonatal screening programs in early detection of genetic
disorders. Discuss the conditions typically screened for and the benefits of early
intervention in improving health outcomes for newborns.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. How does heredity influence health outcomes in individuals?

2. Explain the concept of sex-linked traits and provide an example.
3. What is hemophilia, and how is it related to sex-linked inheritance?
4. What is the Human Genome Project and its significance in genetics?
5. Define population genetics and its role in understanding genetic variations in populations.
6. What are health promotive measures, and how do they contribute to public health?
7. What is eugenics, and what ethical concerns does it raise in genetic practices?
8. Define euthenics and its role in environmental manipulation to improve health.
9. What are the different types of eugenics (positive and negative), and how do they relate
to public health?
10. What is genetic counseling, and why is it important for individuals and families?
11. What are the different types of genetic counseling?
12. What is prospective genetic counseling, and how does it differ from other types?
13. What is retrospective genetic counseling, and when is it typically used?
14. Explain the concept of marriage counseling in the context of genetics.
15. What is specific protection in public health, and how does it help prevent diseases?
16. What is prenatal diagnosis, and how does it assist in identifying potential genetic
disorders?

52
 17. What is amniocentesis, and how is it used for prenatal testing?
18. How can congenital deformities be prevented through genetic and environmental
interventions?
19. What is neonatal screening, and what conditions are typically screened for in newborns?

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A couple comes to you for genetic counseling after having a child with a genetic disorder.
They are concerned about the likelihood of having another child with the same condition.
What steps would you take to assess the risk and provide guidance on preventive
measures?
2. A pregnant woman undergoes screening for cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder, and the
results show she is a carrier. How would you explain the implications of being a carrier to
the patient and discuss the possible options available, such as prenatal testing or gene
therapy?
3. A new treatment using gene therapy has been developed for a genetic disorder that causes
severe immune deficiency. How would you evaluate the ethical considerations, potential
risks, and benefits of implementing this therapy in clinical practice?
4. A public health program introduces routine genetic testing for early detection of
hereditary breast cancer (BRCA mutations) in high-risk populations. What factors should
be considered when integrating genetic testing into the public health system, and how
would you manage the potential psychological impact on the individuals tested?
5. A patient with a genetic variation that affects drug metabolism is prescribed a standard
dose of a medication, but they experience adverse effects. How would you adjust their
treatment plan based on pharmacogenomics, and what role does genetics play in
personalized medicine?

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A 35-year-old woman gives birth to a baby with distinct physical features suggestive of
Down syndrome. The parents are concerned about the child’s long-term health and
developmental outcomes. How would you confirm the diagnosis, provide genetic
counseling, and discuss the available resources and support for the family?
2. A patient with a family history of Huntington's disease seeks advice about the genetic
implications for their children. How would you approach genetic testing in this case,
considering the psychosocial impact on the patient and their family?
3. A newborn is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia after screening. The parents, both of
whom are carriers of the sickle cell trait, are worried about the health challenges their
child will face. How would you explain the genetic basis of the disorder and guide them
through the options for managing the child's health?
4. A couple has a child diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, and they are considering having more
children. Both parents are carriers of the CFTR gene mutation. How would you counsel

53
 them on the genetic risks for future pregnancies and the available reproductive options,
such as in vitro fertilization with genetic screening?
5. A teenager undergoes genetic testing for a hereditary cancer syndrome, but they are
unaware of the potential results that could indicate a predisposition to the condition. How
would you address the ethical issues of testing minors, ensuring they understand the
implications of the results, and involving the family in decision-making?

54
 CH-17: MENTAL HEALTH
LONG QUESTIONS

1. Identify and discuss the common mental health problems observed in communities,
focusing on their prevalence and impact on public health.
2. Describe the key components of a mental health service and discuss their importance in
providing comprehensive mental health care.
3. Explain the concept of the District Mental Health Programme, its objectives, and its role
in improving mental health outcomes at the community level.
4. Discuss the primary prevention strategies for drug dependence and their effectiveness in
reducing the incidence of substance use disorders.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What are the common warning signals of mental illness?

2. List the primary causes of mental ill health.
3. What are the common mental health problems observed in communities?
4. What are the key components of a mental health service?
5. Describe the District Mental Health Programme and its role in community health.
6. What are the primary prevention strategies for drug dependence?
7. What are the risk factors associated with the development of drug dependence?
8. How can education and awareness programs reduce the risk of drug misuse?
9. What role do healthcare providers play in early identification and intervention for drug
10. dependence?
11. How can community-based programs support the prevention of drug addiction?
12. What are the components of a comprehensive mental health program?
13. How can mental health programs be integrated into primary healthcare settings?
14. What strategies are effective in reducing the stigma associated with mental illness?
15. How can community-based mental health interventions improve access to care?

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A community health worker is conducting mental health screening in a rural area. What
tools and methods would you recommend for screening mental health disorders, and how
would you ensure accessibility and cultural sensitivity in the community?
2. A 16-year-old student in a school has been showing signs of depression and anxiety. How
would you apply psychosocial interventions to help this adolescent? What are the key
components of a school-based mental health program?

55
 3. A patient with Type 2 diabetes has been diagnosed with depression. How would you
manage this patient in a community health setting, considering both their physical and
mental health needs? What strategies can be used to integrate mental health care into
chronic disease management?
4. You are part of a public health team aiming to reduce the stigma around mental health in
a community. What evidence-based strategies would you use in your campaign, and how
would you assess its effectiveness?
5. Considering the mental health policy in India, how would you design a community-level
intervention to address mental health challenges in urban slums? What role do healthcare
workers play in implementing this policy?

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. An 80-year-old woman in your community has recently lost her spouse and is showing
signs of depression, such as withdrawal, lack of interest in activities, and poor appetite.
How would you assess her mental health, and what steps would you take to manage her
condition? What are the potential risks of untreated depression in the elderly?
2. A 35-year-old male, employed in a factory, has been using alcohol heavily for several
years. He presents with irritability, tremors, and difficulty at work. Based on your
knowledge of mental health, how would you assess and manage his condition? What
community resources would you involve in his care?
3. A 30-year-old woman with two children under the age of 5 is presenting with excessive
worry about her children's health and her ability to manage household tasks. She reports
feeling overwhelmed and unable to sleep. What would be your approach to diagnosing
and managing her mental health issues, considering the potential impact on her family?
4. A survivor of a recent natural disaster is showing symptoms of PTSD, including
flashbacks, difficulty sleeping, and avoidance of places and people associated with the
disaster. How would you approach the management of this patient in a community
setting? What strategies would you use to integrate mental health care into disaster relief
efforts?
5. A 10-year-old child is frequently disruptive in school, exhibiting aggressive behavior,
and has difficulty concentrating. The child’s parents report a history of domestic violence
at home. What is your approach to evaluating and managing the child’s mental health,
and how would you engage the parents and school in the intervention?

56
 CH-18: HEALTH INFORMATION AND
BASIC MEDICAL STATISTICS
LONG QUESTION

1. Define bio-statistics and vital statistics. Discuss their significance in public health.
2. Explain the different measures of central tendency. Provide examples and describe their
importance in analyzing health data.
3. Describe the measures of dispersion used in bio-statistics. Discuss how they help in
understanding variability in health data.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What is the normal curve, and what are the characteristics of a normal distribution curve?
2. What is a population census, and how is it conducted in India? What are the uses of the
Census in India?
3. How are bar charts used to represent data? Differentiate between bar charts and pie
charts.
4. Define and compare the mean, median, and mode. What are the different measures of
central tendency and their uses?
5. Define the different measures of dispersion. How do standard deviation and standard
error differ?
6. What are the different sampling methods, including simple random and cluster sampling?
What are the principles of cluster sampling, and how is it applied in research?
7. What is statistical sampling, and how is it applied in health research? What factors
influence sampling errors?
8. What is the chi-square test, and how is it used in public health studies?
9. What are the main sources of health information in India, and what are the uses of health
information in public health?
10. Why is the registration of vital events important? What is the Sample Registration
System (SRS) in India, and what is the Central Births and Deaths Registration Act, 1969?
11. What are the different methods of presenting statistical data, such as bar diagrams and
histograms? How is a histogram different from a bar chart?
12. What is the difference between population-based and hospital-based cancer registries?
13. What is a standard normal curve, and how is it used in statistical analysis?
14. What is sentinel surveillance, and what role does it play in public health?
15. What are the uses of birth and death registration in public health research?

57
APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A public health researcher collects data on the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in urban
Chennai. Describe the steps involved in collecting and analyzing this health data using
appropriate statistical methods. Which type of data (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)
would you classify this information as?
2. You are working as a community health officer and receive a dataset showing the
incidence of malaria in different regions of a district over the past five years. How would
you calculate and interpret the incidence rate for each region? What factors would you
consider when comparing these rates?
3. A hospital reports 50 deaths from respiratory diseases in a year, and the total number of
admissions for respiratory diseases is 2,000. Calculate the case fatality rate and discuss its
significance in evaluating health outcomes in the hospital.
4. In a study on the age of onset of diabetes, a researcher collects data from 100 participants.
The mean age is 45 years, the median is 43 years, and the mode is 40 years. How would
you explain the differences between these measures of central tendency, and in what
context would each be most useful?
5. A study on blood pressure levels in a rural population yields a mean of 120 mmHg with a
standard deviation of 15 mmHg. How would you interpret the standard deviation in this
context, and what does it tell you about the variability in blood pressure levels?
6. A study examines the relationship between smoking and lung cancer in a group of 1,000
smokers and 1,000 non-smokers. If 50 smokers and 10 non-smokers develop lung cancer,
calculate the relative risk of developing lung cancer for smokers compared to non-
smokers.

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A district health department in a rural area has implemented a health information system
to track maternal and child health data. The system includes data on births, deaths,
immunization coverage, and antenatal care visits. How would you ensure the quality of
the data being collected, and how would you use this data to improve maternal health
outcomes in the district?
2. In a case-control study to investigate the association between dietary habits and the risk
of developing hypertension, 200 participants are selected—100 with hypertension (cases)
and 100 without hypertension (controls). Describe how you would gather and analyze the
data on dietary habits to determine the association between diet and hypertension risk.
3. A sudden outbreak of diarrhea is reported in a school, affecting 50 students in one week.
Using basic epidemiological statistics, outline how you would investigate the outbreak,
what data you would collect, and how you would communicate the findings to the school
administration and public health authorities.
4. Two neighboring communities have different health outcomes: one community has a
higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases, while the other has lower rates. Based on
health information collected, outline how you would use statistical tools (such as

58
 correlation analysis) to explore potential reasons for the differences, considering factors
such as lifestyle, environmental conditions, and access to healthcare.
5. You are tasked with analyzing a dataset from a diabetes study that includes patient age,
BMI, blood sugar levels, and treatment outcomes. Describe the appropriate statistical
methods you would use to summarize the data and present the findings in a way that
helps inform healthcare providers about trends in diabetes management.
6. A health NGO has launched a program aimed at reducing smoking rates in a community.
After one year, surveys are conducted to assess smoking behavior before and after the
intervention. What statistical tests would you use to compare the pre- and post-
intervention smoking rates, and how would you determine whether the intervention was
successful?

59
 CH-19: COMMUNICATION FOR HEALTH
EDUCATION

LONG QUESTIONS

1. Define Health Education and explain its key principles with relevant examples.
2. Discuss the aims and objectives of Health Education. Describe the various approaches
used in Health Education.
3. What methods are employed in Health Education for group teaching? Explain how these
methods are applied in practice.
4. Describe the steps involved in conducting a Health Education campaign and identify the
factors that influence its success.
5. Given a community of 30,000 people, how would you organize a Health Education
program to improve DPT immunization coverage? Outline the strategies and methods
you would use.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What is health education?

2. What is the Communication Process?
3. Describe the steps involved in the Communication Process.
4. What is the Socratic Method in health education?
5. List two-way methods used in health education.
6. What are the main barriers to communication?
7. How would you explain health education to the general public?
8. Define counseling in the context of health education.
9. What is the difference between advising and counseling?
10. What is the definition of health education?
11. What does awareness of health and acceptance mean?
12. Differentiate between health education and propaganda.
13. What are the principles of health education?
14. What role do audio-visual aids play in health education?
15. What are some methods used in health education?
16. Explain the concept of group health education.
17. What is a lecture, and what is its purpose in health education?
18. What is the 'chalk and talk' method in teaching?
19. Describe the discussion method in health education.
20. What is group discussion in the context of health education?
21. Explain panel discussion and its format.

60
 22. What is a symposium?
23. What is a workshop, and how is it structured?
24. How is role playing used in health education?
25. What is the purpose of a seminar in health education?
26. What is the mass approach in health education?
27. What are the different channels of communication in health education?
28. How is mass media used in health education?
29. What is the role of health museums in health education?
30. What is involved in health education planning?
31. What is the role of the Health Education Bureau?
32. Describe the role of a health educator in a community.
33. What are the characteristics of effective health communication?
34. How do you assess the effectiveness of a health education program?
35. What is the role of social media in health education campaigns?

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A local health department is planning a campaign to reduce smoking rates among

teenagers. Using the principles of health communication, design a strategy that includes
the appropriate channels, key messages, and target audience segmentation. How would
you evaluate the effectiveness of this campaign?
2. A health initiative is being rolled out in a rural community where traditional beliefs about
health are deeply rooted. How would you tailor your health education message to respect
these cultural beliefs while promoting key health practices, such as vaccination and
sanitation?
3. With the increasing use of social media, how can public health communicators leverage
platforms like Instagram and Twitter to promote mental health awareness among young
adults? What considerations should be made when designing content for these platforms?
4. In a community with varying levels of health literacy, how would you design an
educational intervention on diabetes management? Discuss the strategies you would use
to ensure the message is clear and accessible to individuals with low health literacy.
5. Describe how you would involve community leaders and influencers in a health
education program aimed at preventing malaria in a high-risk area. What role do you
think they could play in enhancing the reach and effectiveness of the program?

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A public health team is tasked with improving nutritional habits in a low-income urban
neighborhood where residents frequently rely on fast food and processed foods. The team
conducts a series of community meetings but faces resistance due to misconceptions
about healthy eating. How would you redesign the communication strategy to better
address these concerns and motivate behavior change?

61
2. During an outbreak of a new viral disease, misinformation begins to spread rapidly
through local media and social networks. As a public health communicator, how would
you handle this situation? What methods would you use to counter misinformation and
ensure the community receives accurate health information?
3. A school-based health education program is being introduced to teach children about
sexual and reproductive health. Parents and teachers are concerned about the age-
appropriateness of the material. How would you address these concerns while ensuring
that the program meets its objectives?
4. A community is showing significant resistance to COVID-19 vaccination due to
misinformation and fear. You are appointed to lead a health communication campaign.
What strategies would you implement to increase vaccine acceptance, and how would
you address specific concerns raised by the community?
5. In a rural community where mental health issues are heavily stigmatized, a health
department wants to raise awareness and encourage individuals to seek help. How would
you approach this sensitive topic in a way that reduces stigma and promotes open
discussions?

62
 CH-20: HEALTH PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT
LONG QUESTION

1. Critically analyze the Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and the
Critical Path Method (CPM). Discuss their similarities, differences, and applications in
health project planning.
2. Discuss the planning cycle in public health management. Include a detailed explanation
of each phase and the importance of monitoring and evaluation

SHORT QUESTIONS

3. What are the five major elements in a plan?

4. How does government interest legislation impact the pre-planning phase?
5. What was the role of the NITI AAYOG in health planning?
6. Describe the planning cycle with a diagram.
7. What is Management by Objectives (MBO)?
8. How do quantitative methods influence management and planning?
9. How is cost-benefit analysis used in health planning?
10. What distinguishes cost-effectiveness analysis from cost-benefit analysis?
11. Define system analysis in health planning.
12. Draw and label a flow diagram for network analysis.
13. What is the purpose of network analysis in project planning?
14. Explain the purpose and process of PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review
Technique).
15. How is the Critical Path Method (CPM) used in project management?
16. What does PPBS stand for, and how is it applied in health planning?
17. Describe the zero-based budgeting approach and its application.
18. What are the key recommendations of the Mudaliar Committee (1962)?
19. What are the major recommendations of the Bhore Committee?
20. What were the recommendations of the Shrivastav Committee (1975) and their impact on
health planning?
21. What are the key features of the National Health Policy 2017 and its implications for
public health?
22. What are the Millennium Development Goals and their relevance to global health?
23. What were the major recommendations of the Kartar Singh Committee (1973)?
24. How does surveillance contribute to effective health planning?

63
APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A district hospital has been allocated a budget of ₹5 crore for the coming year to
implement maternal health services. How would you prioritize the allocation of funds to
ensure effective utilization in terms of improving maternal health outcomes?
2. The government has launched a nationwide vaccination program aimed at eradicating
measles. After one year, you are tasked with evaluating the program’s efficiency. What
indicators would you assess, and how would you determine the program's success?
3. A state faces significant shortages of healthcare personnel in rural areas. As a public
health planner, how would you propose a strategy to address this challenge using existing
resources and infrastructure?
4. You are working with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to implement a new
tobacco control policy in a region with high tobacco consumption. What steps would you
take to ensure effective implementation and community acceptance?
5. During a dengue outbreak in a city, there is a sudden surge in the number of cases,
overwhelming the healthcare system. How would you manage the allocation of resources,
including medical supplies, personnel, and hospital beds, to effectively handle the crisis?

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A rural district has a high maternal mortality rate due to inadequate prenatal care and lack
of skilled birth attendants. As a health planner, you are tasked with designing a
comprehensive maternal health intervention. What strategies would you implement to
improve access to maternal care and reduce maternal mortality in this district?
2. A sudden outbreak of tuberculosis (TB) has occurred in an urban slum with a population
of 50,000 people. The slum has limited healthcare access, and TB has spread quickly due
to overcrowded conditions. As a health manager, how would you manage the outbreak,
ensure timely diagnosis, and improve treatment compliance among the affected
population?
3. A remote island community lacks basic healthcare infrastructure. There is a small clinic,
but it lacks necessary medical equipment, trained staff, and a steady supply of essential
medicines. As a health planner, what steps would you take to improve healthcare access
and quality for this island community?
4. A state is planning to introduce a health insurance scheme aimed at providing healthcare
services to low-income families. There are concerns about its sustainability and how to
ensure that vulnerable groups (e.g., migrant workers, elderly) are adequately covered. As
a policy advisor, what measures would you propose to ensure the scheme’s success and
inclusivity?
5. A country has separate systems for public health and clinical services, leading to
inefficiency and duplication of efforts. You have been assigned to oversee the integration
of these systems. What steps would you take to integrate the two systems and improve
coordination between public health services and healthcare delivery?

64
 CH-21: HEALTH CARE OF THE
COMMUNITY
LONG QUESTION

1. Discuss the structure and functioning of health care systems in India, focusing on the
roles of primary, secondary, and tertiary care.
2. Identify and discuss the major health problems in India. What are the key strategies being
implemented to address these challenges?
3. Examine the current state of health manpower in India, including its distribution,
shortages, and the challenges it faces in meeting the country’s health care needs.
4. Evaluate the role of health insurance schemes, such as Ayushman Bharat, in improving
access to health care for India’s underprivileged population. How effective are these
schemes in reducing financial barriers to care?
5. Explain the concept of universal health coverage (UHC) in India. What steps are
necessary to achieve UHC, and what barriers exist in the current system?

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What are the different levels of health care in India?

2. Explain the concept of the referral system in health care.
3. What is primary health care?
4. Name the key elements of primary health care.
5. What are the four principles of primary health care?
6. Define community participation in the context of health care.
7. What is the appropriate technology model of the health care system?
8. What is community diagnosis?
9. What is the importance of health manpower in India?
10. What is the current doctor-population ratio in India?
11. Describe the health care systems in India.
12. What is the role of a Village Health Guide?
13. What is a trained dai (trained birth attendant)?
14. Explain the concept of a disposable delivery kit.
15. What are the roles of Anganwadi and an Anganwadi worker?
16. What is a Sub Centre in the Indian health care system?
17. What are the functions of a Primary Health Centre (PHC)?
18. Describe the staffing pattern of a Primary Health Centre.
19. What is the role of the medical officer in a PHC?

65
 20. What is a Community Health Centre (CHC)?
21. What is the staffing pattern of a Community Health Centre (CHC)?
22. What is the role of the medical officer in a PHC?
23. What are the responsibilities of a multipurpose worker in the health system?
24. What are the duties of a multipurpose female health worker?
25. What are the duties of a male health worker?
26. What is the role of a health assistant in primary health care?
27. What is the role of community health volunteers in controlling communicable diseases?
28. What is the role of a Medico-Social Worker (MSW) in community health?
29. What is the role of an ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) in the Indian health care
system?

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. You are assigned to set up a new primary health care (PHC) center in a remote village.
The community has limited access to healthcare services, and the local infrastructure is
poor. What steps would you take to ensure the center is functional and accessible to the
villagers? Consider staffing, equipment, and community involvement.
2. A community health program is being rolled out, but community participation is low. As
a health coordinator, how would you encourage the community to actively participate in
the PHC program, particularly in preventative health services like vaccination, sanitation,
and nutrition?
3. A PHC center is seeing an increasing number of patients with chronic diseases like
hypertension and diabetes. How would you implement a chronic disease management
program at the PHC level? What roles would the community health workers and local
health authorities play?
4. A community PHC center often faces the challenge of referring patients to secondary or
tertiary care facilities due to distance and limited transportation options. How would you
improve the referral system to ensure patients receive the care they need in a timely
manner?
5. Due to geographical barriers, many people in a rural area cannot access PHC services
easily. How would you set up a telemedicine program in the primary health care system
to bridge the gap? What technology and processes would be necessary for its successful
implementation?

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A 3-year-old child presents to the primary health care center with a 3-day history of
cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. The mother reports that the child has been unable
to feed properly. On examination, the child is febrile, has wheezing, and tachypnea. How
would you manage this child at the primary health care level, and what steps would you
take to prevent complications in a rural community setting?

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2. An elderly woman, aged 70 years, visits the primary health care center for a routine
check-up. Her blood pressure is found to be 160/95 mmHg. She has no history of
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or renal problems. What is your approach to managing
this case at the primary health care level, and what lifestyle modifications would you
advise for her?
3. A 2-year-old child is brought in by his parents for a routine health check-up. The child
appears underweight for his age, and the mother mentions that the child has been eating
poorly and has frequent episodes of diarrhea. What are the immediate steps in managing
the child's nutritional status at the primary health care level, and how would you guide
the mother on proper feeding practices?
4. A 24-year-old pregnant woman, in her second trimester, visits the primary health care
center for antenatal care. Her blood pressure is normal, but she reports swelling in her
legs and some dizziness. What are the key assessments and interventions you would
perform during this visit, and how would you ensure proper monitoring throughout the
pregnancy?
5. A 4-year-old child presents to the primary health care center with a history of loose stools
for the past 2 days, vomiting, and mild dehydration. The child has not received ORS or
any fluids at home. How would you manage this case in a primary health care setting, and
what would you advise the parents to do at home to prevent dehydration and further
complications?
6. A 40-year-old man from a malaria-endemic region visits the primary health care center
with symptoms of fever, chills, and body aches. He reports working in a field at night.
How would you diagnose and manage this patient at the primary health care level, and
what preventive measures would you implement for the community to reduce malaria
transmission?
7. A 35-year-old male patient visits the primary health care center with a 3-week history of
chronic cough, low-grade fever, and night sweats. He is a daily smoker and has no known
comorbidities. What is your initial approach to diagnosing and managing this patient at
the primary health care level, and how would you ensure adherence to the treatment
regimen in the community?
8. A 28-year-old woman, who has two children, visits the primary health care center for
family planning advice. She is concerned about the side effects of contraceptive methods.
What family planning options would you offer her, and how would you provide
counseling on the pros and cons of each method, considering her health status and
cultural context?
9. A 6-month-old infant visits the primary health care center for routine immunization. The
mother reports that she has missed the 6-week and 10-week vaccinations due to travel.
How would you catch up on the missed immunizations, and what advice would you give
to the mother to ensure the child is fully immunized?
10. A 7-year-old child is brought to the primary health care center after being bitten by a
stray dog while playing in the neighborhood. The bite is on the leg, and the wound is
clean with no signs of infection. How would you assess the risk of rabies in this child,
and what steps would you take to manage the dog bite wound at the primary health care
level?

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 CH-22: INTERNATIONAL HEALTH

LONG QUESTION

1. What are the objectives and key functions of the World Health Organization (WHO)?

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Role of the World Health Organization (WHO)

2. Responsibilities of the World Health Organization (WHO)
3. Functions of the World Health Organization (WHO)
4. Services provided by UNICEF
5. Role of UNICEF in India
6. The GOBI FFF Campaign by UNICEF
7. Role of CARE in India
8. Activities of CARE
9. Role of the Indian Red Cross Society
10. Functions of the Indian Red Cross Society
11. Activities of the Indian Red Cross Society
12. Role of the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
13. Role of the International Labour Organization (ILO)
14. Role of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
15. Red Ribbon, Pink Ribbon, and White Ribbon Campaigns
16. Work of the World Health Organization (WHO)
17. Activities of the Ford Foundation in India

APPLIED COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set global health guidelines to tackle the rise
of non-communicable diseases. How would you implement these guidelines in a rural
setting in India? Provide a step-by-step approach.
2. In a recent flood-prone area of your district, children are suffering from malnutrition and
lack of access to clean water. How would you apply the principles of UNICEF’s work to
address these issues? What specific interventions would you prioritize?
3. CARE India is working to improve maternal and child health in remote tribal areas.
Using CARE's approach, propose an intervention plan to improve vaccination rates and
maternal health outcomes in these areas.

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 4. A new infectious disease outbreak has occurred in neighboring countries, and it has
begun to spread across borders into India. How would international health regulations
(IHR) be applied to prevent further transmission? What role would WHO play in this
scenario?
5. With the increasing incidence of malnutrition in a coastal community, the FAO has
initiated a nutrition program in collaboration with local governments. How would you
evaluate the effectiveness of this program and what strategies would you suggest to
improve it?

CLINICAL COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. A non-governmental organization (NGO) is working to reduce maternal mortality in rural

India. A study shows that antenatal care uptake is low due to cultural beliefs and limited
healthcare access. Based on WHO's strategies, propose a case-specific intervention to
increase maternal health service utilization in this region.
2. UNICEF is facing challenges in providing immunization to children in a conflict zone in
a border area of India. The security situation makes it difficult for healthcare workers to
access the area. How can UNICEF’s GOBI FFF campaign be adapted to increase
vaccination coverage under these circumstances?
3. After a major natural disaster in Odisha, the state is struggling with food insecurity,
leading to an increase in malnutrition, particularly among children. Using FAO's
approach, develop a case plan for addressing food insecurity and improving the
nutritional status of affected communities.
4. A refugee camp in Tamil Nadu is experiencing a rise in tuberculosis cases due to
overcrowded conditions and limited healthcare services. As an international health
expert, what actions would you take to control the outbreak using the World Health
Organization's strategies for TB prevention?
5. The Indian Red Cross Society is mobilizing resources to manage a flu pandemic in urban
slums in Mumbai, where healthcare access is limited. What immediate actions would you
recommend for the Red Cross to take in terms of public health messaging, medical
supplies, and community outreach during the early phase of the pandemic?

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 ESSENTIAL MEDICINE
1. What is the concept of essential medicines as defined by the World Health Organization
(WHO)?
2. List three examples of essential medicines commonly used in primary healthcare.
3. Why is it important to have an essential medicines list in healthcare systems?
4. Describe the role of essential medicines in improving access to healthcare in low-
resource settings.
5. What criteria are used by the WHO to determine whether a medicine should be included
in the Essential Medicines List?
6. Explain the difference between essential medicines and over-the-counter medications.

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 COUNTERFEIT MEDICINE
1. What is counterfeit medicine, and how does it differ from substandard medicine?
2. Identify at least three risks associated with the use of counterfeit medicines.
3. How can counterfeit medicines impact public health and healthcare systems?
4. What role do regulatory authorities play in preventing the circulation of counterfeit
medicines?
5. What are the common signs that a medicine may be counterfeit?
6. How does counterfeit medicine contribute to antimicrobial resistance?

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 RECENT ADVANCES
1. Pradhan Mantri-Samagra Swasthya Mission (PM-SSM)
2. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)
3. Ayushman Arogya Mandir
4. Ujjawala scheme
5. Maternal Death Review in SUMAN
6. MTP Amendment Act 2021
7. Social Awareness and Actions to Neutralize Pneumonia Successfully (SAANS)
8. POSHAN Abhiyan 2.0
9. NITI Aayog National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence
10. NITI Aayog State Health Index 2023
11. Sensitizing Action on Mental Health Vulnerability Through Emotional Development and
Necessary Acceptance (SAMVEDNA)
12. Nidan Kendra
13. Sustainable Access to Markets and Resources for Innovative Delivery of Healthcare
(SAMRIDH)
14. Affordable Medicines and Reliable Implants for Treatment (AMRIT)
15. Labour Room Quality Improvement Initiative (LAQSHYA)
16. National Viral Hepatitis Control Program
17. National Programme On Containment of Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR)
18. Innuyir Kaappom Thittam / NK 48 (IKT)
19. Esanjeevani
20. Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI 5.0)
21. Nikshay Poshan Yojna
22. Nikshay Mitra
23. Implications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning In Health Care Delivery
24. Introduction of HPV In UIP- Pilot Programme
25. IPV 3rd Dose Introduction In UIP
26. AASHWASAN Project In TB
27. Electronic Record Linkage
28. Swachh Survekshan 2023
29. Nanotechnology in Combating Infections
30. Virtual Reality in Healthcare
31. 3D Bioprinting
32. Differentiated Care Model for HIV/AIDS
33. Dengue Vaccine
34. GPS And Health
35. Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise (SMILE)
36. National Clean Air Programme
37. Meendum Manjappai Scheme
38. Mananala Nallaatharavu Mandram (MANAM)
39. Medical Tourism with Special Reference to Surrogacy
40. Precision Medicine
41. WHO Global Leprosy Strategy 2021-2030

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42. Use of Artificial Intelligence in Mapping Infectious Diseases
43. Holistic Medicine- Bridging Evidence-Based Medicine and Ayush-Based Medicine
44. CERVAVAC: India’s First Indigenously Developed Vaccine for Cervical Cancer
Prevention
45. Newer Measures to Reduce Counterfeit Drug Sales
46. 3-Dose Malaria Vaccine RTS, S/ASO1— Pilot Programme
47. India Hypertension Control Initiative 25 By 25
48. Guidelines for Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment (TPT)
49. National Policy for Rare Diseases 2021
50. Update on NPCDCS: Inclusion of NAFLD, ESRD
51. Maya: A Comprehensive Health Tracker App for Women to Manage Menstrual Health
52. Molecular Imaging
53. CRISPR: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
54. Genetic Variants Linked to COVID Mortality
55. Inclisiran: New Treatment for the Reduction of LDL
56. Non-Hormonal Alternatives for Menopause
57. Telemedicine Revolution
58. Public Health Informatics
59. Community-Based Participatory Research
60. One Health Approach
61. Health Equity and Social Determinants
62. Disaster Preparedness in Communities
63. Community Health Worker Programs
64. Digital Health Interventions
65. Tailored Community Health Education
66. Global Perspectives in Community Health
67. National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP)
68. Carbon Footprint
69. Fortification of Rice as a Public Health Solution to Combat Anaemia
70. DARTS Initiative for Combatting Antimicrobial Resistance
71. Legislations on Gender Equality
72. Artificial Intelligence in Public Health
73. Diabetic Reversal
74. Air Pollution Impact Assessment
75. Assam Tickler Bag Model to Combat NCDs
76. Bioremediation of Pollutants
77. BRACE Framework on Climate Change
78. National Action Plan for Dog Mediated Rabies Elimination (NAPRE)
79. Spikes Communication Tool
80. 5 ‘R’s in Waste Management
81. Ayushman Bhava
82. Medicines with “Red Line”
83. Apophenia in Research
84. Levels of Community Participation
85. Health Policy Triangle
86. U-Win Vaccinator

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87. ‘SWACHHATA HI SEVA’ Campaign
88. SAFER Initiative to Reduce Alcohol-Related Harm
89. MPOWER
90. Aspirational District Program
91. Stimulating Advanced Knowledge for Sustainable Health Management (SAKSHAM)
92. “75/25” Initiative
93. MUSQAN Initiative to Reduce Preventable Newborn and Child Morbidity and Mortality
94. National Suicide Prevention Strategy 2022
95. Pesticide Toxicity Categories
96. FRAMES - Alcohol Addiction Intervention
97. Kappa Statistics
98. Tanahashi Evaluation Model
99. CBCDR - Community-Based Child Death Review
100. Epidemic Intelligence Service – CDC + Country Govt (GOI)
101. MDR TB - Newer Drugs
102. Global Nutrition Targets of 2025
103. Quota Sampling
104. Incidence Proportion or Cumulative Incidence
105. Swachh Swasth Sarvatra
106. Mamta Taruni Abhiyan
107. Village-Based Initiative to Synergize Health, Water, and Sanitation (VISHWAS)
108. Lots Quality Assurance Sampling
109. Sociometry
110. Genetically Modified Foods
111. Evidence-Based Public Health
112. Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index (MDPI)
113. Development of Attitude, Knowledge, and Skill for Holistic Transformation in
Administration (DHAKSHTA)
114. National Program for Control and Treatment of Occupational Diseases
115. Counter-Advertising
116. Founder's Effect in Genetics
117. 'All In' Initiative
118. Naranjo Algorithms
119. Mental Healthcare Act
120. Swajaldhara

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 AETCOM QUESTIONS
1. The key objectives of the ATCOM module for medical students?
2. How is professionalism defined in the field of medicine?
3. Name the four principles of medical ethics.
4. Describe the concept of informed consent.
5. Explain why confidentiality is crucial in healthcare.
6. What is empathy, and how does it benefit doctors in patient care?
7. Mention three qualities of an effective communicator in medicine.
8. What does patient autonomy mean in healthcare?
9. Why is teamwork essential in medical practice?
10. Define the term cultural competence in healthcare.
11. What is active listening in the context of patient communication?
12. How does non-verbal communication impact patient care?
13. What is the meaning of beneficence in medical ethics?
14. Describe the concept of shared decision-making in healthcare.
15. What is accountability, and why is it important in healthcare practice?
16. How does feedback improve communication between doctors and patients?
17. Why is time management a critical skill for doctors?
18. What constitutes an ethical dilemma in medical practice?
19. What does health advocacy involve in community medicine?
20. How does health literacy contribute to better patient care?
21. What role does emotional intelligence play in resolving patient complaints?
22. What is patient-centered care, and why is it significant?
23. How does respect strengthen doctor-patient relationships?
24. What strategies can help overcome language barriers during patient communication?
25. Why is maintaining professional boundaries essential in medical practice?

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