VINYLIC

HALIDE
X
ARYL
HALIDE
BENZYLIC
HALOALKANE AND HALOARENE Soluble In
X organic
HALIDE solvent
X PROPERTIES
HALOALKANE, REACTIVITY ORDER
R-X ALLYLIC OF
X
HALIDE HALOALKANES R-I > R-BR >
X PHYSICAL R-CL > R-F
Compounds containing
Sp2 C-X bond Compounds containing
PROPERTIES
Sp3 C-X bond FOR SOME HALIDE
GROUP ORDER OF M.P.
AND B.P. IS POLARITY ORDER
CLASSIFICATION PROPERTIES 3°(HALIDE) >
2° (HALIDE) > R-I > RBR > RF > RCL >
OF 1° (HALIDE) RCL > RF RBR > R-F
MONOHALALKANE NATURE OF HALOARENES
EG. CH2X C-X BOND
B.P. a size of
anyl group HALOARENES
DIHALOALKANE ON THE BASIS Where X = Cl,
OF NUMBER OF Br, F, I as size M.P. OF NUCLEOPHILIC
EG. CHX2 of Halogen a SUBSTITUTION
HALOGEN ATOMS C-X Bond ORDER OF B.P. P-ISOMER>
Length O-ISOMER REACTION
TRIHALOALKANE 1 AR-I>AR-BR> TM-ISOMER
α
EG. CX3 Bond Fnthalpy A-CL>AR-F
Stablization of
molecule by
CHEMICAL Instability of delacalization
METHODS OF PREPARATIONS PROPERTIES phenyl cation of electron
Less reactive
than alkyl
PREPARATION OF Halide ELECTROPHILIC
HALOARENES SUBSTITUTION
PREPARATIONS OF REACTION
HALOALKANE HALOGEN EXCHANGE From amines by
ELIMINATION METHOD
sandmeyer's reaction
Haloarene are
NH 2 H
FORM ALCOHOLS R − X + NaI → R − I + Nax β α
o-4p-directing e.g.


+ NaNo 2 + HX  Halogenation
− HX
 C  C  → 

R − OH + HCL  → R − Cl + H 2 O SWARTS REACTION HALOALKANES


Zncl


Sulphonation


2

From Hydrocarbon By +BH + X–

R − OH + PCl5 
→ R − Cl + POCl3 + HCl H 3 C − Br + AgF Electrophilic Substitution • β-Hydrogen is Involved
273-278 k
AgBr + H 3 C − F β-Elimination
R − OH + SOCl2 
→ R − Cl + SO 2 + HCl CH 3 + X 2 WURTZ FITTIG
+
N 2x − SAYTZEFF RULE REACTION
FROM HYDROCARBON FROM ALKENE NUCLEOPHILIC Preferred product is the alkene
X + Na + R - X
Fe SUBSTITUTION which hos greater no. of Alkyl Ether
dark group attached to it.
Benzene Diazonium Salt
REACTION R
CH 3 −δ
Addition of Addition of +
N 2x −
nu + C +δ − X 
→ C − Nu + X −
Hydrogen Halide Halogens
X
SN1 REACTION FITTIG
−
• (CH 3 ) 3 CBr + OH → (CH 3 ) 3 C − OH + Br
From Alkane By free Radical H H O-halotoluene REACTION



Cu 2 X 2 • SN2 REACTION



C = C + HX Rate = k [Rx]
Halogenation C=C + • Follows First order Kinetics. 2
 





H +Br2 H
CH 3
• • CH 3 CH 2 Br + OH − → CH 3 CH 3 OH + Br −
←

Reactivity order of Alkyl Halide:

3° (halide) > 2° (halide) > 1° (halide) • X + 2Na
 

Rate = k [Rx][Nu-]
CH 4 
Cl
→ CH 3 Cl + CH 2 Cl2 + CHCl3 + Cl4
←

2
Hv C=C CCl4 X • Low concentration and weak nucleophile • Inversion of Configuration takes place
Ether

(P-halotoluene) + N2



•


Br − CH 2 − CH 2 − Br favour SN reaction Reactivity of Halides: 1°>2°>3°

• Partial Racemisation • Rate a strength of Nu-a
H X Vic-Dibramide • Rate of reaction depends on stability • Non-polar nu-, strong nu- and hight
X Where x = Cl1 Br of Carbocation Concentration of Nu- favour Sn2. +2Nax

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 Mono Saccharides HORMONES
Glucose Can't be hydrolysed further
Steroids
 Neutral: equal no.
Preparation:- Molecules that specialised
(simple sugar) of NH2 and COOH gp.
H+ glands synthesis generate
Sucrose  → Glucose + Fructose to control and regulate Polypeptides
Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Ribose  Basic: More no. of
H+
starch + NH 2 O → Glucose the functioning of specific
-NH2 then -COOH gp.
cells r organs.
Chemical properties:- Amino Acids  Acidic: more no.
∆, HI of-COOH than-NH2 gp
NH2OH Oligo Saccharides
Glucose Br2/water Polyhydroxy aldehyde
Yield two to ten mono

number of -NH2 and -COOH gp

Acetic anhydride saccharides (aldose) or ketone
(ketose) containing at
 Limitation of the open chain structure Ex: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

On the being of reactive

least one chiral center  Essential cann't be
glucose penta-acetate does note synthesized in the
react with hydroxyl amine thus indi- body.
cating the absence of free-CHO group. Poly Saccharides On the basis of
Polymer of α-amino acids  Non-essential
Yield a large number of mono contain -NH2 and -COOH group place of synthesis
 Cyclic structure of glucvose CARBOHYDRATE synthesized in the
saccharides units.
body
O Ex: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen
H H H
H
H
4 1
HO O
OH H ON the basis  Fibrous: fibre like
H OH OH
structure
H
3 2 of shape
CH2OH H OH  Globular- Spherical
[a-D(+)- Glucose] [a-D - Glycopyranose] Classification
PROTEINS
(Fisher Formula) (Fisher Formula)

Starch Cellulose Glycogen

H 2 N − CH 2 − CO − NH − CH− COOH
Peptide linkage
CH3
Polyhydroxy Known as animal
Polymer of
aldehyde (aldose) starch.
d-glucose with
or ketone (ketose) Present in liver,
two components
containing at muscle and brain When a protein in its native form is
anylase and
amylopectin. least one subjected to physical change, globules unfold,
chiral center and proteins loses it's biological activity.

NUCLEIC ACID
BIOMOLECULES Nitrogenous
base
Pentose
sugar Phosphate GP
Enzyme N

Globular proteins specific for

VITAMINS Particles of nucleus of DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
particular reaction and for the cell responsible for (DNA)
particular substrate. heredity are called
chromosomes Nucleotide
Compound of sugar
β-D-2 deoxyribose

Mechanism of enzyme action Organic compounds required

in diet in small amounts to
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
(RNA) Nucleotide
perform specific biological COMPOSED OF NUCLEOTIDES
functions for maintenance CLASSIFICATION BASE AS FOLLOWS
Structure
Substrate
Enzyme and growth.
Product Compound of Sugar
Adenine (A)
•
Fat Soluble: Soluble in β-D-ribose
Base Base Base
fats and oils but Gwanine (G)
insoluble in water Cytosine (C)
(vitamins A, D, E and K) Sugar - Phosphate - [sugar - phosphate]-sugar
Thymine (T)
Water • Soluble: B group Types of RNA
and vitamin C are Uracil (U) Phosphodiester
soluble in water. m-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA linakge

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 Organic Compound Qualitative Analysis
Classisfication Purification Quantitative Analysis
Methods
Acyclic or Halogens
open chain Carbon and Hyolrogen
Cyclic or Sodium Extract is acidified m-Mass of org. Compound
Alicyclic Compounds O Closed chain Distillation with conc. HNO3and 12 × m 2 × 100 2 × m 1 × 100 M1-mass of co2 produced

—
—
— %C = %H =
, treated with silver netrate.

—
44 × m 18 × m

—
M1-mass of H2 produced

—
Heterocyclie Differential Extraction Nitrogen
Homocyclic Sulphur
Aromatic Compunds Compounds
Compounds Sodium Exract is acidified Carius method Kjelalahes method m-Mass of org. Compound
with acctic acid and lead acctate N-Normality of acid
28 × V × 100 1.4 × N × V
Crystallisation is added %N = %N = V-Volume of acid
, o
22400 × m m
Benzenoid Hologen
compounds Nitrogen
NH2
Ring chain isomerism Chrmatiography Carius method
Non-benzenoid Sodium extract is boiled with iron [Link] of × M 1 × 100 m-Mass of org. Compound
compounds and (II) sulphate, then acidified with %halogen =
molar mass of Ag × m M1-mass of AgX formed
, o frt - I - ere ctclobutane Sublimation
conc. H2SO4
Sulphur

Phosphorous Carius method

Structural Isomerism 32 × m 1 × 100 m-Mass of org. Compound
Position Isomerism Tautomeris m Compound is traated with %S =
OH onidising agent, then boild 233 × m M1-mass of BaSo4 formed
OH O OH with HNO3 and ammonium rnolybdate.
CH3 - C - H CH2 = C - H Phosphorus
Compounds that true
same chemical formula Keto form enol form 62 × m 1 × 100 m-Mass of org. Compound
Propane - 1 - ol %P =
but different chemical Propan - 2 - ol Carbon & Hydrogen 222 × m M1-mass of Mg2p2O7 formed
bond arrangement by heating with copper (II) oxide
are called structural
isomers. metamerism Functional Isomersim
O
O Organic Reaction Bond
Fission
O Types
Parts of Iupac methoxy propane ethyoxyethane
propanal
CHO
Organic Chemistry : Homolytic
propanone free radicals are fomed
Name
Some Basic Addition reaction
Heterolytic
Chain Isomerism
. Prefix Principles and Techniques Substitution reaction Casbocation and carbanion
is formed
. Root word
Elimination reaction
. Primary suffix
. Secondary Suffix
Pentane 2 - merthylbutane 2,2 - Dimethyl propane Electromeric displacement
Effect Electrophile Nucleophile
Hyperconfugation Effect Electron deficient species. Electron rich species
Rules for IUPAC Naming delocalisation of s electrons of C-H
Inductive Effect
Leur's acid leur's acid
ISOMERISM bond of an allcye group directly Example-Cl+, Br+, NO2, Example- H 2 O , NH 3 , OH ,
Rule 1 : Select the longest possible attached to an atom with CH3, AlCl3, etc. Cl − , F − , CH 3 ,
unshared p-oroital. Partial displacement of sigma
carbon chain. electrons towards more
electronegative atom/Group.
Rule 2 : Numbering of parent chain is done Electromeric Effect It is a permanent effect
from that side where functional group, Stereo Isomerism Attacking Reagent
multiple bond and substituent get
the lowest number
In the presence of neagent, tI Effect -I effect Organic molecule → Intermedite 
→ Product(s)
Compounds that havesame the doubuor triple bond get
broken. It is a temperory CH 3 , C2 H 5 , etc −CN , −COOH , etc
Rule 3 : Lowest sun rule — If first substituent chemical formula and sequence effect.
gets same number from all side then
chain selected should have lowest sum of covalent bonds but differ
of all subtituend numbering. in spatial arrangement are Resonance Effect Corbocation Free Radical
Carbonion
Rule 4 : Alphabet rule — Naming should be done called stereo ismers • Carbon atom having a positive • Carbon atom having a negative • Carbon atom having 7
When a molecule can be represented change with only six electron electron in the valance shell
in alphabitical order if the numbering by two or more structures which is its valence shell.
charge on it.
is called carbon free radical.
of all substituent is same. have same arrangement of atoms • Carbonion carbon is sp3 hybridised.
• Carbocation carbon is sp2 • Carbon of free radical is Sp2
but differ in distribution of hybridisod. hybridised.
Rule 5 : It the molecule have more than one electrons is called resonance.
functional group, the functional group + + - - - -
Geometrical Optical Isomerism +R Effect -R effect + +
C > CH > CH2 > CH3 Ch 3 > CH2 > CH > C C > CH > Ch 2 > CH3
with highest prriority reievers the
lowest number. Isomerism halogen, -OH, OR -COOH, -CHO, -CN

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 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES PREPERATION
STRUCTURE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AMINES Colourless, soluble in water, decompose in
dry state
NH2 N2+X
-

NH3 Ammonia PHYSICAL STATE C6H5N2+Cl- is readily soluble in water

NaNO + 2HCl

2 → + NaCl + 2H2O
273 − 278K
Lower aliphatic amines are gases,

:
intermediate members are liquid
R-NH2 1° AMine (fishy odour), while higher members -

:
N2+X
are sold.

R2. NH 2° Amine SOLUBILITY DIAZONIUM SALTS

Lower aliphatic amines are soluble
R3N 3° Amine in wate due to H-bonding, while higher RN2+X
-

amines (> C6) are insoluble in water.

1
So lub ility ∝
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
:

Molecular weight

BOILING POINT X X
Ga
Primary and secondary amines tt
er
Cu ti on
+ HX ac
forms intermolecular H-Bonding m
an HX
Cu
+ Re
Re er
while tertiary does not. ac - ey
N X 2+ m
N F
tio
n 2 Sa
nd
CN
R R Primary > Secondary > Tertiary ∆
HBF
4 CuC
N/KC
N

θ > 109° H 3PO 2 +

+ H2
O
Ki
Cu
I
R -
OH
C
6H
OH
, H2O ∆ 5N
H
2, H
H5 +
Pyramidal geometry
+
C 3 Cu

N=N OH N=N NH2

OH

PREPARATION

• Reduction of Nitro Compounds. CHEMICAL REACTION ELECTROPHIC SUBSTITUTION

IN GASESOUS PHASE
Sn/HCl or Fe/HCl
RNO 2  → RNH 2 NH2
Or H /Pol
2 3° Amine > 2° Amine > 1° Amine > NH3
R-NC R-OH 3 Br2
• Ammonolysis CH H2O
+ BASIC NATURE Ca
rb
3
+
Cl O2
3 → R − N H X − 
NH
R − X  NaOH
→ R − NH 2 + H 2 O + Na+ X − yla KO HN Br
3 IN AQUEOUS PHASE Due to the presence of lone
te min H NH2
(CH3)2NH > CH3NH2 > (CH3)3N > NH3 pair on nitrogen amines are st e
(C2H5)2 > (C2H5)3N > (C2H5)NH2 > NH3
basic. R-NH2 O (i) CH3COCl
• Reduction of Nitriles Factors affecting basicity R'- (ii) Br2, CH3COOH
(i) Inductive effect C- (Major)
H /Ni
R − C ≡ N →
2 R − CH 2 − NH 2 Ac Cl
Na(Hg)/C H oh (ii) solvation effect
R'
+ yla
2 5
(iii) Steric hinderance tio O Br
OVERALL BASICITY ORDER n
Aliphatic Amine > Amines
R-NH-R' NH2 NH2 NH2
• Reduction of Amides R-NH-C-R'
O > Aromatic Amines NO2
HNO3
+ +
(i) LiAlH
R − C − NH 2 
(ii) H O
4 → R − CH − NH
2 2 NH2
H2SO4, 288 K NO2
2 (51%) (47%) (2%)
TEST FOR AMINES NO2
• Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation reaction
O NH2
R − C − NH 2 + Br2 + 4NaOH 
→ R − NH 2 + Na 2 CO 3 + 2NaBr + 2H 2 O HINSBERG'S TEST (i) CH3COCl
(ii) Br2, CH3COOH
one carbon less amine is formed as compared to amides
NO2
• Gabriel Phthalimide synthesis
O O NH2
PRIMARY AMINE SECONDARY AMINE TERTIARY AMINE
C C H2SO4

N-H
KOH
 → NaOH
N - R  → RNH2 SO2Cl SO2-NHR SO2Cl SO2-NR2 SO2Cl
RX
C C (1° Amine)
+ RNH2 + R2NH + R 3N No Reaction SO3H
O O
ppt. soluble in ppt. insoluble in
CH3/AlCl3
No reaction
or CH3OCl/AlCl3
alkali alkali (due to salt formation)
Aromatic primary amines cannot be prepared by this method.

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 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
ALDEHYDE, KETONES AND
CARBOXYLIC ACID
STRUCTURE USES GENERAL FORMULA CLASSIFICATION

R - C - OH
. Rubber, Textiles.
O . Food Industry. Aldehyde: Ketones
Aliphatic Aromatic
. Manufacture of O O
Soap and Detergent.
CLASSIFICATION R-C-H R - C - R'
where R is alkyl and H is where R and R' can be
Hydrogen. same or different.
Aliphatic Aromatic
CH3COOH PREPARATIONS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
COOH CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
PREPARATIONS . Esterification . Oxidation of alcohol Aldehyde > Ketones


RCOOH + R ' OH 
 RCOOR '+ H 2 O K 2 Cr2 O 7 + H 2 SO 4
1° Alcohol 
→ Aldehyde 1
Re activity ∝
. Ring Substitution in Aromatic Acids: K Cr O + H SO
2° Alcohol 
2 2 7 2 4
→ Ketone stearic factor and
Odour: Lower Aldehyde have an
. Oxidation of 1° alcohols COOH group is deactivating and K 2 Cr2 O 7 + H 2 SO 4 impleasant odour. electronic factror
(i)alk. KMnO
R − CH 2 OH 
→ RCHO + H 2 O
RCH 2 OH 
+
4 → R − COOH meta directing. COOH K Cr O + H SO
(ii) H 3 O R − CH(OH)R ' 
2 2 7 2 4
→ R − CO − R '+ H 2 O
2° alcohol
Br2 Physical State: HCHO is a gas. All Nucleophilic Addition-reaction
. Hydrolysis of Nitriles and Amides
+ COOH ∆ . Ozonolysis of alkenes other aldehyde and ketone upto C11
H or
R − C ≡ N + 2H 2 O  → RCOOH + NH 3
FeBr3,
Br OH
− H 2 O, Zn are volatile liquids. C=O + CN C
OH CH 3 − CH = CH − CH 3 + O 3 
→ 2CH 3 CHO CN
COOH
. Hydrolysis of Esters . From Gem-Dihalides:
H+ Solubility: Larger Carbonyl compounds SO2Na
RCOOR '+ H 2 O → RCOOH + R ' OH R' C=O + NaHSO3 C
Conc. HNO3 aq. KOH
R' are soluble in water due to the OH
NO2 R-C-Cl  →
. From Grignard Reagent Conc. H2SO4 ∆ Or Ba(OH) 2
R-C=O formation of H-bond.
. Reduction of Carboxylic Acid Cl C=O + H2N-Z C=N-z+H2O
Dry ether
CO 2 + RMgBr  → RCOOH + Mg(OH)Br (Aldehyde when Boiling Point and Melting Point: Boiling
+ H , H2O
O R' = H Ketone when Point or Melting point ∝ Molecular
(i) LiAlH /ether R' = alkyl group) weight
R-C-OH 
4
+
→ R − CH 2 OH
(ii) H 3 O
. Hydroboration Oxidation of Alkynes 1 Clemmensen Reduction:
∝
Branching
. Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acid B2H6
 → R-C=C-H Zn − Hg
O
R-C≡C-H THF C=O →
HCl
CH2 + H2O
Terminal alkyne H BH2 Eue to electron donating alkyl group
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES NaOH or
R-C-OH 
CaO
→ R − H + Na 2 CO 3 -
group ketones have higher boiling point
H2O2 OH-
than aldehye.
. Reaction involving cleavage of
R-CH2=C-H R-C=C-H
-OH group Reactivity: It depends on the nature Wolff-kishner reduction
O O H OH of alkyl group. Smaller the group,
. Physical State: Polar Substances soluble in (i) NH − NH
R-C-NH2 . Rosenmund Reduction more reactive will be compound. C=O 
2 2
KOH/ethyl glycol
→ CH2 + N2
organic solvents.
O O
. Acidity: The acidic character is due to the H , Pd-BaSO
R-C-OH R-COCl R-C-Cl 
2 4
→ R-C-H
presence of resonance.
⊕ O DISTINCTION TEST FOR Aldol Condensation
: :

R-C-O-H R-C-OH
(R-CO)2O ALDEHYDE 2CH3CHO CH3CH(OH)CH2CHO
:O O . Hell-volhard Zelinsky Reaction
:

(i) X , Re d P
R-CH 2 -OH 
2 → R − CH(x)COOH TEST ALDEHYDE KETONES ∆-H2O
. Boiling Points: High boiling point due to (ii)H O 2
intermolecular hydrogen bonding. DISTINCTION TEST Schiff's Pink No colour
FOR CARBOXYLIC ACID reagent Colour CH3-CH=CH-CHO
COMPARISON OF METLING AND BOILING POINT OF ACIDIC ORDER
Fehling's Red ppt. No ppt.
AROMATIC AND ALIPHATIC ACID
. Brisk effervescence of CO2 gas with solution Cannizaro reaction
NaHCO3
. Melting Point and Boiling Point of aromatic Tollen's Silver No ppt.
acid greater than aliphatic acid. Caboxylic Acid > Phenol > Alcohol . Gives buff coloured ppt. with FeCl3
Conc. KOH
2HCHO  → CH3OH + HCOOK
reagent Mirror

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 ELECTROPHILIC REACTIONS OZONOLYSIS ANTI-MARKOVNIKOV EFFECT
Substitution Reaction Halogenation R1 R3
CH3—CH==CH2
cold conc.
CH3—CH—CH3 R2 O MARKOVNIKOV'S RULE / KHARASH EFFECT/
From unsaturated hydrocarbons + O3 R3

—
1. INITIATION 2. PROPAGATION 3. TERMINATION R1 APNTI-PEROXIDE EFFECT
O—SO3H R2 R4 O— O R3
hv CH3—CH==CH2
H2O
CH3—CH—CH3
R3 “Negative part of the This mechanism proceeds via
CH2==CH2
Pt/Pd/Ni
CH3—CH3 Cl2 Cl + Cl Cl4 + Cl CH3 + HCl Cl + Cl Cl2 H+
addendum gets attached to free radical mechanism

—
H2
CH3 + Cl CH3Cl OH O
the carbon containing lesser

Zn
CH3 + Cl—Cl CH3 + Cl and the minor product via

2O
R4 number of hydrogens”.

H
Markovnikov effect becomes
+ (I) is major product.
R3
major product.
From alkyl halides
From acidic dehydration of alcohols (II) is major product.
Combustion Controlled Oxidation O
Cu/523 K
Zn
CxHy + (x + y/4)O2 xCO2 + CH4 + O2 2CH3OH R4
CH3—CH2—Cl H+ CH3CH3 + Na 10 atoms HO—CH2—CH3
conc. H2SO4
+ H2O
y/2H2O Mo2O3
CH4 + O2 HCHO + H2O
2CH3—Na CH3CH3 From vicinal dihalides
OXIDATION
dry ether
WURTZ RX dil. KMnO4
Isomerization Aromatic Reforming H H CH2==CH2 + H2O CH2— CH2 Asymmetrical alkene
273 K

—
Br—CH2—CH2—Br
Zn + ZnBr2
OH OH Symmetrical Alkene
From carboxylic acids Anhyd. Alcl3 Cr2/O3 H H
2CH3(CH2)4CH3 +
(Kolbe's Electrolytic Method) HCl 10-20 atm
From alkyl halides
773 K POLYMERIZATION CH2==CH2 + HBr BrCH2—CH3 CH3—CH==CH2 + HBr
Zn
CH3—CH2—Cl H+ CH3CH3 + Na alc. KOH
H H
n—
( CH2==CH2—
)
High temp.
—
( CH2— CH2—
)n
Reaction with Steam Pyrolysis CH3—CH2—X + Hx High pressure
H H catalyst (I) CH3CH2BrCH3 (II) CH3CH2CH2Br
C6H12 + H2
2CH3—Na CH3CH3 Ni
WURTZ RX
dry ether CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 C6H14 773 K C4H8 + C2H6 + H2 From alkynes
AROMATIC REFORMING
C3H4 + C2H4 + CH4 R2 R1
R2C CR1 + H2
Pd/C CH2==CH2 + Br2 CH2—CH2

—
H H
PREPARATION CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Br Br

PREPARATION ADDITION OF HYDROGEN

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HALIDES
ALKANES ARE
ALKANES
HYTROPHOBIC CnH2n-2
Sawhorse Projection
ALKENES Increase
in branching
Alkenes PHYSICAL HUCKEL'S RULE OF AROMATICITY
leads to
H H
have a short PROPERTIES decrease
Eclipsed Staggered CONFORMERS C C odour in boiling 1. Planarity 2. Delocalisation of
GENERALLS, PHYSICAL H H
NON-POLAR IN point of π-electrons
NATURE PROPERTIES
Newman Projection 3. Presence of (4n + 2)-p electrons
First few Alkenes
H
members are are insoluble
HH in water but
H H gases and

BOILING POINT BOILING POINT H

H
H H
HYDROCARBONS rest are
liquids &
solids.
soluble
non-plar
solvents
CARCINOGENICITY AND TOXICITY

INCREASES WITH DECREASES WITH H H

H
INCREASE IN
INCREASE IN Staggered Eclipsed
BRANCHING

1, 2-benzanthvacene 1, 2-benzpyrene
ARENES Aromatics are toxic in nature
and most of them are classified
ALKYNES HC CH as carcinogens.
CnH2n-2
First few Boiling PREPARATION
members of point of alkene CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
alkynes are increases as
the chain length
gases
increases Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Immiscibel
in water but
PHYSICAL
HC CH COONa + Na2CO3 completely
— NaOH soluble in
PROPERTIES ∆ Electrophilic Addition polar
H2 HCl/CH3COOH Bustitution Reaction
Pt, Pd, Ni H2O Reaction Characteristic
Most of Reduction of Phenol Using Zn Dust smell
Boiling point Br2
them are Hg2+, H+
decreases with
increase in odourless
+ ZnO
the branching
Soluble in except for CH2==C—H —OH Zn
none-polar CH==CH
thyne CH2==CH2
—

CH2==CHCl ∆
—
—

soluents and
Br Br
OH PHYSICAL
insoluble PROPERTIES
in water H2
Conc. HNO3

Anhyd. Alcl3 + CH3Cl

Conc. H2SO4 (323-333 K) Conc. H2SO4 + SO3 ∆ 3Cl2, UV
Anhyd. Alcl3 +
CH2—CH2 CH3COCl 3H2, Ni 500 K Highly
POLYMERISATION
PREPARATION Anhyd. Alcl3 notatile
+ Cl2 in nature
From
Calcium Carbide CaO + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 O Cl
Burn with

—
Cl— Cl

—
—
Iron tube
— ) —HSO3 —CH3 — a sooty
—C—
High temp./
—Cl
Cyclic
From alc. KOH
LINEAR High pressure ( C==C—C==C— —NO2 CH3 — flame
H H H H Cl —
polymerisation
Vicinal dihalides BrCH2—CH2Br CH CH + 2H2O+ KBr Red hot 873 K POLYMERISATION
∆ Cl

—
Cl

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