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GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY NEW DELHI
DELHI SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH
BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LAB (BBA 213)
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SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
MR. AKSHAY CHAUHAN AKSHAT GAUTAM
ASST. PROFESSOR BBA 3A
03012501723
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INDEX
S NO. PARTICULARS PAGE
NO.
1 SPSS INTRODUCTION 1
2 DATA ENTRY AND VARIABLES 2-3
3 FREQUENCY TABLE 4-8
4 GRAPH/HISTOGRAM 9-12
5 MEAN 13-14
6 NORMALITY TEST 15-21
7 ONE SAMPLE T-TEST 22-23
8 INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T-TEST 24-26
9 PAIRED SAMPLE T-TEST 27-29
10 DATA SET 30
11 QUESTIONNAIRE 31-36
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INTRODUCTION:SPSS
SPSS is a Windows based program that can
be used to perform data entry and
analysis and to create tables and graphs.
SPSS is capable of handling large amounts
of data and can perform all of the
analyses covered in the text and much
more. SPSS is commonly used in the Social
Sciences and in the business world, so
familiarity with this program should
serve you well in the future. SPSS is
updated often. This document was written
around an earlier version, but the
differences should not cause any problems.
QUES-1) Data entry and Variables’ Description
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DATA ENTRY
Data Entry in SPSS is the most important task involved in any analysis. Data may exist in any form; it may be written
on a piece of paper or it may be typed in a computer in raw data form. Before doing data entry in SPSS, one should start
SPSS. It is very easy to start SPSS from the start menu by just clicking on the “SPSS” icon. As soon as SPSS opens, a
window will appear which is called the “data viewer window.” In SPSS, data viewer column value is known as the
record measure or the variable and row to identify the case (or subject). If the data size is small, then the data entry in
SPSS can be done manually in the data viewer window. Whenever a data size is large, then the data entry in SPSS is not
possible manually. For eg: in the following figure we have entered the data of sleeping pattern, marital status, gender,
educational qualifications and many more variables of the respondents .
WHILE ENTERING THE DATA WE MUST ENSURE THE FOLLOWING:
• No spaces
• Either camel case or underscore.
• Cannot begin with special characters.
• Cannot begin with a number ; must begin with alphabets(variable).
• Each variable must be unique and most importantly maximum of 64 characters can be used.
VARIABLE DESCRIPTION
Understanding SPSS variable types and formats allows you to get things done fast and reliably. SPSS has 2 variable
types:
• Numeric variables contain only numbers and are suitable for numeric calculations such as addition and
multiplication.
• String variables may contain letters, numbers and other characters. You can't do calculations on string variables
-even if they contain only numbers.
There are no other variable types in SPSS than string and numeric. However, numeric variables have several different
formats that are often confused with variable types.
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QUES-2) What is a frequency table?
In statistics, a frequency distribution is a list, table (i.e.: frequency table) or graph (i.e.: bar plot or histogram) that
displays the frequency of various outcomes in a sample.[1] Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the
occurrences of values within a particular group or interval.
STEPS TO CREATE A FREQUENCY TABLE?
STEPS
1. Insert the data into the data view .
2. Enter the variables in variable view, insert all the values and select the appropriate scale according to the
variable.
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3. Go to analyze Tab.
4. Select descriptive statistics and then frequencies.
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5. All the descriptive statistics and all the charts selected for the required variables would appear.
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QUES-3) Graph / Histogram
A histogram is a chart that shows frequencies for intervals of values of a metric variable. Such intervals as known as
“bins” and they all have the same widths.
STEPS TO CREATE AN HISTOGRAM
1. Go to graph tab. Select Chart builder.
2. Go to gallery. Then Choose histogram. Select simple Histogram (drag it to gallery window).Ensure display
variable name .
3. Drag the variable to the X-axis and then from element properties.
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4. From element properties:
• Choose histogram percentage.
• From set parameters choose Custom value for anchor=0.
• Then bin sizes go to custom interval width=1 and number of interval=3.
5. Click on continue.
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6. Click on Apply. Then OK.
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Required graph / histogram would appear.
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QUES-4) What is mean?
In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean or arithmetic average, or simply just the mean or the average (when
the context is clear), is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection.
CALCULATION OF MEAN UNDER SPSS
STEPS:
1. Enter the data into data view. Enter the variables for which you want to calculate means in variable view and
apply appropriate scales according to your variables.
2. Go to analyze and select compare means and then select means.
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3. After selecting means new dialogue box would appear. From here put height in inches in Dependent list and
gender of respondent in independent list. Then click OK.
Result would appear.
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QUES-5) Normality Test
SPSS Statistics outputs many table and graphs with this procedure. One of the reasons for this is that the Explore...
command is not used solely for the testing of normality, but in describing data in many different ways. When testing for
normality, we are mainly interested in the Tests of Normality table and the Normal Q-Q Plots, our numerical and
graphical methods to test for the normality of data, respectively.
We require dependent variable to be approximately normally distributed following numerical and visual outputs must be
investigated:
• Z-values for Skewness and Kurtosis (somewhere in the span of -1.96 to +1.96)
• Shapiro-Wilk Test p-value (should be above 0.05)
In SPSS, p-value is denoted by 'sig'.
• Null Hypothesis is rejected if p<0.05
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• Histograms, Normal Q-Q Plots and Box Plots (should be symmetrical and should visually indicate that our data are
approximately normally distributed)
Main Aspects-
• Data must be approximately normally distributed, if not perfectly.
• Check each category of Independent Variable.
• The skewness and Kurtosis measures should be as close to zero as possible in SPSS.
• A small departure from zero is no problem as long as the measures are not too large compared to their standard errors.
• Divide the measure by its standard errors manually (with the help of calculator).
Z-Value = Measured Value/Standard Error
Shapiro-Wilk Test of Normality
The Shapiro-Wilk Test is more appropriate for small sample sizes (< 50 samples), but can also handle sample sizes as
large as 2000. For this reason, we will use the Shapiro-Wilk test as our numerical means of assessing normality.
Normal Q-Q Plots
In order to determine normality graphically, we can use the output of a normal Q-Q Plot. If the data are normally
distributed, the data points will be close to the diagonal line. If the data points stray from the line in an obvious non-
linear fashion, the data are not normally distributed.
STEPS TO EXPLORE
1. Click Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Explore.
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2. Add variables Height to the Dependent List and gender to the factor list box.
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3. Click Plots. Check histogram in Descriptive. Check the box next to Normality plots with tests. Click Continue.
4. Click OK.
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Result
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Ques-6) One sample T Test
The One Sample t Test examines whether the mean of a population is statistically different from a known or
hypothesized value. The One Sample t Test is a parametric [Link] test is also known as Single Sample t Test, the
variable used in this test is known as Test [Link] a One Sample t Test, the test variable's mean is compared against a
"test value", which is a known or hypothesized value of the mean in the population.
STEPS OF ONE SAMPLE T TEST
1. Analyze -> Compare Means -> One-Sample T Test.
2. Drag and drop the variable you want to test against the population mean into the Test Variable(s) box. Specify
your population mean in the Test Value box>OK.
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3. Your result will appear in the SPSS output viewer.
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QUES-7) Independent Samples t-test
Testing – Whether the population mean for one category is significantly different from the population mean for another
category, where in the two samples drawn are independent of each other.
Two independent samples to be measured at a single point in time and since, the groups are independent of each other;
we can appropriately apply independent samples t-test.
Variables: Gender and Height w.r.t. the reference data set
Categorical (Nominal Scale)
Variable – Gender (Males – 1 & Females – 2)
Height (Scale Variable)
HO: “Is there a significant difference in the height of males and females”?
STEPS OF INDEPENDENT T- TEST
1. Analyze >Compare Means >Independent samples t-test.
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2. Height – Test Variable Box; Gender - Grouping Variable.
3. Define Groups: Group 1 – 1; Group 2 – 2 >Continue >OK.
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4. Output Window: Group Statistics table – Descriptive statistics table
Independent Samples test table – Inferential statistics table
We need to focus on the middle part of the inferential statistics’ table including the following:
T calculated value
P-value (sig.)
Degrees of freedom (df)
Equal variances assumed row for Height variable
Three ways to determine the statistical significance of the difference between the heights across the categories
(males and females):
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1. T calculated Value > T (critical value); Reject HO
2. P-Value < 0.05; Reject HO
3. If the confidence interval doesn’t include 0; Reject HO
QUES-8) Paired Samples t-test OR Within-Subjects design/Repeated Measures Design/Paired Samples Design
A single sample to be measured at different points in time (just like a before and after design) and since, the groups are
dependent of each other; we can appropriately apply paired samples t-test.
Paired Samples t-test - Comparing two related means about population
Variables: Gender and Height & Weight w.r.t. the reference data set
Categorical (Nominal Scale)
Variable – Gender (Males – 1 & Females – 2)
Height (Scale Variable) & Weight (Scale Variable)
STEPS OF RAIRED-SAMPLE T TEST
1. Analyze>Compare Means > Paired samples t-test.
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2. Paired Variables Box: Height – Variable 1 & Weight – Variable 2 > OK.
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3. If the confidence interval doesn’t include 0; Reject HO.
What exactly is a confidence interval?
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A confidence interval is a range in which the mean difference is likely to fall 95% (α = 5%) of the times. Alternatively,
if a similar test is repeated, say, 100 times, 95% of the time the mean difference would fall within the desired range.
The confidence interval is much more certain, but less precise too. However, with good measurements and low
variability, we can get both the mean and the confidence interval as accurate as possible.
Positive and Negative t values (t calculated) are interpreted in a similar manner.
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QUESTIONNAIRE AND DATA SET :-
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