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AP Chemistry Bonding Practice Problems

The document contains a series of practice problems for AP Chemistry focused on bonding concepts, including matching, multiple choice, and free response questions. It covers topics such as bond-dissociation energy, hybridization, resonance structures, and molecular geometry. The document also includes an answer section with correct responses for each question.

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65 views7 pages

AP Chemistry Bonding Practice Problems

The document contains a series of practice problems for AP Chemistry focused on bonding concepts, including matching, multiple choice, and free response questions. It covers topics such as bond-dissociation energy, hybridization, resonance structures, and molecular geometry. The document also includes an answer section with correct responses for each question.

Uploaded by

gandhijas
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

AP Chemistry

Bonding Practice Problems

Matching
Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered statements immediately following it. Select the one
lettered choice that best fits each statement and then write in the letter corresponding to that choice. A choice
may be used once, more than once, or not at all in each set. You may use your periodic table and reference
sheet. Calculator use is not permitted for this section.

Questions 1-3 refer to the following diatomic species.


a. H2 d. O2
b. B2 e. F2
c. N2

____ 1. Has the largest bond–dissociation energy

____ 2. Has a bond order of 2


____ 3. Contains 1 sigma () and 2 pi () bonds

Questions 4-7 relate to the following.


a. hydrogen bonding
b. hybridization
c. ionic bonding
d. resonance
e. London forces
____ 4. Is used to explain the fact that the four bonds in methane are equivalent
____ 5. Is used to explain the fact that the carbon-to-carbon bonds in benzene, C6H6, are identical

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. You may use your periodic
table and reference sheet. Calculator use is not permitted for this section.

____ 6. The best explanation for the fact that diamond is extremely hard is that diamond crystals
a. consist of positive and negative ions that are strongly attracted to each other
b. are formed under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure
c. contain orbitals or bands of delocalized electrons that belong not to single atoms
but to each crystal as a whole
d. are made up of atoms that are intrinsically hard because of their electronic
structures
e. are giant molecules in which each atom forms strong covalent bonds with all of its
neighboring atoms

____ 7. For which of the following molecules are resonance structures necessary to describe the bonding
satisfactorily?
a. SO2 c. H2S
b. CO2 d. OF2
____ 8. Which of the following molecules has the shortest bond length?
a. N2 c. Br2
b. O2 d. Cl2

____ 9. Types of hybridization exhibited by the C atoms in propene, CH 3CHCH2, include which of the
following?
I. sp II. sp2 III. sp3
a. III only d. I and II only
b. I only e. I, II, and III
c. II and III only

____ 10. Of the following molecules, which has the largest dipole moment?
a. O2 c. HF
b. CO2 d. CO

____ 11. In a molecule in which the central atom exhibits sp2 hybrid orbitals, the electron pairs are directed toward the
corners of a(n)
a. trigonal bipyramid c. octahedron
b. equilateral triangle d. tetrahedron

____ 12. CCl4, CO2, PCl3, PCl5, SF6


Which of the following does NOT describe any of the molecules above?
a. Octahedral d. Linear
b. Tetrahedral e. Trigonal pyramidal
c. Square planar

____ 13. Which of the following compounds is ionic and contains both sigma and pi covalent bonds?
a. Fe(OH)3 c. H2S
b. HClO d. NaCN

____ 14. Pi () bonding occurs in each of the following species EXCEPT
a. CN– c. CH4
b. C6H6 d. CO2

____ 15. Which of the following has a zero dipole moment (i.e., is nonpolalr)?
a. SO2 c. HCN
b. PF5 d. NH3

____ 16. The melting point of MgO is higher than that of NaF. Explanations for this observation include
which of the following?
I. Mg2+ is more positively charged than Na+.
II. O2– is more negatively charged than F–.
III. The O2– ion is smaller than the F– ion.
a. II only d. I and II only
b. I and III only e. II and III only
c. I, II, and III
Free Response Questions
Your responses to the questions in this part of the examination will be graded on the basis of the accuracy and relevance
of the information cited. Explanations should be clear and well organized. Examples and equations may be included in
your responses where appropriate. Specific answers are preferable to broad, diffuse responses. You may use your
periodic table, reference sheet, and calculator.

Use the principles of atomic structure and/or chemical bonding to explain each of the following. In each part,
your answer must include references to both substances. (2002)

17. The carbon-to-carbon bond energy in C2H4 is greater than it is in C2H6. (2 pts)

Answer the following questions about the element selenium, Se (atomic number 34). (2000)

18. Selenium reacts with fluorine to form SeF4. Draw the complete Lewis electron-dot structure for SeF4 and
sketch the molecular structure. Indicate whether the molecule is polar or nonpolar, and justify your answer.
(2 pts)

Answer the following questions that relate to chemical bonding. (2005, modified)

19. a) Draw the the complete Lewis structure (electron-dot diagram) for each of the three molecules listed below.
(3 pts)
i) CF4 ii) PF5 iii) XeF4
b) On the basis of the Lewis structures drawn above, answer the following questions about the particular
molecule indicated.
i) What is the F-C-F bond angle in CF4? (1 pt)

ii) What is the hybridization of the valence orbitals of C in CF 4? (1 pt)

iii) What is the molecular geometry of XeF4? (1 pt)

.
20. Two Lewis structures can be drawn for the OPF3 molecule, as shown below.

Structure 1 Structure 2

a) How many sigma bonds and how many pi bonds are in structure 1? (2 pts)

b) Which one of the two structures best represents a molecule of OPF3? Justify your answer in terms of
formal charge. (1 pt)
Use principles of atomic structure, bonding, and/or intermolecular forces to respond to each of the following.
Your responses must include specific information about all substances referred to in each question. (2005)

21. The melting point of KCl(s) is 776oC, whereas the melting point of NaCl(s) is 801oC.
a) Identify the type of bonding in each substance. (1 pt)

b) Explain why the melting point of NaCl is higher than the melting point of KCl. (1 pt)

22. Calculate the enthalpy of reaction for the chemical equation below using the information provided in
the table.
Bond Average Bond Enthalpy, kJ/mol
H-C 413
CΞN 891
H-H 436
C-N 293
N-H 391
H H
+ H-H  H C N
H H
Bonding Practice Problems
Answer Section

MATCHING

1. ANS: C PTS: 1
2. ANS: D PTS: 1
3. ANS: C PTS: 1

4. ANS: B PTS: 1
5. ANS: D PTS: 1

MULTIPLE CHOICE

6. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 3


7. ANS: A PTS: 1
8. ANS: A PTS: 1
9. ANS: C PTS: 1
10. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 3
11. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: after AP MC question
12. ANS: C PTS: 1
13. ANS: D PTS: 1
14. ANS: C PTS: 1
15. ANS: B PTS: 1
16. ANS: D PTS: 1

PROBLEM

17. ANS:
C-C single bond in C2H6 vs. C=C double bond in C2H4
More energy is required to break a double bond than a single bond (double bond is stronger than single bond)

PTS: 1
18. ANS:
1 pt for correct Lewis structure & sketch Se has 4 bonds & 1 lone pair:
see saw or sawhorse geometry

molecule is polar; polar Se-F bonds and bond vectors do not cancel/do not add up to zero
19. ANS:
a)

i) ii)

iii)
b) i) 109.5 degrees
ii) sp3
iii) square planar

20. ANS:
a) 4 sigma bonds & 1 pi bond
b) Structure 1 is the more representative structure because all of its atoms have a formal charge of zero.
Should show FC calculations or state that P, O have FC of zero.

21. ANS:
Both compounds are ionically bonded. Both cations have a +1 charge and both anions have a -1 charge.
Lattice energy & Coulomb's law argument: K+ ions have a larger radius than Na+ ions, so there is a larger
internuclear distance between K+ and Cl- than between Na+ and Cl-. Therefore the coulombic attraction
between K+ and Cl- is weaker than the coulombic attraction between Na+ and Cl-

#22: ΔH= Bonds Broken – Bonds Formed


= [H-C + CΞN + H-H] – [ 3 C-H + C-N + 2 H-N]
= [413 + 891 + 436] - [3(413) + 293 + 2(391)]
= 1740 – 2314 kJ/mol
= -574 kJ/mol
1 pt for setup, 1 pt for correct answer.

Common questions

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Formal charge helps identify the more accurate resonance structure for OPF3 by indicating the most stable electron distribution. The structure with a formal charge of zero on all atoms is considered more stable because it implies a balanced distribution of electron density, minimizing energies related to charge separation. Specifically, the resonance structure where phosphorus and oxygen have a formal charge of zero is favored .

N2 has the largest bond-dissociation energy due to its triple bond, which is composed of one sigma and two pi bonds. This triple bonding in N2 results in a very strong and stable molecule, making it require significant energy to break apart .

NaCN is unique among the listed ionic compounds because it contains both ionic bonds (between Na+ and CN-) and covalent bonds, including both sigma and pi bonds, within the CN- ion. The sigma bond is formed by head-on overlap between two orbitals, while the pi bond results from the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals. This covalent character within the ion affects its chemical reactivity and stability .

The melting point of NaCl is higher than KCl due to the nature of ionic bonding and ionic sizes. Na+ ions have a smaller radius compared to K+, leading to a shorter internuclear distance and stronger electrostatic attraction between Na+ and Cl- ions compared to K+ and Cl-. This results in a higher lattice energy for NaCl, contributing to its higher melting point .

The hybridization scheme is critical for understanding the geometry and bond angles in propene. In propene, the carbon atoms exhibit sp2 and sp3 hybridization. The central carbon with a double bond is sp2 hybridized, forming a planar structure, while the terminal carbon atoms engage in sp3 hybridization, forming tetrahedral structures .

HF has the largest dipole moment due to the high electronegativity difference between hydrogen and fluorine creating a strong polar bond. In contrast, CO2 lacks a significant dipole moment because it is linear, causing the polarities of its two polar C=O bonds to cancel out symmetrically, resulting in a nonpolar molecule .

In XeF4, the hybridization of xenon is sp3d2, which arises from combining six orbitals to accommodate four bonding pairs and two lone pairs. This leads to a square planar molecular geometry, characterized by bond angles of approximately 90 degrees between the fluorine atoms, with lone pairs situated in the axial positions to minimize repulsion .

The bond length of N2 is shorter than that of O2 or Br2 due to its triple bond, which consists of one sigma bond and two pi bonds. These multiple bonds result in stronger overall binding and closer nuclear proximity compared to the double bond in O2 or the single bond in Br2, thus shortening the bond length .

Resonance is used to explain the equivalence of the carbon-to-carbon bonds in benzene (C6H6). The concept underlying this explanation is that resonance structures allow for the delocalization of electrons across several bonds, which results in bonds that are intermediate in character between single and double bonds .

CF4 has a zero dipole moment because of its tetrahedral symmetry, which causes the dipole moments of the individual polar C-F bonds to cancel each other out. Each bond's vectorial dipole moment is opposed by those of the other bonds, leading to an overall nonpolar molecule .

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