CS 102

Object Oriented Programming

Inheritance

Some slides are adapted from the originals available at

[Link]
 Animal Class
2

¨ Assume that we have an animal class

¤ Attributes
n Name
n Color

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 Animal Class
3

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 Animal Class
4

¨ Assume that we have an animal class

¤ Attributes
n Name
n Color

¤ Behaviors
n Speak

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 Animal Class
5

¨ Assume that we have an animal class

¤ Attributes
n Name
n Color

¤ Behaviors
n Speak
n Do they all speak the same way?

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 Animal Class
6

¨ Assume that we have an animal class

¤ Attributes
n Name
n Color

¤ Behaviors
n Speak
n Do they all speak the same way?
n Dogs bark
n Cats meow
n Cows moo
n Ducks quack
n ....
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 Animal Class
7

¨ Assume that we have an animal class

¤ Attributes
n Name
n Color

¤ Behaviors
n Speak
n Do they all speak the same way?
n Dogs bark
n Cats meow How do we
n Cows moo implement them?
n Ducks quack
n ....
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 Different type of animals
8

¨ We will talk about two bad solutions:

¤ First way: Inside the same class
¤ Second way: Writing a different class

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 First Way – Inside the same class
9

¨ Need to hold an additional attribute:

¤ Type of the animal

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 First Way – Inside the same class
10

¨ Need to hold an additional attribute:

¤ Type of the animal

¨ Main:

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 First Way – Inside the same class
11

¨ Speak function
¤ Check the type of the animal and speak accordingly

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 First Way – Inside the same class
12

¨ Main:

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 First Way – Problem 1
13

¨ Many dog types, all bark differently

¤ Loudness
¤ Pace

¤ ...

¨ Do we need to
define another dog
type variable?

Source: [Link]
 First Way – Problem 1
14

¨ Many dog types, all bark differently

¤ Loudness
¤ Pace

¤ ...

Source: [Link]
 First Way – Problem 1
15

¨ Many dog types, all bark differently

¤ Loudness
¤ Pace

¤ ...

Ugly Code L

Source: [Link]
 First Way – Problem 2
16

¨ Jumping is behavior of some animals

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 First Way – Problem 2
17

¨ Jumping is behavior of some animals

¨ cat, dog can jump but not the fish...

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 First Way – Problem 2
18

¨ Jumping is behavior of some animals

¨ cat, dog can jump but not the fish...

¨ In main, we should not call jump for fish, but right
now we can as follows:

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 Different type of animals
19

¨ We will talk about two bad solutions:

¤ First way: Inside the same class
¤ Second way: Writing a different class

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 Second way: Class for each type
20

¨ We will have individual classes for each animal.

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 Second way: Class for each type
21

Cat Dog
 Second way: Class for each type
22
 Second way: Class for each type
23

Code repetition L.
It is hard to keep the common code consistent
 Different type of animals
24

¨ We will talk about two bad solutions:

¤ First way: Inside the same class
¤ Second way: Writing a different class

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 Different type of animals
25

¨ We will talk about two bad solutions:

¤ First way: Inside the same class
¤ Second way: Writing a different class

¨ A good solution is to use inheritance

¤ Keep the common attributes and functionalities in one
class
¤ Split only the different attributes and functionalities in
different classes.
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 Inheritance
26

¨ A class can inherit some of its attibutes and

behaviors from another class.

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 Inheritance
27

¨ A class can inherit some of its attibutes and

behaviors from another class.
¨ A derived class inherits from the base class.
¨ A sub class inherits from the super class.

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 Inheritance
28

¨ A class can inherit some of its attibutes and

behaviors from another class.
¨ A derived class inherits from the base class.
¨ A sub class extends the super class.

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 Inheritance
29

¨ Keep the common attributes and functionalities in

one class
¤ Animal class
n name and color
n setter and getter functions

¨ Split only the different attributes and functionalities

in different classes.
¤ Cat, dog, cow ... classes
n speak, jump function

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 Animal Class
30

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 Cat and Dog Classes
31

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 Cat and Dog Classes
32

inherits from

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 Class Hierarchy
33

Classes in Java form hierarchies.

Animal

Cat Dog Cow Fish

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 Class Hierarchy
34

Base/Super Class
Animal

Cat Dog Cow Fish

Derived/Sub Classes

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 Class Hierarchy
35

Animal class represent all animal objects.

Animal

Cat Dog Cow Fish

The four subclasses correspond to particular animal

type object.

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 Class Hierarchy
36

Animal

Cat Dog Cow Fish

This class diagram shows that Cat, Dog, Cow and Fish
is also an Animal but the inverse is NOT TRUE. Any
animal is not a Cat, any Animal is not a Dog, etc.
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 Class Hierarchy
37

Can the Animal class be also a derived class?

Animal

Cat Dog Cow Fish

When you define a new class in Java, that class

automatically inherits the behavior of its superclass.

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 Class Hierarchy
38

Can the Animal class be also a derived class?

Animal

Cat Dog Cow Fish

If no superclass is defined, by default, the class will

inherit from the Object class.

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 Class Hierarchy
39

Object

Animal

Cat Dog Crow Horse

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 Extending from Object Class
40

public class Animal { ...

¨ is the same as

public class Animal extends Object { ...

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 Extending from Object Class
41

public class Animal { ...

¨ is the same as

public class Animal extends Object { ...

¨ The extends clause on the header line specifies the

name of the superclass. If the extends clause is
missing, the new class becomes a direct subclass of
Object, which is the root of Java’s class hierarchy.
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 Class Hierarchy
42

Object

Animal

Cat Dog Crow Horse

¨ Except for the class named Object that stands at

the top of the hierarchy, every class in Java is a
subclass of some other class.
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 Class Hierarchy
43

Object

Animal

Cat Dog Crow Horse

¨ A class can have many subclasses, but each class

has only one superclass.
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 Lets get back to our Animal class
44

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 Derived Classes
45

¨ Instead of calling the set methods can we just

modify the name and color directly?

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 Derived Classes
46

¨ What is the problem?

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 Derived Classes
47

¨ The name and color is private therefore cannot be

accessed from the derived/sub class Cat.
¨ Therefore we need to use the getters and setters
method to reach these private class instances.
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 What is inherited?
48

¨ All class instances and functions of the base/super

class are inherited.
¨ But not all of them are visible from the sub class

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 What is inherited?
49

¨ All class instances and functions of the base/super

class are inherited.
¨ But not all of them are visible from the sub class
¤ Public and protected ones are visible
¤ Default and private ones are NOT visible
n These can be accessed only through getter and setter
functions.

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 Remember Visibility
50

Alpha Beta AlphaSub Gamma

public
protected
default
private
Source: [Link]
 Remember Visibility
51

Alpha Beta AlphaSub Gamma

public Y Y Y
protected Y Y N
default Y N N
private N N N
Source: [Link]
 Lets get back to our Animal class
52

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 Constructors
53

¨ What happens inside this constructor?

¨ Initially the default constructor of the super class is

called by compiler.
¨ Whenever you create an object of an extended class,
Java must call some constructor for the superclass object
to ensure that its structure is correctly initialized.
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 Constructors
54

¨ Below two are the same!

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55

¨ Similar to this();

¨ this(arg); // same class constructor call

¨ super(arg); // super class constructor call

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56

¨ Similar to this();

¨ this(arg); // same class constructor call

¨ super(arg); // super class constructor call

¨ Both of these need to be used in the first line of the

constructor.
¨ If not, then default super() will be included by
compiler
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 Constructor Call
57

Object

Animal

Cat Dog Crow Horse

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 Constructor Call
58

Object

Animal

Default
constructor
Cat Dog Crow Horse
calls super();

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 Constructor Call
59

Object

If the superclass does not define any explicit

constructors, Java automatically provides a
Animal
default constructor with an empty body.

Default
constructor
Cat Dog Crow Horse
calls super();

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 Constructor Call
60

Object

Object
Animal

Cat Dog Crow Horse

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 Constructor Call
61

Object

Animal
Animal

Object

Cat Dog Crow Horse

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 Constructor Call
62

Object Cat
Animal
Animal
Object

Cat Dog Crow Horse

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 Explicit Animal Constructor
63

¨ Lets have an explicit Animal constructor

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 Explicit Animal Constructor
64

¨ Lets have an explicit Animal constructor

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 Explicit Animal Constructor
65

¨ Lets have an explicit Animal constructor

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66

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 Constructor Calls
67

¨ Java therefore invokes the superclass constructor in

one of the following ways:
¤ Classes that begin with an explicit call to this invoke
one of the other constructors for this class, delegating
responsibility to that constructor for making sure that
the superclass constructor gets called.
¤ Classes that begin with a call to super invoke the
constructor in the superclass that matches the argument
list provided.
¤ Classes that begin with no call to either super or this
invoke the default superclass constructor with no
arguments.

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 Example
68

¨ What is the
output?

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 Example
69

¨ What is the
output?

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 Lets implement some functions
70

¨ Animals speak differently, so speak function needs

to be implemented differently.

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 Animal Class
71

¨ In animal class we don’t have a speak() function

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 Cat Class
72

¨ Speak function implemented within the Cat class.

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 Cat Class
73

¨ Speak function implemented within the Cat class.

OUTPUT:

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 toString method
74

¨ Can we call the toString method from a cat object?

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 toString method
75

¨ Can we call the toString method from a cat object?

¨ Yes, I can. What will be the output?

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 toString method
76

¨ Can we call the toString method from a cat object?

¨ Yes, I can. What will be the output?

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 toString method
77

¨ Can the Cat class has its own toString function?

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 toString method
78

¨ Can the Cat class has its own toString function?

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 Overriding (Overwriting)
79

¨ Yes, it can. It is called function overwriting.

¨ A subclass may redefine a method that is defined
by a superclass. In this case, it is said that the
subclass overrides the method.

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 Overriding (Overwriting)
80

¨ When one class extends another, the subclass is

allowed to override method definitions in its
superclass. Whenever you invoke that method on
an instance of the extended class, Java chooses the
new version of the method provided by that class
and not the original version provided by the
superclass.

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 Overriding (Overwriting)
81

¨ The decision about which version of a method to use

is always made on the basis of what the object in
fact is and not on what it happens to be declared
as at that point in the code.
¨ Will be covered more in the upcoming weeks!

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 What will be the output?
82

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 What will be the output?
83

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 toString method
84

¨ Cat is still an animal. How can I print animal

representation as well as the cat representation.

¨ How can I print out the following from the above

main?

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 toString method
85

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86

¨ If you need to invoke the original version of a

method, you can do so by using the keyword super
as a receiver.
¨ Ex: [Link]()

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 Overloading vs. Overriding
88

¨ What is the difference between these two?

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 Overloading vs. Overriding
89

¨ What is the difference between these two?

¨ Overloading
¤ Same class has the same function name but with
different parameters.
¨ Overwriting
¤ Subclass has the same function signature (name and
parameters) with the superclass

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 toString method in Animal Class
90

¨ Is toString an overriding function or not?

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 toString method in Animal Class
91

¨ Is toString an overriding function or not?

¤ Yes it overrides the toString method of the Object class

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 Ozet
93

¨ Inheritence(kalitim): Bir sınıfta (class) tanımlanmış değişkenlerin ve/veya metotların

(fonksiyon, procedure) yeniden tanımlanmasına gerek olmaksızın yeni bir sınıfa
taşınabilmesidir. Bunun için yapılan iş, bir sınıftan bir alt-sınıf (subclass) türetmektir.
Türetilen alt-sınıf, üst-sınıfta tanımlı olan bütün değişkenlere ve metotlara sahip olur.
Bu özeliğe kalıtım özeliği (inheritance) diyoruz.
¨ Ust siniflarin tum ozellikleri kaltimsal olarak alinabilir ama alt siniflar tarafindan bu
ozelliklerin tamami ulasilabilir durumda olmayabilir. (protected ve public tanimli
olanlar ulasilabilirken private ve default tanimlilar ulasilamaz.)
¨ super methodunun kullanımı iki türlü olur. Birincisi, üst-sınıfa ait nesne yaratmak
içindir. İkincisi, üst-sınıfın öğelerine erişmek içindir.
¨ Alt siniflarda constructorlarda this ve super kullanimina dikkat edilerek objeler
olusturulmalidir.
¨ Overwriting (cignemek): Ust sinifin içerdiği bir metodun alt sinif tarafından yeniden
tanımlanması durumudur. Overloading (Metotlarin asiri yuklenesi) ise ayni sinifta
ayni fonksiyon isminin farkli sayida arguman ile tanimlanmasidir.

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94 Any Questions ?

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