Networking

1. What is OSI?

OSI – Open System Intercommunication. It’s an Conceptional framework standardized the functions
of communication. It is developed by International organization for standardization. In 1980’s. And it
contains 7 layers

2. What are those 7 Osi layers?

There are 7 layers of OSI are

 Physical Layer
 Data link layer
 Network layer
 Transport layer
 Session layer
 Presentation layer
 Application layer

3. Explain those 7 Layers of Osi with example

Data flows from 7th layer to 1st layer for sender. And its flows from 1st layer to 7th layer for receiver

Let’s take an example of Email application

Application Layer: When the sender clicks “send” on an email application then it transfers to the next
layer called presentation layer. Simple mail Transfer protocol (SMTP) is used for outgoing mail

Presentation Layer: The presentation layer will compress the data, encrypt it. And it transfers to next
layer called session layer

Session Layer: The session layer will create a path or session in between sender and outgoing server

Transport Layer: In transport layer where the data is segmented. And it had two protocols mainly.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Email will use TCP so it will
acknowledge the senders. But UDP used for video transmission in such cases it won’t acknowledge
the sender.

Network Layer: In network layer it breaks the segments into packets.

Data link Layer: The packets are sent from the network layer to network layer. It further breaks into
frames

Physical layer: The frames are sent from to physical layer where it converts into bytes of 0 and 1.
Then it transferred across a median such as wired or wireless

When the message reaches the receiver the process is reversed. Data is sent from the physical layer
to application layer. Where the data is converted into bytes to message available for the receiver mail

4. Data
Data in networking refers to digital information like text, image and files that devices send and
receive over a network

5. Segments

Segments in networking are smaller units of data used for transmission, commonly seen in protocols
like TCP

6. Packets

Packets are units of data containing both the information being transmitted and control information
for routing, delivered across networks, Example: internet

7. Frames

Frames in networking are structured data units that include both data being transmitted and control
information for local network, Example: ethernet

8. Bits

Bits in networking are the smallest units of data representing o’s and 1’s.

9. Ip address

Ip address in networking is unique identifier assigned to devices that are connected to a network,
enabling connections and data routing between devices across internet or local networks.

10. MAC address

Mac address in networking is hardware address assigned to network devices, used for
communication within a local network and managed by devices network interface

11. Difference between OSI and TCP/IP

OSI TCP/IP
It had 7 layers It had 4 layers
Open system interconnection Transmission control Protocol / Internet
protocol
International organization for standardization Department for defence
It had a separate presentation and session layer It doesn’t have presentation and session layer
Based on three concepts are service, interface, It did not distinguish between service, interface,
protocol protocol
12. Difference between TCP and UDP
 TCP UDP
Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol
Connection oriented Connectionless
High reliability, critical less transmission time Fast, efficient transmission
Rearranges packet in order No inherent order
Error checking and recovery Simple error checking, no error recovery
Reliability Non reliable
Acknowledges No acknowledgement

13. ARP

ARP - Address resolution protocol. It used to resolve ip address to mac address and maintain the
cache of ip address and mac address

14. ICMP

ICMP – internet control message protocol. It used to troubleshoot network problems and report the
errors to send of a packet. It controls the traffic of a network

15. DHCP

DHCP – Dynamic host configuration protocol. It is a network protocol that dynamically assigns ip
address to device on a network

16. DNS

DNS – Domain Name system translates domain names into ip address, enabling users to access
website and network resources using easy names, while supporting load balance for reliable internet
connection

Linux

1. What is Linux?

Linus Torvalds developed linux. A unix-like, free, open source, kernel operating system. It mainly
designed for servers, systems, mobile phones.

2. Basic Feature of linux are

Its free and easily available

Its more secure than other Os. Because its uses password authentication features

Its had personal software repository

3. Name some Linux Distros

Redhat

CentOs

Fedora

4. What are the major differences between Linux and Windows?

Linus Windows
Its free and open source Its not open source and is free to use
Its highly secure Its less secure
Its more efficient Its less efficient
Its file system are case sensitive Its file system is case sensitive

5. Define the basic components of Linux

Kernel

Shell

GUI – Graphical user interface

Application program

System Utlities