Solids and Structures 1 (ENGG110)

Or
‘Why things don’t fall down’

Bending - 2

... and resulting stresses and deformations

Dr Sambhaji Kadam

‘WE DO STRESS ANALYSIS TO DESIGN STRUCTURES SAFELY’

 Bending formula
 E M E
• Combining = and =
h R I R

Bending Stress (N/m2)

moment (Nm)

M  E
• Gives = = Elastic modulus
I h R (N/m2)

2nd moment of
area (m4) Radius of
Distance from
curvature (m)
neutral axis (m)
 Bending formula
Bending Stress (N/m2)
moment (Nm)

M  E
= = Elastic modulus
I h R (N/m2)

2nd moment of
area (m4) Radius of
Distance from
curvature (m)
neutral axis (m)

𝐼 𝑀
Modulus of section 𝑍= =
ℎ 𝜎
 Different x sections

But which cross-section is stronger in bending?

 Strongest section in bending
D B A C

For same loading, C > A > B > D

For same maximum stress, MD > MB > MA > MC
Modulus of section
𝐼 𝑀 100% 53% of D 40% of D 33% of D
𝑍= =
ℎ 𝜎
 WHY? I-section

This I-section is approx. 2.2 times stronger in bending than

the hollow circular section and 6.7 times stronger in
bending than the solid circular section
Bending stress distribution in
I-section beam
F

Bending in
plane of d
M symmetry Neutral axis
about
neutral axis Least
stressed
⊥ to plane M=Fxd

Most highly stressed part

furthest from neutral axis F
which maximises d Bending (normal) stress
and hence M
variation across section
 Second moment of area for a
rectangular section
B
Consider elemental strip of thickness dh
dh
at h from neutral axis.
From week 1
h 𝐸
2nd moment of area dI for the strip is 2
D 𝑀= න𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝑅
D/2 dINN = h2 dA (by definition)
Dimension D has a
= h2 B dh bigger influence on
2nd moment of area
than dimension B
Hence for complete section, 2nd moment of area I is
+𝐷/2 +𝐷/2 +𝐷/2 3 3
2 2
ℎ3 𝐵 𝐷 −𝐷 𝐵𝐷 3
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = න 𝐵ℎ 𝑑ℎ = 𝐵 න ℎ 𝑑ℎ = 𝐵 = − =
3 −𝐷/2
3 2 2 12
−𝐷/2 −𝐷/2

Note: units in m4
 Second moment of area for I-section beam
B

2nd moment of area about the

d neutral axis is
INN = Iwhole – Ihollow
D-2d

D
BD 3 (B − t)(D − 2d) 3
I NN = −
12 12

d Note: the above technique can

only be used when the neutral
axes of the whole and hollow
t
(B-t)/2 parts coincide
 Second moment of area for some
common symmetrical sections
B
BD 3 πD 4
I= I=
12 D 64
D

B1 Di
1 π
I = [D o − D i ]
4 4
I = [B1D1 − B 2 D 2 ]
3 3

12 64
B2
D1 D2

Do
 2nd moment of area for an H-section beam
B
t t

1 2 1 d
N A
D

B-2t
Since NA of hollow parts do not
2nd moment of area about the Since 2 coincide with NA of whole, cannot
flanges use INA = Iwhole - Ihollow
neutral axis (N-A) is
1
INA = I1 + I2  I NA = [2  (tD3 ) + (B − 2t)d 3 ]
12
 Example
π
• Consider a section of I= [D o − D i ]
4 4

pipeline where the outside 64

π
diameter Do = 300 mm = [0.34 − 0.25 4 ] = 0.206  10 −3 m 4
and the thickness t = 25 64
mm.
hmax = Do / 2 = 0.15 m
• The pipeline is subjected
to a bending moment M = Maximum bending stress  is
80 kNm. Mh max (80  103 )  0.15
σ= =
• Calculate the resulting I 0.206  10 −3
maximum bending stress. = 58.3 MN/m 2
0
M M Di -

Do +
0
 Centroid of an area of a beam cross-
section
• The centroid, C, represents the geometric centre of an area. This point coincides with
the centre of mass or centre of gravity if the material is the same throughout
• The formula used to locate the centroid represents an equivalence between the sum of
moments of all the parts and the moment of the resultant for the whole section:

A1h1 + A 2h2 + A3h3 = (A1 + A 2 + A 3 ) h

h=  Ah
A1h1 + A 2h2 + A 3h3 =A(A +A
1h11 + A22h+2 A+3A
) 3hh3 = A
(A1h1 1++AA2 2+h2A+3
A C
h=  Ah C h=  Ah C h=  Ah
A A A
Symmetrical Non-Symmetrical about strong axis
 2nd moment of area of non-
symmetrical sections
10
1 2
C1

2 2
C2
NA y1 15
N A
y2 3
y
y3
3
0 C3 0
14 Not to scale.
Centroid location using 1st moment of
area
Taking area moments about the base line 00 gives
A1y1 + A 2 y 2 + A 3 y3 = (A1 + A 2 + A 3 ) y

y=
 Ay
A
Where A = area, y = distance from the area centroid
to the base line 00, y = unknown distance from the
whole section centroid to the base line 00.
 2nd moment of area (Ixx) using the
parallel-axis theorem (without proof)
b

C
d

X X

Ixx = IC + Ah2
bd3 A = bd
IC =
12
 2nd moment of area using the
parallel-axis theorem
Considering the top flange and using the parallel-axis
theorem, the 2nd moment of area for the top flange
about NA is given by

INA1 = IC1 + A1h1

2
1
C1
Where IC1 = 2nd moment of area of the top
flange about is own centroidal axis, A1 = 2 h1
area of top flange, h1 = distance from top
flange centroid to NA NA
3
Hence, the total 2nd moment of area is
given by
INA = INA1 + INA2 + INA3
BREAK
 PROBLEM 4.5
Calculate the maximum stress on the top and bottom of the
section shown in Fig. P4.5b when the bending moment is
+300 Nm. Draw the stress distribution.
[-15.7 MPa, 20.1 MPa]
Sketch the stress distribution and the new position of zero
stress (neutral axis) when a uniform compressive stress of 5
MPa is also applied. y

60
10
NA
Dimensions in mm
NA 30 10 Bending in vertical plane (Fig. P4.5a)
Bending about NA
10
40
Fig. P4.5a (for illustration) Fig. P4.5b
 Approach
1. Determine centroid of whole section

2. Compute 2nd moment of area

3. Use bending formula to calculate stresses

4. Combine direct and bending stress

5. Sketch new stress distribution

Determine centroid of whole section

60
10
NA
y=
 Ay
A
30
y 10

10 A1 y1
40
Determine centroid of whole section

60
10
NA
y=
 Ay
A
30
y A2 10 y2
10
40
Determine centroid of whole section

60
10 A3
NA
y=
 Ay
A
30 y3
y 10

10
40

(400  5) + (300  25) + (600  45)

y= = 28.1 mm
400 + 300 + 600
 Compute 2nd moment of area

60

INA = INA1 + INA2 + INA3

10
NA
30
INA1 = IC1 +
y h1 2
10 A1h1
10 A1
40
 Compute 2nd moment of area

60

INA = INA1 + INA2 + INA3

10
NA
h2
30
INA2 = IC2 + A 2h2
y 2
A2 10

10
40
 Compute 2nd moment of area
60

INA = INA1 + INA2 + INA3

10 A3
h3
NA
30
INA3 = IC3 + A 3h3
y 2
10

10
40
BD3
y−y 12 IC + Ah2
Sub-section A (mm2) y (mm) h (mm) IC (mm4) INA (mm4)
1 400 5 23.1 3,333 216,777
2 300 25 3.1 22,500 25,383
3 600 45 -16.9 5,000 176,366
 = 418,526
 Use bending formula to calculate
stresses
60 300  103  21.9
σ= = 15.7 MPa (C)
10 y 418,526
NA
30 Point of zero
10 stress/strain

10 300  103  28.1

σ= = 20.1 MPa (T)
40 418,526

My
σ= y is distance from NA to a
I point on the section
Combined bending and direct stresses
P
Consider a short column
of rectangular section 50
mm by 30 mm. A
compressive load P = 75
kN is applied to the
column. However, the
load is not applied at the
C centroid of the section but
at a distance e = 15 mm
from it as shown.
e
 Combined bending and direct stresses
P e
P P
M=Pxe

e
 Resulting stress distribution
Ignoring localised effects
M = 75  103  15 Nmm
= 1.125  106 Nmm My 1.125  106  25
e σb =  = Note carefully
30  5033 I 312,500
I= = 312,500mm 4 that position of
P 12 = 90MPa zero stress shifts
50
y= = 25mm
2
σ b = +90 MPa σ = +40 MPa

T
C T
+ =

C C

𝑃 −75 × 103
𝜎𝑑 = = = −50 𝑀𝑃𝑎 σ b = −90 MPa σ = −140 MPa
𝐴 50 × 30
 Combined bending and direct stresses
𝜎𝑑 − 𝜎𝑏
P M P
M
M P O’
O
O O O

𝜎𝑑 𝜎𝑏
𝜎𝑑 + 𝜎𝑏
 PROBLEM 4.5
Calculate the maximum stress on the top and bottom of the
section shown in Fig. P4.5b when the bending moment is
+300 Nm. Draw the stress distribution.
[-15.7 MPa, 20.1 MPa]
Sketch the stress distribution and the new position of zero
stress (neutral axis) when a uniform compressive stress of 5
MPa is also applied. y

60
10
NA
Dimensions in mm
NA 30 10 Bending in vertical plane (Fig. P4.5a)
Bending about NA
10
40
Fig. P4.5a (for illustration) Fig. P4.5b
 Approach
1. Determine centroid of whole section

2. Compute 2nd moment of area

3. Use bending formula to calculate stresses

4. Combine direct and bending stress

5. Sketch new stress distribution

Combination of bending and direct stress
Normal stress distribution on section (MPa)
60 -15.7 -5 -20.7
10 y
NA
30 + = NA
10 28.1 mm
21.1 mm
10
40 20.1 0 -5 15.1 0
By similar triangles:
50  15.1
= 21.1
My P 15.1 + 20.7
σ= +
I A
 Supporting reading/reference

Clifford – Intro to ME: Hibbeler – Statics & Blockley – Structural

Part 1 Unit 1 Solid Mechanics of Engineering: A Very
Mechanics Materials Short Introduction
pp.32-37 Ch.11 pp.547-552 -
SELF-STUDY PROBLEMS FOR YOU TO
TRY
PROBLEM 6.37
Locate the centroid y of the beam’s cross-sectional area.
Neglect the size of the corner welds at A and B for the
calculation.

[85.9 mm]
PROBLEM 6.81
Determine the location y of the centroid of the cross-sectional
area of the channel, and then calculate the 2nd moment of area
about this axis, Ix.

[91.7 mm, 216106 mm4]

PROBLEM 6.82
Determine y , which locates the centroidal axis x for the
cross-sectional area of the T-beam, and then find the
2nd moments of area Ix and Iy.
y
[52.5 mm, 16.6106 mm4, 5.725106 mm4]