Learning Objectives

1. Define a computer network and its purpose.

2. Describe several uses for networks.
3. Understand the various characteristics of a network, such as
topology,a rchitecture,and size.
4. Understand characteristics a bout data and how it travels
over a network.

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 2

 Learning Objectives

5. Name specific types of wired and wireless networking media

and expla in how they transmit data.
6. Identify the most common communications protocols and
networking standards used with networks today.
7. List several types of networking hardware and explain the
purpose of each.

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 3

 Overview

• This chapter covers:

- Computer network is defined
- Common networking and communications applications
- Networking concepts and termi nology
- Technical issues related to networks, including general
characteristics of data tra nsmission, and types of
tra nsmission media in use today
- Explanation of the various communications protocols and
networking standards
- Various types of hardware used with a computer network

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 4

 What Is a Network?

• Network
- A connected system of objects or people
• Computer network
- A collection of computers and other hardware devices
connected together so users can share hardwa re,
software, and data, and electronically communicate
• Computer networks are convergi ng with telephone and other
communications networks
• Networks range from small private networks to the Internet
• In most businesses, computer networks are essential

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 5

 Inside t he Industry Box

Wireless Power
Powers/recharges devices via wireless signa ls and
magnetic induction
- Wireless Power Consortium
supports the Qi standard
- Can use built-in or external
charging receiver
- May be built into walls,
homes,cars, garage floors,
etc. in the future
Qi wireless charging stations are avai able in some
recent cars,such as the Toyota Avalon shown here.

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 6

 Networking Applications

• The Internet
- Largest computer network in the world
• Telephone Service
- POTS (plain old telephone service) Network
• One of the first networks
• (also referred as PSTN – Public Switched Telephone Networks)
• Still used today to provide telephone service to landline
phones
- Mobile Phones (wireless phones)
• Use a wireless network for communications

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 7

 Networking Applications

• Cellular (cell) Phones

- Must be within range of cell tower to function
• Dual-mode Phones
- Allow users to make telephone calls using more than one
communications network
- Cellular/Wi-Fi dual-mode phones can switch seamlessly
between the Wi-Fi network and a cellular network
• Satellite Phones
- Communicate via satellite technology
- Most often used by individuals such as soldiers, journa lists,
wilderness guides, and researchers

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 8

 Networking Applications

FIGURE 7-2
Types of mo bi le
phones.

CELLULAR PHONES SATELLITE PHONES

Can be used wherever cellular can be used virtually
phone coveraoeis available. anywhere.

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 9

 Networking Applications

• Television and Radio Broadcasting

- Still used to deliver TV and radio content to the public
- Other networks involved with television content delivery are cable
TV networks, satellite TV networks, and private closed-circuit
television systems
• Global Positioning System (GPS) Applications
- Uses satellites and a receiver to determine the exact
geographic location of the receiver
- GPS receivers
• Commonly used by individuals to determine their
geographic location

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 10

 Networking Applications

• GPS receivers
Used on the job by surveyors, farmers, and fishermen
Used to guide vehicles and equipment
Used by the milita ry to guide munitions and trucks,and to track
military aircraft,ships, and subma rines

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 11

 Networking Applications

• Monitoring Systems
- Use networking technology to determine the current
location or status of an object
• RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)-based Systems
- Monitor the status of objects
• GPS-based Monitoring Systems
- Monitor the physical location of objects
- Vehicle and child monitoring systems
• Electronic Medical Monitors
- Home healthcare

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 12

 Networking Applications

• Sensors are used in some monitoring systems

- Sensor networks
- Home automation (smart thermostats, etc.)

FIGURE 7-5
Smart themostats.
Thrs1hermostat (left)
contains a variety of
sensors and can be
controlled remotely via
a mobrle app (right).

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 13

 Networking Applications

• Multimedia Networking
- Distributing digital multimedia content, typically via a
home network
- Necessary networking capabilities are often built into
devices being used
- Might need to use multimedia networking device such as a
digital media receiver or digital media streamer
- Placeshifting Content
• Allows individua ls to view multimedia content at a
more convenient location,i.e.,Slingbox

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 14

 Networking Applications

• Videoconferenci ng,Collaborative Computing, and

Telecommuting
- Videoconferencing
• Use of computers, video cameras, microphones, and
networking technologies to conduct face-to-fac e-meetings
over a network
- Telepresence Videoconferencing
• A setup that more closely mimics a real-time meeting
environment

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 Networking Applications

- Collaborative Computing (workgroup computing)

• Enables individuals to work together on documents and
projects
- Telecommuting
• Individuals work from a remote location (usually home) and
communicate with their places of business and clients
using networking technologies
• Allows for employee flexibility

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 16

 Networking Applications

• Telemedicine
- Use of networking technology to provide medical
information and services
- Remote monitoring and consultations
- Remote diagnosis
- Telesurgery
• Robot assisted surgery where doctor's physical location is
different from the patient's and robot's
• Will be needed for long-term space exploration

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 17

 Network Characteristics

• Wired vs. Wireless Networks

- Wired
• A network in which computers and other devices are
physically connected to the network with cables
• Found in schools, businesses, and government facilities
- Wireless
• A network in which computers and other devices are
connected to the network without physical cables
• Data is typically sent via radio waves
• Found in homes,schools,and businesses

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 18

 Trend Box

Stadium Wireless Networks

- Professiona l sports venues are increasingly including
wireless access and other technology
- Free Wi-Fi
- Seat ta blet holders
In-game apps
HD video boards

An art st rendering of the new San Francisco 49er Levi's

Stadium.
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 19
 Network Characteristics

• Network Topologies: Indicate how the devices in the network are

arranged
- Star Networks
• All networked devices connect to a central
device/server
• If the central device fa ils,the network cannot work
- Bus Network
• Uses a centra l cable to which all network devices
connect
- Mesh network
• Multiple connections among the devices on the
network so that messages can take any of several
possible paths
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 20
 Network Characteristics

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 21

 Network Characteristics

• Network Architectures
- Client-Server Networks
• Client
- Computer or other device on the network that
requests and utilizes network resources
• Server
- Computer dedicated to processing client requests

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 22

 Network Characteristics

FIGURE 7 ·10
Client-server networks.
Cl ient computers
communicate through one
or more servers.

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 23

 Network Characteristics

- Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networks

• Central server is not used
• All computers on the network work at the same
functional level
• Users have direct access to the computers and devices
attached to the network
• Less complicated and less expensive to implement than
client-server networks
• Internet P2P Computing
- Content is exchanged over the Internet directly
between users

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 24

 Network Characteristics

• Network Size and Coverage Area

- Personal Area Networks (PANs)
• Connect an individual's personal devices
- Devices must be physically located close together
- Local Area Networks (LANs)
• Connect devices located in a small geogra phic area
- Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
• Cover a metropolitan area such as a city or county
- Wide Area Networks (WANs)
• Cover a large geographic area
• Two or more LANs connected together

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 25

 Network Characteristics

- lntranets and Extranets

• Intranet
- Private network designed to be used by an
organizations' employees; set up like the Internet
• Extranet
- Company network accessible by authorized
outsiders
- Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
• Private,secure path over the Internet that provides
authorized users a secure means of accessing a private
network via the Internet
• Uses tunneling and special encryption technology

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 Data Transmission Characteristics

• Bandwidth
- The amount of data that can be
tra nsferred in a given period of time
- Measured in bits per second (bps), Kbps
(thousa nds),Mbps (millions ), or GFbps ANALOG SIGNALS •-
(billions)
• Analog vs. Digital Signals u

- Data represented by two discrete

states: O's and 1’s
DIGITAL SIGNALS
- Conventional telephone systems use
analog signals FIGURE 7- 14
A na log vs. d ig ital
• Represent data with continuous signals.
waves
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 28
 Data Transmission Characteristics

• Transmission Type and Timing

• Serial
• Data sent one bit at a
time, one after another,
along a single path
• Parallel
• Data sent at least one
byte at time with each bit
in the byte taking a
different path

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 Data Transmission Characteristics

• Synchronous Transmission
- Blocks of data are transferred at regular,specified intervals
- Most data transmissions within a computer and over a
network are synchronous
• Asynchronous Transmission
- Data is sent when ready without being synchronized
- Start bits and stop bits used to identify the bits that belong in
each byte
• Isochronous Transmission
- Data sent at the same time as other, related,data

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 Data Transmission Characteristics

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 Data Transmission Characteristics

• Simplex Transmission
- Data travels in a single direction only
• Half-Duplex Transmission
- Data travels in either direction but only one way at a time
• Full-Duplex Transmission
- Data travels in both directions at the same time

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 32

 Data Transmission Characteristics

• Delivery Method
- Circuit-Switching
• Dedicated path over a network is established between
sender and receiver; all data follows that path
- Packet-Switching
• Messages are separated into sma ll units called packets
and travel along the network sepa rately; packets are
reassembled once destination is reached
- Broadcasting
• Data is sent out to all other nodes on the network and
retrieved only by the intended recipient; primarily used
with LANs
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 33
 Data Transmission Characteristics

Dedicated circuit
PacketA

Packet B
0
Sender

CIRCUIT- PACKET- BROADCAST

SWITCHED SWITCHED NETWORKS
NETWORKS NETWORKS Data is broadcast to
Data uses a dedicated Data is sent as individual all nodes within
path from the sender to packets, which are assembled range;the
the recipient. at the recipient's destination. designated recipient
FIGURE 7-17 retrieves the data.
Circuit-switched,
packet-switched,
and broadcast
networks.
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 34
 Networking Media

• Wired Networking Media

- Twisted-Pair Cable
• Pairs of insulated wires twisted together
• Used for telephone and network connections (LANs)
- Coaxial Cable
• Thick center wire surrounded by insulation
• Used for computer networks and cable television
delivery
- Fiber-Optic Cable
• Utilizes hundreds of thin transparent clear glass or
plastic fibers over which lasers transmit data as light
• Used for high-speed communications
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 35
 Networking Media

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 36

 Networking Media

• Wireless Networking Media

- Data is sent through the airwaves using radio signals
- The Electromagnetic and Wireless Spectrum
• Radio frequencies are assigned by the FCC (Federal
Communication Commission) and are measured in hertz
( Hz)
• The electromagneti c spectrum is the range of common
electromagnetic radiation (energy)
• Different parts of the spectrum have different
properties,which make certain frequencies more
appropriate for certain applications

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 Networking Media

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 38

 Networking Media

• Frequencies assigned to an application usually consist of a

range of frequencies to be used as needed

• Most wireless networking applications use frequencies in the

RF band at the low end of the spectrum- up to 300 GHz
- Often called the wireless spectrum

• The 900 MHz, 2.4GHz, 5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz frequencies are
within an unlicensed part of the spectrum and can be used by
any product or individual
- Cordless landline phones,ga rage door openers,
Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and Bluetooth
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 Networking Media

• Cellular Radio Transmissions

- Use cellular towers within honeycomb-shaped zones called
cells
- Calls are transferred from cell tower to cell tower as the
individual moves
- Cell tower forwards call to the MTSO
- MTSO routes call to the recipient's phone
- Data sent via cell phones works in similar manner
- The speed of cellular radio tra nsmissions depends on the
type of cellular standard being used

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0
 Networking Media

FIGURE 7-20
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition How cellular phones 41
Work
 Networking Media

• Microwave and Satellite Transmissions

- Microwaves
• High-frequency radio signa ls that are sent and received
using microwave stations or satellites
• Signals are line of sight, so microwave stations are
usually built on tall buildings, towers,mountaintops
- Microwave stations
• Earth-based stations that transmit signals directly to
each other within a range of 30 miles
• Stations designed to communicate with satellites
(television and internet services) are called satellite
dishes

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 Networking Media

- Communication satellites are launched into orbit to send and

receive microwave signals from earth
• Traditional satellites use geosynchronous orbit 22,300 miles
above the earth
• A delay of less than one half-second is common when
signals travel from earth to satellite and back
• Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites were developed to
combat delay
• Medium earth orbit ( MEO) satellites are most often used
for GPS systems

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 Networking Media

FIGURE 7-21
H ow satellite
Internet works.

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 Networking Media

• Infrared (IR) Transmissions

- Sends data as infrared light rays
- Like an infrared television remote, IR requires line of sight
- Because of this limitation,many formerly IR devices
(wireless mice,keyboards) now use RF technology
- IR is sometimes used to beam data between some mobile
devices, game consoles,and handheld gaming devices

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5
 CommunicationsProtocols
and Networking Standards
• Protocol
- A set of rules for a particular situation
- Communications Protocol
• A set of rules that determine how devices on a network
communicate
• Standard
- A set of criteria or requirements approved by a recognized
standards organization
- Address how networked computers connect/communicate
- Needed to ensure products can work with other products

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 TCP/IP and Other Communications
Protocols

• TCP/IP
- Most widely used communications protocol
- Consists of two protocols
• Transmission Control Protocols (TCP)
- Responsible for delivery of data
• Internet Protocols ( IP)
- Provides addresses and routing information
- Uses packet switching to transmit data
- TCP/IP support is built into almost all operating systems
and IP addresses are used to identify computers and
devices on networks
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 49
 TCP/IP and Other Communications
Protocols

AGURE 7-22
How TCP/IP works.
TCP/IP networks
(like the Internet) use
packet switching.

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 49

 TCP/IP and Other Communications
Protocols

• Other Protocols
- HTTP ( Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and HTTPS
(Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• Used to display Web pages
- FTP ( File Transfer Protocol)
• Used to tra nsfer files over the Internet
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol and POP3 ( Post Office
Protocol)
• Used to deliver e-mail over the Internet

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 50

 Ethernet (802.3)

• Ethernet (802.3)
- Most widely used standard for wired networks
- Typically used with LANs that have a star topology
- Works with twisted-pair, coaxial, and fiber-optic cabling
- Continually evolving
- Most common today are Fast Ethernet,Gigabit Ethernet,
and 10 Giga bit Ethernet
- 40 Gigabit Ethernet and 100 Gigabit Ethernet standards
ratified in 2010
- Tera bit Ethernet standa rd is currently under development

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 51

 Ethernet (802.3)

--
FIGURE 7-23
Ethernet standards.

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 52

 Ethernet (802.3)

• Power over Ethernet (PoE)

- Allows electrical power to be sent along the cables on an
Ethernet network along with data
- Devices are not plugged into an electrical outlet
- Most often used in business networks with remote wired
devices
- Can also be used to place networked devices near ceilings or
other locations where a nearby power outlet may not be
available

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 53

 Ethernet (802.3)

FIGUR E 7-23
Ethernet standards.

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 54

 Phoneline,Powerline, [Link], and
Broadband over Powerline (BPL)
• Phoneline
- Allows networking via ordinary
telephone wiring
• Powerline
- Allows networking via ordinary
electrical outlets
- For wired home networks,Phoneline
and Powerline are alternatives to
Ethernet
FIGURE 7-25
WeMo. A:low<>you
to remotely control
your lights wrthyour
smartphone; works CNer
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition existing power lines. 55
 Phoneline,Powerline, [Link], and
Broadband over Powerline (BPL)
• [Link]
- A unified world-wide standard for creating home networks over
any existing home wiring-phone lines,power lines, and coaxial
cable
• Broadband over Powerline ( BPL)
- Designed to deliver broadband Internet to homes via the
existing outdoor power lines
- Great potential for delivering broadband access to homes or
businesses with access to electricity, but not widely
available

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 56

 Wi-Fi (802.11)
FIGURE 7-26
• Wi-Fi (802.11) Smart appliances.
This coffeemaker
is controlled by a
- A fa mily of wireless networking smartphone via the
home’s Wi-Fi network..
standards using IEEE sta ndard 802.11
- Current standard for wireless
networks in homes and offices
(wireless Ethernet)
- Built into many everyday objects
today
- Designed for medium-range
tra nsmission;speed and distance
depends on Wi-Fi standard being
used,solid objects in the way,
interference,etc.
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 57
 Technology and You Box

Wi-Fi SD Cards
- Upload photos wirelessly and automatically from camera to
computer, mobile device, or cloud photo service
- Some include location information
- Some sync photos and videos to cloud account
- Can share photos quickly w ith others as wel l as have
backups

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 58

 Wi-Fi (802.11)

• Most widely used standards today are 802.11g, 802.I1n, [Link]

• Wi-Fi Alliance
- Certifies that hardware from various vendors will work
together
- Developing WiGig (802.l1ad) standard for very fast short
range networking
• Wi-Fi has a limited range
- Many businesses may be physically
too large for Wi-Fi to cover the entire organization

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9
Wi-Fi (802.11)

61
 Wi MAX (802.16)

• WiMAX (802.16)
- Standards for longer range wireless networking
connections, typically MANs
- Fixed WiMAX
• Designed to provide Internet access fixed locations
(hotzones)
• Typical hotzone radius is between 2 and 6 miles
• Possible to provide coverage to an entire city by using
multiple WiMAX towers
- Mobile WiMAX
• Mobile version of the standard
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 6
1
 Wi MAX (802.16)

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 62

 Cellular Standards

• Cellular Standards
• First Generation
• Analog and voice only
• 2G (Second Generation)
• Digital, both voice and data
• Faster 3G and 4G networks
• Current standards
• Use packet switching
• 3G speeds are between 1a nd 4 Mbps
• 4G speeds currently range from about 3 to 15 Mbps

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 Bluetooth, Ultra Wideband (UWB),
and Other Short- Range Wireless
Standards
• Bluetooth
- Networking standard for very short-range wireless
connections
- Bluetooth 4.0 (Bluetooth Smart) is low energy so can run
for yea rs on small battery
• Wireless USB
- Wireless version of USB designed to connect peripheral
devices
• Wi-Fi Direct
- Standard for connecting Wi-Fi devices directly,without
using a router or an access point
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 6
4
 Bluetooth, Ultra Wideband (UWB),
and Other Short- Range Wireless
Standards
• Ultra Wideband (UWB)
• Networking standard for very short-range wireless
connections among multimedia devices
• WirelessHD (WiHD): designed for very fast transfers between
home electronic devices
• TransferJet
- Standard for very short-range wireless connections
between devices
- Devices need to touch in order to communicate

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 Bluetooth, Ultra Wideband (UWB),
and Other Short- Range Wireless
Standards
• ZigBee
- Designed for inexpensive and simple short-range
networking,pa rticula rly sensor networks
- Can be used for home and commercial automation
systems
• Z-Wave
- Devices can communicate with each other and be
controlled via home control modules and remotely using a
computer or mobile phone

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6
 Bluetooth, Ultra Wideband (UWB),
and Other Short- Range Wireless
Standards

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 How It Works Box

Smart Homes
- Home automation
• Use Z-Wave,Bluetooth,Wi-Fi or other wireless standards
to control lights,door locks, thermostats, etc.
• Smart door locks can be unlocked via proximity sensors
and Bluetooth 4.0
• Can send temporary keys to others
• Can check on status of locks and keys online

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 68

 Networking Hardware

• Network Adapter
- Used to connect a computer to a network
- Also called network interface card (NIC) when in the form of
an expansion card
• Modem
- Device that enables a computer to communicate over
analog networking media
- Term is often used intercha ngea bly with network adapter
- Most computers and mobile devices today come with a
built-in network adapter and/or modem

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 69

 Networking Hardware

FIGURE 7-34
Networlt adapters
and modems.

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 70

 Networking Hardware

• Switch
- Central device that connects devices in a wired network but only
sends data to the intended recipient
- Hub - similar but sends data to all recipients
• Router
- Connects multiple networks: two LANs,two WANS,LAN and
the Internet
- Passes data to intended recipient only
- Routes traffic over the Internet
• Wireless Access Point
- Device used to grant network access to wireless client devices

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 71

 Networking Hardware

• Wireless Router
- Typically connects both wired and wireless devices to a
network and to connect the network to the Internet
- Often integrates a switch, router,and wireless access point
• Bridge
- Used to connect two LANs together
- In a home network,wirelessly connects a wired device to
the network

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 Networking Hardware

FIGURE 7-35
w ireless routers.
Provide wireless
users access to each
other and anInternet
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition connection. 74
 Networking Hardware

• Repeaters
• Amplify signals along a network
• Range Extenders
- Repeaters for a wireless network
• Antennas
- Devices used for receiving or sending radio signals
- Some network adapters can use an external antenna
- Can be directional or omnidirectional
- Strength measured in decibels (dB)

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 Networking Hardware

• Multiplexer
- Combines transmissions from several different devices to
send them as one message
• Concentrator
- Combines messages and sends them via a single
transmission medium in such a way that all of the
messages are simultaneously active

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 Networking Hardware

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 76

 Summary
• Networking Applications
• Network Characteristics
• Data Transmission Characteristics
• Networking Media
• Communications Protocols and Networking Standa rds
• Networking Hardware

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 79