Name: 3R Integrated Science Notes
Teacher: Ms. Christie
Topic: Chemistry
Objectives:
Learn how to write chemical formulas and name chemical compounds
Learn the different types of chemical reactions
Learn how to write chemical equations
Learn how to balance chemical equations
Recall
1. Fill in the Periods and Group Number for the table below.
2. Fill in the symbols and names of the elements in the periodic table.
On your table, colour the metal elements in one colour and the non-metal elements in another
colour.
Oxidation Numbers
Oxidation number is the number given to the combining ability of an atom. This number tells
you how many electrons and atom gains or loses or shares in forming a compound. The group
number often gives the oxidation number of the family. For example, Group I elements lose one
electron when they bond, therefore these elements have an oxidation number of 1+. Group VI
elements gain one electron when they bond, therefore these elements have an oxidation number
of 1-.
Fill in the table below using information from the periodic table.
Group Elements in Group Oxidation
Number
II
III
IV
VI
VII
It is very important for you to memorize the information in the Periodic Table and the Oxidation
Number table. You will need it when you are writing formulas.
Background Information
A compound is a substance formed when two or more elements combine chemically. A chemical
formula is used to represent compounds. A formula shows the elements in a compound. Atoms
tend to combine in ways that allow their outer electron shell to contain the number of electron
found in a noble gases. Generally, this number is eight electrons. This bond may come from the
transfer of electrons (ionic bond) or sharing of electrons (covalent bonding).
When an atom gains or loses electrons, the resulting charged particle becomes an ion. Bonding
that occurs between ions is called ionic bonding. Atoms that combine by sharing electrons form
am covalent bond. When atoms bond covalently the resulting neutral particle is called a
molecule.
Naming Compounds
First we'll cover how to name molecules with two elements. The name of a compound with two
elements has two words. In naming a compounds we must remember a few rules.
1. The metal element is named first and the nonmetal is named after
2. The first element is used as it is named in the Periodic Table of Elements.
3. The second element is altered to change the suffix to ‘ide’.
Example
o Oxygen – oxide
o Chlorine - chloride
o Fluorine- fluoride
Testing! Testing!
Using the rules for naming two element compounds, name the following
compounds.
o NaCl
o MgS
o AlN
What if there are more than one atoms?
In cases where there is more than one atom (for example there are two oxygen atoms in CO2) you
add a prefix to the start of the element based on the number of atoms. If the compound is made
of a metal element and a nonmetal element, then the metal element is first. If there are two
nonmetal elements, then the first name is the element to the left side of the periodic table.
Examples:
In a compound that contains magnesium and fluoride, the metal (magnesium) would go
first.
In a compound that contains carbon and oxygen the element to the left on the periodic
table (carbon) would go first.
Number of Atoms Prefix Example:
1 Mono
2 Do NO – Nitrogen Monoxide
3 Tri
SF6 – Sulphur hexa-fluoride
4 Tetra
5 Penta
6 Hexa
7 Hepta
8 Octa
9 Nona
10 Deca
Testing! Testing!
Using the rules for naming compounds, name the following compounds:
o NO2
o N2O3
o P4O6
o N2O4
o P4S9
Other compounds that you need to know:
o H2SO4 – sulphuric acid
o HCl – hydrochloric acid
Radicals
A radical is a compounds that contains at least one unpaired electron.
The table below shows some radicals and the valence electrons of each.
Radical Formula Valency
Ammonium NH4+ 1
Nitrate NO3- 1
Nitrite NO2- 1
Hydrogen Sulphate or
Sulphuric acid or Bisulphate H2SO4 1
Hydrogen Carbonate or
H2CO3 1
Bicarbonate
Hydroxide OH- 1
Sulphate SO42- 2
Carbonate CO32- 2
Phosphate PO43- 3
When naming the compounds with radicals, the metal or cation is placed first. Prefixes are not
used with radicals.
Examples:
o NH4OH – Ammonium hydroxide
o Ca(OH)2 – Calcium Hydroxide
Testing! Testing!
Using the rules for naming compounds, name the following compounds:
o Ca(NO3)2
o AlPO4
o NH4NO3
o Mg3(PO4)2
o Na2HPO4
Using the all rules of naming compounds that you have learned so far, name to following
compounds. Pay keen attention to the elements in the copounds.
CCl₄
N₂O₄
NO
N₂O
S₂Cl₂
Cl₂O₇
AlCl3
NH4Cl
CaCO3
Al2S3
(NH4)2CO3
KNO3
LiCl
MgSO4
NaOH
NaNO3
SO3
H2SO4
Writing Formulas
In writing the name of compounds, the symbol of the metal or element with the positive
oxidation number is written first.
It is important to take note of the oxidation number and the type of bonds the elements form.
To write the formula for a molecular compound, write the symbols for the elements in the order
the elements appear in the name.
The prefixes indicate the number of atoms of each element in the molecule.
The prefixes appear as subscripts in the formulas.
If there is no prefix for an element in the name, there is only one atom of that element in
the molecule.
Testing! Testing!
Write the formulas for the compounds formed from the following:
o Aluminum and Chlorine
o Magnesium and Fluorine
o Hydrogen and Sulphur
o Calcium and Chlorine
If the name of the compound does not state the prefix, then you will have to use your knowledge
of the oxidation number to write the formula.
Sodium chloride is made up of the ions Na1+ and Cl1-.
Magnesium chloride is made up of the ions Mg2+ and Cl1-.
In this case the charge of the magnesium ion becomes the ratio for the chloride. This is
how we get the formula MgCl2.
Let’s determine what the molecular formula would be for a compound with Aluminum and
Oxygen.
Aluminum has a charge of 3+ while Oxygen has a charge of 2-. Dividing the charges by the
lowest common figure will give us the ratio of elements.
The lowest common figure for 3 and 2 is 6.
Aluminum Oxygen
Charge 3+ 2-
Divide lowest common 6/3 = 2 6/2 = 3
figure by charge
Formula Al2O3
Testing! Testing!
Now that you know what to do lets test it out. Write the molecular formula for the
following combination of elements.
A. Calcium and Chlorine
B. Carbon and Oxygen
C. Aluminum and Sulphur
D. Carbon and Chlorine
E. Sodium and Oxygen
F. Nitrogen and Oxygen
If a compound contains more than one radical, then the radical is but into enclosed brackets with
a subscript written to the right of the closing bracket. When the ratio of the radical is only 1 then
no bracket is needed.
Example:
Sodium and Hydroxide ion – NaOH
Magnesium and Phosphate - Mg3(PO4)2