Bahasa Inggris

Catatan
Rabu, 19 Februari 2025
Pertemuan kedua

1. Independent Clause (Kalimat Independen)

Independent clause adalah kalimat yang bisa berdiri sendiri
karena sudah memiliki subjek dan predikat yang lengkap
serta menyampaikan makna yang jelas.
Contoh:
I love cats. → (Aku suka kucing.)
She studies every night. → (Dia belajar setiap malam.)

Kedua contoh ini bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat lengkap

karena punya subjek (I, She) dan predikat (love, studies).

2. Dependent Clause (kalimat Dependen)

Dependent clause adalah kalimat yang tidak bisa berdiri
sendiri karena maknanya belum lengkap. Biasanya, kalimat
ini diawali oleh kata penghubung subordinasi seperti
although, because, since, when, if, while, dll.

Contoh:
Although I love cats... → (Meskipun aku suka kucing...)
Because she studies every night... → (Karena dia belajar
setiap malam...)

Kalimat-kalimat ini terasa gantung karena pembaca masih

menunggu informasi selanjutnya. Makanya, dependent
clause harus digabungkan dengan independent clause
supaya menjadi kalimat utuh.

Contoh kalimat lengkap:

Although I love cats, I am allergic to them.
Because she studies every night, she gets good grades.

Ringkasan Cepat:
✅ Independent: Bisa berdiri sendiri (makna jelas).
✅ Dependent: Tidak bisa berdiri sendiri (butuh kalimat
utama).
✅ Dependent clause biasanya diawali dengan kata
penghubung subordinasi.
 Buatlah satu kalimat simple sentence
The little girl with curly hair happily played in the park near
her house this morning.
(Subjek: The little girl with curly hair, Predikat: happily played
in the park near her house this morning).

She loves reading books

Compound sentence adalah kalimat yang terdiri dari dua

atau lebih independent clauses (klausa bebas) yang
dihubungkan dengan coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, so), semicolon (;), atau conjunctive adverb
(however, therefore, meanwhile, dll.).
Contoh compound sentence:
1. I like coffee, but she prefers tea. → (Dua independent
clauses: “I like coffee” + “she prefers tea”, dihubungkan
dengan “but”)
2. He was tired; however, he kept working. → (Dua
independent clauses dihubungkan dengan semicolon dan
conjunctive adverb “however”)
3. She studied hard, so she passed the exam. → (Dua
independent clauses dihubungkan dengan “so”)

Bedanya dengan complex sentence, compound sentence

tidak memiliki dependent clause.

Menggabungkan kalimat :
1. All nations of the world must take action, or our children
and grandchildren will suffer the consequences.
(Compound sentence menggunakan coordinating
conjunction “or”)

2. Poorer nations especially will continue this harmful

practice because they don’t have the money to develop
“clean” energy sources. (Complex sentence menggunakan
subordinating conjunction “because”)

3. Although solar heating systems are economical to operate,

the cost of installation is very high. (Complex sentence
menggunakan subordinating conjunction “although”)
 4. Burning fossil fuels causes serious damage to our planet,
so we need to develop other sources of energy.
(Compound sentence menggunakan coordinating
conjunction “so”)
II.

1. Some students do not like to write term papers, nor do

they enjoy taking exams.
2. Students can live in dormitories or rent apartments
nearby.
3. Students can attend day classes and take evening courses
as well.

Pertemuan ke 3

Miss Afifah, M. Pd

1. We are going to the park (simple sentence)

2. The sun looks amazing today
3. Jj
4. Jj
5. Jj
6. Jj

Complex Sentence
Complex sentence consists of one independent clause (IC) and
one (for more) dependent clause (DC).
- Althougth the campus is large, it is easy to negative
with the help of maps
(kalimat ‘the campus is large’ ga bisa dimaknai
secara utuh, itulah kenapa ia independent clause.
Sedangkan the next one, bisa dijelaskan.)
- Students prefer studying in the library, because it is
quiet and plenty of recources.
(kalimat pertama adalah independent, karna bisa
dipahami. Sedangkan the second sentence, adalah
dependent karna kalimatnya tidak bisa cukup dipahami)

Practice!
1. Although the library is crowded, i always find a quiet
corner to study.
2. Student prefer studying in the longe because it has
comfortable seating
3. Since the campus wifi was down, many studeny went to a
nearby cafe to work.
4. You should register for classes early if u want to get the
best schedule.
5. When the professor announced the test everyone started
reviewing their notes.

1. Although the library is crowded, I always find a quiet

corner to study.
Dependent Clause: “Although the library is crowded,”

Diawali dengan “Although” (kata penghubung subordinatif),

sehingga tidak bisa berdiri sendiri.

Independent Clause: “I always find a quiet corner to study.”

Bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat lengkap.
Kesalahan: “i” harus ditulis sebagai “I” (huruf besar).

✅ Kalimat yang benar:

“Although the library is crowded, I always find a quiet corner
to study.”

2. Students prefer studying in the lounge because it has

comfortable seating.
Independent Clause: “Students prefer studying in the
lounge”
Sudah memiliki subjek “Students” dan predikat “prefer
studying”.

Dependent Clause: “because it has comfortable seating.”

Tidak bisa berdiri sendiri karena diawali dengan “because”,
yang menjelaskan alasan.

Kesalahan:
“Student” → seharusnya “Students” (plural, karena biasanya
lebih dari satu siswa).
“lounge” salah ketik → seharusnya “lounge” (bukan “longe”).

✅ Kalimat yang benar:

“Students prefer studying in the lounge because it has
comfortable seating.”

3. Since the campus WiFi was down, many students went to

a nearby café to work.

Dependent Clause: “Since the campus WiFi was down,”

Menggunakan “Since” sebagai subordinating conjunction
untuk menunjukkan alasan.

Independent Clause: “many students went to a nearby café

to work.”
Bisa berdiri sendiri dengan subjek “many students” dan
predikat “went”.

Kesalahan:
“studeny” salah ketik → seharusnya “students”.
“wifi” sebaiknya ditulis sebagai “WiFi” (format penulisan
yang lebih umum).
“cafe” sebaiknya ditulis “café” (dengan aksen) untuk ejaan
yang benar.

✅ Kalimat yang benar:

“Since the campus WiFi was down, many students went to a
nearby café to work.”

4. You should register for classes early if you want to get the
best schedule.

Independent Clause: “You should register for classes early”

Bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat lengkap.

Dependent Clause: “if you want to get the best schedule.”

Diawali dengan “if”, yang menunjukkan kondisi dan tidak
bisa berdiri sendiri.

Kesalahan:
“u” harus ditulis “you” (tidak boleh menggunakan singkatan
informal dalam tulisan akademik).

✅ Kalimat yang benar:

“You should register for classes early if you want to get the
best schedule.”

5. When the professor announced the test, everyone started

reviewing their notes.

Dependent Clause: “When the professor announced the

test,”
Tidak bisa berdiri sendiri karena diawali dengan “When”,
yang menunjukkan waktu.

Independent Clause: “everyone started reviewing their

notes.”
Bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat lengkap.

Kesalahan:
Kurang koma setelah klausa dependen.

✅ Kalimat yang benar:

“When the professor announced the test, everyone started
reviewing their notes.”
Done!

Practice!
Choose the appropiate subordinating connjungtion to join
these two sentence!

1. The students were advised to submit their papers early

because the system might experience technical issues.
2. Although the scientist had limited funding, she continued
her research.
3. The students must submit their theses by the deadline
unless unforeseen circumstances arise.
4. She couldn’t leave the office until she finished all her
pending reports.

Urutkan kalimat di atas :

Superstition beliefs are ideas that people believe can affect

their lives, even though there is no scientific reason for them.
Superstitions can be different in various cultures or
communities, but they still influence how people act and
think. These beliefs often come from old traditions and are
passed down from one generation to the next. For example,
some people think breaking a mirror brings bad luck or that
stepping on a crack will hurt your mother. Even though there
is no real proof of these ideas, they continue because they
give people a sense of control or comfort when things feel
uncertain.

1️⃣Superstition beliefs are ideas that people believe can affect

their lives, even though there is no scientific reason for them.
2️⃣ Superstitions can be different in various cultures or
communities, but they still influence how people act and
think.
3️⃣ These beliefs often come from old traditions and are
passed down from one generation to the next.
4️⃣ For example, some people think breaking a mirror brings
bad luck or that stepping on a crack will hurt your mother.
5️⃣ Even though there is no real proof of these ideas, they
continue because they give people a sense of control or
comfort when things feel uncertain.

The right answer:

Superstition beliels are ideas that people believe can affect
their les, even though there is no scientific reason for them.
These beliefs often come from oloraditions and are passed
down from one generation to the next. For example some
people think breaking a mirror brings bad luck or that
stepping on a crack will hurt your mother. Even though there
is no real proof for these deas, they continue because they
give people a sense of control or comfort when things feel
uncertain, Superstitions can be different in vanous cultures
or communities, but they still influence how people act and
think

19 Maret 2025
Next Matery
A Paragraph

A paragraph is a group of related sentences that work

together to express single iden (main idea) or topic. A
paragraph can have at least one sentence. Howeve many
sources suggest an ideal paragraph include no more than 5-6
sentences

What if a paragraph consist of more than 6 sentence?

Topic Sentence

1. A topic sentence is a complete sentence (5 &V)

Examples:
The intemet has greatly changed the way people
communicate with each other.
Regular exercise is important for maintaining good physical
and mental health
Eating a balanced diet is essential for keeping the body
wealthy and energized.
Exerose everyday (incorrect)
Surfi internet the whole day. (incorrect)

Topic Sentence

2. A topicsentence includes topic and controlling ideas.

Examles
1. The internet has greatly changed the way people
communicate with each other, (controlling ideas)
2. Regular exercise is important for maintaining good
physical and mental health.
Topic
(controlling ideas!
Eating a balanced diet is essential for keeping the helly
healthy and energized
(conting ideas)

Topic Sentence

3. A topidsentence is the most general statement in a

paragraph. It can’t be too general nor too specific.

Examples
The intemet has greatly changed the way people
communicate with each other.

The internet has changed a lot. (too general)

The internet has made it easier to access information and

communicate through platforms like blogs, forums, and news
sites. (too spfic)

1️⃣ Traveling to new countries can expand one’s cultural

understanding and personal growth.
Topic: Traveling to new countrie.
Controlling Idea: Can expand one’s cultural understanding
and personal growth

2️⃣ Learning a second language can open up new career

opportunities.
Topic: Learning a second language
Controlling Idea: Can open up new career opportunities

3️⃣ Reading books regularly can improve cognitive skills and

mental health.
Topic: Reading books regularly
Controlling Idea: Can improve cognitive skills and mental
health

4️⃣Exercise is important, and people should do it every day.

Topic: Exercise
Controlling Idea: Is important, and people should do it every
day

5️⃣It is an expensive luxury to own an automobile in a big city.

Topic: Owning an automobile in a big city
Controlling Idea: Is an expensive luxury

....
1️⃣ Watching movies can be a great way to learn about
different cultures and perspectives.
Topic: Watching movies
Controlling Idea: Can be a great way to learn about different
cultures and perspectives

S (Subject): Watching movies → Gerund phrase (fungsi

sebagai noun)
P (Predicate): can be → Modal verb (can) + linking verb (be)
O (Complement): a great way → Noun phrase (complement
setelah linking verb)
K (Adverbial/Modifier): to learn about different cultures and
perspectives → Infinitive phrase yang menjelaskan “a great
way”

2️⃣ Movies have a significant impact on people’s emotions and

can influence their thoughts and behavior.
Topic: Movies
Controlling Idea: Have a significant impact on people’s
emotions and can influence their thoughts and behavior

S (Subject): Movies → Plural noun

P (Predicate 1): have → Main verb (transitive)
O (Object 1): a significant impact → Noun phrase
K (Adverbial/Modifier): on people’s emotions → Prepositional
phrase
P (Predicate 2): can influence → Modal verb (can) + main
verb (influence)
O (Object 2): their thoughts and behavior → Noun phrase

Supporting Sentences
Supporting sentences explain or elaborate the topic
sentence. They commonly answer questions-who? What?
Where? When? Why? And how?-and give details.

Kinds of Supporting Sentences

Good supporting sentences have different grals. Writers vary

them to

Explain: The family red from the viti tepi foeconomes

Describe:
Give reasons:

Fully quát his job berine of us working conditions

give fac

Ave that too percent of the university) student popubitin a

narradoul

give examples:

Durges and grapefruits grow in Calfomia

define :
My tush unit Bangkok, which is the capital and largest city in
Thalland

A Great Tourist Destination

New York and Boston attract millions of tourists, but I think

one of the best cities to visit on the east coast of the United
States is Washington, D.C. It has some of the most
interesting landmarks and tourist spots in the country. There
are many monuments to visit, such as the Lincoln Memorial,
the Jefferson Memorial, and the Washington Monument,
which is the tallest building Washington. For more
excitement, the area called Georgetown in northwest
Washington is famous for its shopping and restaurants.
Finally, there is the White House tour. On this tour, the guide
leads visitors as they walk through many of the rooms in the
White House and view the home of the president of the
United States. Although Washington, D.C., does not have the
large number of visitors that New York of Boston does, I think
this city is one of the best destinations for tourists.

Kinds of supporting sentences: describe, explain, give

reasons, give facts, give examples, define

Individual Task
Rick a topic for writing your paragraph:

A Mental health
b. Ramadan Fasting
c. Regular exercise

Write a paragraph containing a topic sentence and some

supporting sentences.
Write in a doc/pdf file and submit it to this drive

[Link]
1M26FSmpqe9ZENbw8LCMjONX1aa0xnSL7?usp=sharing

Deadline: Wednesday, 26 March 2025, 23.59 WITA.

Wednesday, 16 April 2025

Group 4

Which type of cohesive devices do you find easiest to use?

Which is the most difficult?
Do you think it is possible to overuse cohesive devices? What
happens if you use too many?

1. “Which type of cohesive devices do you find easiest to

use?”
(Jenis cohesive devices mana yang paling mudah kamu
gunakan?)

 Makna pertanyaan:
Menanyakan jenis cohesive devices (alat kohesi teks seperti
konjungsi, rujukan, substitusi, elipsis, atau pengulangan)
yang menurutmu paling gampang digunakan saat menulis
atau berbicara.

2. “Which is the most difficult?”

(Yang mana yang paling sulit?)

 Makna pertanyaan:
Kebalikannya dari pertanyaan pertama. Ini menanyakan alat
kohesi mana yang menurutmu paling susah dipakai dengan
tepat.

3. “Do you think it is possible to overuse cohesive devices?”

(Menurutmu, apakah mungkin menggunakan cohesive

devices secara berlebihan?)

 Makna pertanyaan:
Ingin tahu pendapatmu apakah penggunaan cohesive
devices bisa terlalu banyak—dan kalau iya, apakah itu baik
atau buruk?

4. “What happens if you use too many?”

(Apa yang terjadi jika kamu menggunakannya terlalu

banyak?)

 Makna pertanyaan:
Tindak lanjut dari pertanyaan sebelumnya. Menanyakan
konsekuensi atau dampak dari pemakaian cohesive devices
yang berlebihan.

Contoh Jawaban:
I find conjunctions like and, but, and because the easiest
cohesive devices to use, because they are very common and
natural in everyday language.
The most difficult for me is using substitution or ellipsis
correctly, because sometimes I’m not sure if the reader will
still understand the reference.
I think it’s definitely possible to overuse cohesive devices. If
you use too many, the writing might sound too formal,
unnatural, or even confusing. It can also distract the reader
and make the text feel repetitive or forced.

So it’s important to use them wisely and naturally, not just

for the sake of coherence, but also for clarity and flow.