ACTIVITY IN RESEARCH 2
Name: CHRISTINE P. MENDOZA
Year&Section: BEED III-2
Date: MARCH 28, 2025
1. What is a Chi Square?
The Chi-Square (χ²) statistic is a fundamental statistical test used to evaluate the
difference between what is expected in a dataset and what is actually observed. It is
particularly useful when dealing with categorical variables, which are variables that
represent distinct groups or categories rather than numerical values. These categorical
variables can be nominal, meaning they have no inherent order (such as gender, race,
or marital status), or ordinal, meaning they have a ranked order (such as educational
attainment or income brackets). The main purpose of the Chi-Square test is to
determine whether there is a significant difference between the observed data and the
expected data under a given hypothesis. The expected data is derived from theoretical
assumptions or previous research, while the observed data comes from actual
experimental or survey results. By comparing these two sets of values, the Chi-Square
test helps researchers assess whether any differences are due to random chance or if
there is a meaningful relationship between variables.
2. What are the two kinds of Chi Square?
The Chi-Square test is a powerful statistical tool used to analyze categorical data by
comparing observed and expected frequencies. There are two main types of Chi-
Square tests: the Test of Independence and the Goodness-of-Fit Test. While both rely
on the same mathematical principles, they serve different purposes in statistical
analysis.
[Link] of Independence- The Chi-Square Test of Independence is used to determine
whether two categorical variables are related or independent of each other. In other
words, it assesses whether one variable has an influence on another. This is
particularly useful in studies involving demographics, consumer behavior, and social
sciences, where researchers want to identify potential associations between variables
2. Goodness-of-Fit Test- The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test is used to assess how
well the observed data aligns with a theoretically expected distribution. Unlike the
Test of Independence, which examines relationships between two variables, the
Goodness-of-Fit test evaluates whether a single categorical variable follows a specific
expected pattern.
3. What are the two kinds of data in a Chi Square?
•Observed Data: The actual data collected from an experiment or survey.
•Expected Data: The theoretically predicted values based on assumptions or a given
hypothesis.
4. When do you use Chi Square?
A Chi-Square test is used when analyzing categorical variables to determine if
observed results align with expected results. It is typically applied when data is from a
random sample and involves categories such as gender, race, or preferences.
5. How is a Chi Square test conducted?
•Create a table with observed and expected frequencies.
•Use the Chi-Square formula: χ² = Σ((O - E)² / E), where O is the observed value and E
is the expected value.
•Find the critical Chi-Square value using a statistical table or software.
•Compare the calculated Chi-Square value to the critical value.
•Accept or reject the null hypothesis based on the comparison.
6. What are you going to use as reference if a hypothesis is to be rejected?
The Chi-Square critical value table is used as a reference. If the calculated Chi-Square
value is greater than the critical value at a given significance level (e.g., 0.05), the null
hypothesis is rejected.
7. What type of variables are are involved in a Chi Square test?
Chi-Square tests involve categorical variables, specifically nominal variables (e.g.,
gender, marital status, or survey responses). These variables classify data into distinct
categories without any intrinsic order.