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Unit 4 - Drying

UNIT OPERATIONS AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES

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10 views35 pages

Unit 4 - Drying

UNIT OPERATIONS AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES

Uploaded by

DS
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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DeyING| —sywseur be Induct ton [Wee Boasts and a, J basis celledattnns | a Free meistare a fySllovium — me stewe. bound —meiobire. gunbound moisture. [Link] OF vying semstant Ratt Period pFaliing Ratt Period wtott of chgfg curve. eck mefcéure. Content me unde Carstant diye conelBtins Falling Rot feried loTetal degirg Heme 16 Classifreatin of dryers Ib Sotrds handling tn dtyers FF Reyufpmons fir bate and Cméinasus drying 1B Werk wincple. of tray driev ids Concept of reese yee ee set eg y ay g 4, 24» Probleme. " Spray’ obvier u Flaideaal bed drier J The term ary ou any to the removal aprevoity of metse Sahetome » Q@ drying % Soltd muons vemyat Gere Selens oF ita oe otha yurd fom the coird material to elles US Cote of vesuual Gytd be 0 acceptatly mo Value. Depa Odeirg 1s usuay the Snot step vo a Levies oF operations, and the product Som adnyar fs often wendy for final packaging. @ water or other Cqyueds mag be wromoicd Form Sovds imackairScally by precses oF Contthuges or theemaity by Vaprtaaton: ve ts guealy Cheaper to remove. Uqusd mochaucaty oa hewn, and thas 1h ig aditeatie to vesiee Ge Utqutd cmtene as meh OS prectinble a Feedeg the materfal Ga heated dryer. OD ‘Dryness 1S velattve tor, and drying moans the wotitewe Conte Rm an ceduecn ma Value t Same ceptable — ffgal value. meen of a aviedl & @ The turd Vovies from pwodluct pried table Sark Containe abot and bo product ove yi water, died foal about 47. dvied CACetn abo B7- Waeeh - the proclug contains 22 Ue pet and 8 occaet onal 1s For enty Storage and hendlieg of protutte * [storage ancl handling of olry product 18 easy 08 Compousd that of tek sould | ye reduce branapetatton (es ding daette. destred propaites 6 the afer prev matetel ab in case of phavnacattort pre guch as tablets, Syrups, 2bc Ae for pravorting Coracion da t@ the Prefene of ndishures [Omj chine gas $9 Amecowedve bub Graces of moisture maketé Ver Corot ve] Be Gmolines PETS the essential part oF the proces [ee degig papel] b Far postyteg Crystalline produce Lo that the Lo (ve 1 bo the crystale $8 remaved ducks HT mest — market SpoctfPeattons Dry “4h @ Pyfeg — Frvohved imultansee haar canal macs Washer operattanc . a @ Heat 7s tons fowed from the. Ges phase & Sotid phase- @ Mass te transferred foom the Goud phate te a phase. © Utitateg the haak energy | the Solute (mesure) oliffuses from the folid phase and entes thats the gat phase unt! He System 9 eqpsil brim (gaa te catwated), _[en=bel (exaunie!) ae expressed os He ratte of xe ts weight of moisture. &@ the weight OF wet fend matertal+ motstrre assedated TF x ts the kg OF wich one ky of diy soled, ther lve. mofisture Content on wet basts 2EMSsOre = J ne kg wet Solid qe dysod meicture xe! a +X ureighl perert matStire Content oy one ura Content on day Tets expressed as the vrallo of yrds, wal ght of matstuve be che welght of ary So preset fr the wet feed roatertal ects |X 1 mofsbare Content on bass = 2. “a ig dry Sad Wwe ghe perce. meistue. on chy bostg © [ooX. De — meisture Cmtent on wet basis X= metceure Content dy betis Polatfm —ppatrocen Oley bogis and Wet batis, Int yr “ij Pse. of, Mette: — yet brian rh te the rneistare Content OF a substan whan at €2y with a giver partial pressure of Vapawr- Fi ade enorPn, dryer 1s hol emertng the ay “ meteture ond ath? Bema. Gomputely dry but has a deftnree ‘velattve humtdty + For aie of definrte humtdity, te moisture. Gmbent of the Soted bawng the. Aryer Comoe be lecs Chan content Cowesperdling & Ene eapulltbytum mots tare the humtdfey of the eskertng ae Gr) potter ot the water hat Tn the woe cotrd that Cannot be vemeved by the humealtay ef the Fee adv Snetatr , becaute of the tg Called he eqs Uortum mefebure + Te wepresents tre Ures ag motontra. Content ko whick a giver material Can be lied under Conetant angi Condon se Free meictrre fs that metstura, Covtorrad by 9 Subctana te excess of ore eqqurbyium meicture, Je 1S the differene beboem the total mofstive Content and the exp U btu moteture contot+ [xo x only free meistuve can be evaporated and the Free meistare Cmtont of a soltd olapends uper the apr Contentvabion I tha gat WwBound moisture ¢ Thre vefers to the Metstue contained by a Cubstone tohtch exe an eysltifa vapor at the, rescue, ual & that of the pure Uqurd pare Ug Some temperatures Bound “This vreferc to the mets re whch exerts an 24% Crop Contatned bg a. Substance Vapour. pressure leas than that of the pure the Some temperature vilibriure ricietove cue (Q) Weelave content , b. wate lq ay solid ab ohyfog dey? In ardor 0 cet up chyeg Schaduleg and t dotermme tha S142 OF Aqufpren , jE TS mecassorf to know the Ema reputed bo chy a Sukctance. Free One motstiwe corkont [juerat] be another under Specthred Cmdttons - @ we shatt alco wrsh to aattwate the Foflucrce that © diffevene Onytng Onions us! have Per the Hime. for drying - @ Measurements of the vate of batch dleging ave velatt vely gtmple to make and provide Footer mation fac batch and Contfoueus operation: Assumpt? mss dete Se aaty takes place undas Constant AG Con df ms Cosiant rig Gnas Ths. Condittims under which the femperature, humidity , yeldey and director. of Fino stank 1S of a acwse the drytng Surface are O* Kenean as Constant deytig Condttronse Notes only the coriftlmns Fn ewe arstears Ove cou ént as the moicture Content and other Factors 9" the Sole ave changiag. ' 7 49) 2 ) @ tre ome oF ceyeng Can be determined for @ of a Subatane by Susperdiog TE ca Stream of cir, From a Sample tho Cabin or duct, fr balance + Orne wergh® of the ayhg ample Can then be measured OS fanctin of Hrmer precnations muse be obsorved of maximum UEPTR” be too Smal Conationg gheud rasercle- ora expected EO lage Seale Cpe” PE the dake D Certate gus to be @ he Sample Shouts the fol @ Farther as possfole th as closely prevail ta sample Shout he Stnb tay the Conkemplated capported 1 & 0) The bray oe & Frames &) eS shewd have te Cama ratio oF ogg fo nmachytng SusPams (3) Ie Should be Sublitted to hoe — Groans fet gq have the Came demporseare » (beth Speed and dtvectten Stmi lar eon dT eR ms, of radiant (4) The ate ghoul anit and Velovey yrs the Zampl) + CF poscte, Covent forts ahautd be made on Samples of cliffetant dueknecs + The- GF the Sample Shed also be pbkatned + doy ses Bats of @ Frm the data Ottarred during Suelo best, & carve. of mefctare Content ata Function Of Hme. Can be ploteed« “Ths usu be. useful aleve 10 Aberninaeg he tame eqputred for deyeg larger batches tinday ‘the Same. drying CondPet ins. Conetder that the Uek Golds with Frteral mefeeme content (Ki) are exposed fo ary Of Onttant bemperamare- and humsdey + If we plot méistwe. Contene with dima (rneistare. Contene of matertal Ts nengured at Vorters Values oF fra), Se CANE as Shmon te Hgure 1S obtained Arm the Collected data- \¥) The curve relates the Toelctare- conuont: on Oky baste eiteh etme. 1 16 cleat from the carve that the mofatire Cembene of Souds with me and after Sometime Te [Link] mremaine Coton af xP, which ts eAusl bvtum motsture Combe nt. Fron thts Carve we Can diets another Eype of curve which 1s Knmon as rat of obeying cave Covytag Flux cave) + Tiss curve 15 mache mere. deserpitve of drying Procecs. Weclsp bahocen The wate Of cyteg gees relat Rate of crying, expressed as, the mafetre evaperated pecuate Hime per uate area of drying Surface and afte content: on aly bests. ea cmsénuted by measirhg she curve con to the Cawe of the Slopes of bomants draw metsture Content X Vs & ae Varfous Vellues of and then Coleukating vate as Ss sd hue A dle Dyng wate oF aged ftue N Se TS the wempht of chy Gelrds and A ts the ares of chytng Sustiate v 7" @ Te Section AB of he cove xepesenes (9) the warning up parted duving wher he yomporatave of the Sete tg besmeg equal tothe Lemparatove of drying afr. @ Aro Bis, He curve ts O gkratght Une parallel ko yor creprosenting the Gengeank crate of drgltg, ws Ene Sectron ne Ts cated Con stont sate poxied doving which the. yer ef water on the Suifate of said 1s being avoperstid aongtant frem B bo Tie vate of drying 1S Genn a Sobsaritid efi as tre drying takes place @ The Season co of we He ccopresents the. Falling vate poted compased OF Fst Pea wate potod CD and second Faueng vate povied De. @ Fron pointe C onwads Some og Seoveed forming on the Suface © 9g decreases fir the. and heneo yale Fr total patches howe f the. Seltd « shevate of any unsSaku Sufae decren ses © te Seckton CD of the Curve ‘vepresents the parted Cowespercling te the Zoe of unsaiwvabed Suface cytes. OyARe meistnre contone ot wht petted ends and at whch chytng, Surface cearts 1 kewr os Cwittond metcenre Consent: che Constante TE unzataret fiber pained, the Swface of -the Spud pe Conputely Ary and meme een enn 7 mnsigtwre Stores Coming bo He qusp ace, Gnd his pe ontnuad upto Bie. patne ©, where WE exp bortum 1S Qttatned + @-he vet of drytng ve cect on DE 1S governed by ape vet. OF taternal msistess moramant.-The- Secon 4 fallzg 7 posed cme) mropresoncs bee meiceare. mevertne con he conse where tneernal 7g deft ned as the Pe of matstire, eveprated pes ust tne, pet awk olen of Byrd Sunface Gnas of méctwre._ 9x6pr ») Gems) Coren) =) Sex Ses lp 6 — &> Sefer) Ele. -e)) [re Aa de dx ts the change 1 moistwre Content in ma ab" N (ss ae Uprken (ais) pede) Pe od S Yee mais. Cortera Homa °. 6-6, =de Constant Rate Ritod’— Ne SEP ¢ ets the pout GF the aytng prow cluntag. whee the Tate of drytag 2 Contant — FRP Lets the pout oF Gu dypteg pretece duving earch the rate of drying Gomes with Hoe’) Continuewsly dlecvoases * cue TE 1s the mofsture Cmbent Ot cohich tre. Constant vate pevfed ends and the Falting va ported Stats. IEPs the pore ab which ‘uncatswretcod Sufae chytog Stores and the. be Fatt. okying crate Steals Concent det Gena fdor Ehat Bre wae Sods ore ee ered by cms? hot afr over them under Conskant dugeng posstng cond Bors + wie urme oF Arytng 774 ke seed to dry the mater! Lye Final mestare Cotort From falttal moistoare: re el wee Org pire Cotton Tae Xi) Xa) Xed MT be the Beal and eg it brtum meister Rate of dying N= oss ae) 2) Fr ony G26 mutctwe omeentt on’e ep Comber » foe OX) Xn > Xe. So mass of dh soled 19 kg A — Awa of dying Sufaie Fr mo & — Hme For CRP N= Ne CHG/n?> n) 5 pve UL 0 pa) spas eapuatton gives eme. for dnging xi bo Ye under CRP mater al from. crate pote » (%.2%D Sve to ba Greed From 0) For entire ME tne. materal : inetsal —meistare. Conbent x bo the cot Wee nfceure Content Xe, than the rreyutved for entre cop to given bg 8. = $s fee] 7 Ane [Li d Lime x Pexa L Falling Raw TE Xd% L Xe thon drying occas und conditions of | Chorgtag N ©) Genesl case, Nis nouaeer wih n= —Ss dt A oe | Je > aha A oO x) 6 «7 = Se fae afr 0 & pate carve enustton For ang Shape of falling Te i by ecrrsog Can be tateqaked graphraaliy rem urdu a cave of Ty ve % % bebwerr % vs = & eo Unt tre Cue Ky a | ene uses x J. “se [ffetat ner ot malt vores |, Peo ot \x of 2 ne vais) \y os 10 (oe spoctal case — ig wy Vs Gneos with of Be fim Nemeth opm ye 7S at * de ita ¥— do = Ss ae fa ae p= fiers (% 0 a gs Ss “pat & F N b= 66 "he Ss fae mx tb * 8 = x S6 a foto] 8 6 oe ale — tnlor+)] 6 tn {meee vente), em p82 to [mene ." 2%. — mach - Ss a “fe SS iy fxn ® oe Xa = 2 h we Brundoay coattin when X= Xe, N=We. Cub 14 ye meth Nes mX%e 19x Ne. a1 (xe-x*) WV Fe] — This Oyualtor Gree oa OF obnytog cog ee om Xp to Xe oY Falling vat pestod £0 dhy mateita! Ip the materiat 1S to be dried From crittoal sncts tren Cent Xm the, final matebere Fratent Xa, (iehxe than the Soe aque foc entire. felltng. et peuod 1s gfven by bap = St Oe) OE (in) A Tue Cue PU couch for THER: be Fame required & dy the Soli Fmcte ic given by = Ge+ Op rp Xe opr Ss fan + Nen—cdiaatse dnyers differ chiefly uoncor the sottde are exposed fo the hot surface OF thes Smice of haat co coe Goud xe epread wen a Bhattoncuy or Slnoly pntal Auface and Ceokadl anetl dry + hooked electrically CF yo ake pn the Ceagye Tm roavting, horta Tha. Surface mag be eat wansfer fluid & Attenattvelly heat may be sup hl hoaber above at) Agteaen °F conveying) Sotidle one moved eo heates| Surfrce, Usually Cina cat by or agitate oF Gorew or paddle ch az Shean OF Kok 2 ed bg @ rradiant: a cote» Conveyors Ot) Oyravtey Gude Sarde cade by qo“ Cupar or cus Cant fora Hme- and then over an Trclinasl tasted ed upoad she Saree gate wwe ne? Location. Eqs ‘Working : The mat then it in closed. The ot heated by be posture isin pmenes "The trays may ft connections for it. Tn those dryers, reulated inthe ating coil 1b also known ax cabinet oF th opereted direct d17®r ch the snaterial to be tof the batch dryer ans Ie is the simples own in Fig. 6.6 i8 The tray dryer s er sd innulated eabinet oF bl ‘pe atacked on racks or Toa jean, gas oF electri Ayer over the trays by 1 ited atthe top oF at the trays and put int the bine #0 rough the coil an ses (i.e. its capar terial to be dried is spread ove eam is continuously passed t ie relative humidity decres ating) and hot air then paoos over the trays « [el co Hexing niet i se es re ie evaporated fom wel fed, gts added in air and Bally ai eaves the dye through the outlet. The proves is continoed util he sid are rid. The eabint i hen ‘owned, died atrial is emoved fom tens and Gesh atch i charged. For geting goo dying i er drying shoud be thrown ot completely bat by tht way, sir portion of heat associated with hat gas wl lost andthe operation wil become ety ‘ovoid thisheat lots, about 80 ~95 fair irecraatedby adjusting a damper atthe tet, nd the remaining portion is exhausted ou, and the seme amount of sri taken in trough the inlet. ‘he overall rate of dying of such dyer i 0.2 to 2.0 watesin?h) material surface and the thermal ficiency i of te order of 20~25 5 ‘The rays are generally 600 mum wide, 90 to 1600 mm lng and 90 to 40m dep Tey are ade of mild sel staal ste, enamelled iro et. nd re fabricated rom sheets of 3 to6zam thick Advantages: (i) Teiscbeap and easy to const, (i) Low space requirement. (ii) Bate of leaning, (iv) Requires very low maintenance. (s) Notas of product during diving Disadvantages: i) eis expensive to operata doe ta igh abur requirements for loading and unlning the dryer. (i) Lang drying ine (41048 pret. (ii) Small quantities are handled spplications ray argr i well uted for amal sale production (small prodsnn rte) and devng epecly wel for drying wet raluable materials like dyes and pharmaceuticals, Tt Vmpy ale and wet iter cakes which mast be spread over the rays ‘ften with indirect heating In such dryers, “ray dryers nay be operated ur 5005 a ae em ae Th rye ey rst on lo tl ates opie wi Sean nd al at Taare teu up acon apr ae sued par een marine tera usable materiale Dryer sont! sexs Rotary Der 4 Tarr wy, myn diy or ray haa mc to ig of owing ernslar material ow lrg acl. Fig. 08 shown ane lor of me dence onan flow linia ball, havingdiamotor of 1'm to3 mand engage ih ase a ight ans Lo he horzntal wo thatthe mater a concen cveoed Arough the dryer rm one eo the anther nd 4 -2Ginngear Fwd (4) Direct heat countercurrent flow Rotary dryer Fights Rim > vs Drum —= Tht Whee Rate ippoes (©) Rotary dryer, side view Fret 1 tne Pp ool | = 0 On ne > oo oo Dey otis (© Schematic view of rotary dryer Fig 68 {kis supported on the supporting rollers so that it ean be rotated. To avoid its slipping over «rollers, i is fitted with thrust wheels. It is ited inside with flights which lift the material ward and shower it down from the top. A few spiral fights are fitted near feed end which 's in an initial forward motion of the material before principle flights are reached. Te terial tobe dried (feed is fed atthe high end ofthe dryer by « hopper and the producti ee Petaey Dyer cont B® fo nd inclination of the cylindrical shel, the dryer by viet of rotation, "cna ee gr re pri ton nk cer ate et ne Sr TEe fed end. Generally, an exhaust melt ai leaves the deyer atthe feed end. General - tein eed to ul tho ar through the dryer. The air leaving the dryer wil etn a dust parties (fines) which are removed by interposing a cyclone Separator between the Goyer and exhaust fan as shown in Fig. 69. * eat Fig. 69 Rotary dryer with dust collector (eyctone) Im ease of direct contact dryer fashion and in case of indirect ‘The normal mode uf operation of thic dryer is continuo the hot gas is passed over the material in a countercurrent contact dryer, heat is transferred through a wall ofthe elindriel shell iency of rotary dryer is 50 ~80 % and drying rate ranges b ‘Thermal fic tween 10-60 kgtvm of shell volum). Advantages: — good gas contacting — moderate drying time = low capital cost drying and calcining in same unit — high thermal efficiency greater flexibility of control of gas velocity. Disadvantages : = difficulty of sealing = product build-up on interior walls = high structural load non-uniform residence time. tery ier are OL nor egrg, BOAR. Joel

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