NITROGEN FAMILY

PREPERATION OF N2 OXIDES OF NITROGEN REACTION WITH METALS - Pyrophosphorous acid (H4P2O5) OXIDES OF PHOSPHORUS PH3,phosphene Oxides
2. Red phosphorous CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Zn+dil. HNO3 Zn(NO3)2+N2O P-H 2 Home signals (Ca3P2 + CaC2) -Generally it forms oxides

NH4NO2 NH4NO3 Cu+dil. HNO3 Cu(NO3)2+NO P-OH 2 CaC2+ H2O C2H2(Flamable) Hydrides
of the type A2O3 and A2O5
Zn+Conc. HNO3 Zn(NO3)2+NO2 Basicity=2
-Acidic character increases with
(NH4)Cr2O7 BROWN RING TEST PHOSPHOROUS & Bond Angle increase in oxidation number
PHOSPHORIC TYPE NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
NO+NO2 AMMONIA IT‛S ALLOTROPES N2O < NO < N2O3 < NO2 < N2O4 < N2O5
Ba(N3)2 Basicity
- Hypophosphorous acid (H4P2O6) NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3 -In a group of thermal
PROPERTIES OF N2 Pb(NO3)2 COMMERCIAL PREPERATIONS
} P-O-P=6
P-O=12 } } P-O=16 }
P-O-P=6
1. White phosphorous P P
(Reducing nature/ ability to act as RA) stability of oxides
HABER‛S PROCESS 4
P decreases down the group
P-OH 573 k
Acidity
P P P
Mg+N2 Mg3N2 2NO2(g) Fe catalyst,
Mo (Promoter)
Basicity=4
HALIDES OF PHOSPHORUS
P
P
P
P P
BiH3 > SbH3 > AsH3 > PH3 > NH3
(Due to large size of Bi,
N2O5 < P2O5 < As2O5 < Sb2O5 < Bi2O5

CaC2+ N2 CaCN2+C N2+3H2 2NH3 - Orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4) it can easily release H+)

NITROLIME
P4O10+HNO3 1) PCl3 2) PCl5 -Grey luster
Nature of Oxides
P-OH 3
REACTIONS Preparation Preparation -Insoluble in water and CS2 Thermal stability/
Basicity=3
Bond dissociation energy

}
OXYACIDS OF NITROGEN CuSO4+NH3+H2O P4 + 2SOCl2 PCl3 P4 + SO2Cl2 PCl5 + SO2 -Non poisonous N2O5
OXIDES OF NITROGEN - Pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7) (white) (thionyl chloride) (white) (sulphuryl chloride)
P Acidic
[Cu(NH3)4] SO4+ (NH4)2SO4 -No chemiluminescence NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
COMMERCIAL PREPERATIONS + SO2 + S2Cl2 P2O5
60O -Obtained by heating (Bi can easily release H+ and
THERMALLY STABLE +1 (NEUTRAL
OSTWALD‛S PROCESS P-OH 4 P P white P at 573 K
hence have low thermal stability)

}
GAS)
Basicity=4 Properties Properties As2O5
+2 (NEUTRAL Pt OXOACIDS OF PHOSPHORUS P -Occurs as polymer. BP Amphoteric
GAS)
NH3+O2NO PCl3 [ 5+3
2
= 4
[
(3,1)
PCl5 5+5
2
= 2 (5,0)
So it is less reactive BiH3 > SbH3 > NH3 > AsH3 > PH3 Sb2O5
PHOSPHORUS TYPE -Translucent white waxy solid
NO+O2NO 2
Shape : Pyramidal
+3 (ACIDIC Cl
META PHOSPHORIC (As molecular mass BP )

}
BROWN GAS) Cl
P -Poisonous & show chemiluminescence
NO2+H2OHNO - Hypo phosphorous acid (H3PO2) - cyclo metaphosphoric (HPO3)3 3. Black phosphorous Bi2O5 Basic
+4 (ACIDIC 3 Cl P -Soluble in CS2 but insoluble in H2O
BLUE SOLID)
Cl Cl Cl
Cl MP
REACTION WITH NON METALS P-H 2 -Occurs in descrete units - black phosphorous NH3 > SbH3 > AsH3 > PH3
Cl
+4 (ACIDIC
COLOURLESS I2+HNO3HIO +NO2
P-OH 1 -Highly reactive due to angle strain - Prepared by heating (due to similar size of N
GAS)
3 Basicity=1
In gaseous & liquid phase exist as -Fumes in air due to formation of P4O10 Red P at 803 K and H, NH3 has high M.P)
P4+HNO3H 3
PO4+NO2 trigonal bipyramidal
- Orthophosphorous acid (H3PO3) -In basic medium,it disproportionate to - black phosphorous
+5 (ACIDIC S/SO2+HNO3H SO4+NO2 In solid phase,it exist
COLOURLESS
2 form PH3 & NaH2PO2 - Prepared by heating
P-H 1 P-O-P Bond=3 as ionic crystal
GAS) C + HNO3CO 2
+NO2 2 P-OH 3 white P at 473 K
P-OH
Basicity=2 Basicity=3 PCl5 [PCl4]+[PCl6]- P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O PH3 + 3NaH2PO2

OXYGEN FAMILY
p-BLOCK ELEMETS HALOGENS & NOBLE GAS
2)HCl NOBLE GASES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OXOACIDS OF SULPHUR 3) Peroxo type Uses: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES COMPOUNDS OF CHLORINE
All these, except Radon & Oganesson occur
[Link] as a bleaching agent due to the NH3+HCl NH4Cl
1) Cl2 Preparation : Commercial in the atmosphere.
Electrom affinity/EGE Aqua regia (HCl:HNO3=3:1)
Electron gain enthalpy 1) Thionous type formation of nascent atomic hydrogen in
Deacon‛s Process dissolve Au and Pt by release of Physical properties
i) Peroxomono sulphuric acid H2 O - Cl2 > F2 > Br2 > I2
- S > O > Se > Te > Po CuCl2 nitric acid -Atomic radii down the group
H2SO5 Oxidation State HCl + 1/202 H2O + 1/2 Cl2
i) Dithionous acid +3 Au [AuCl4]- + NO -IE down the group
Aqua regia

(Caro‛s acid) SO3 - F shows only 1 O.S

723 K

H2 S 2 O 4 - All other shows -ve & +ve O.S Properties Pt [PtCl6]- + NO

Aqua regia
-He is having maximum ionisation
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Properties HCl is a strong acid which energy of all known substances
(S2O42-) Bond dissociation energy - Greenish yellow coloured gas
decomposes salt of weak acid -Ne is having high positive value of
i) Peroxo disulphuric acid SO3 6/2=3(3,0) bent shape (120o) - Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2 - Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl electron gain enthalpy
Hydrides OXOACIDS OF HALOGEN
H2S2O8 100% oleum/sulphan liquid SO3 Bond dissociation energy of F2 is -B.P down the group

}
greenish yellow
F HOF
ii) Dithionic acid +5 (Marshall‛s acid) lower than that of Cl2 & Br2 due colourless Cl HOCl, HCl02,HCl03,HCl04 -He is having lowest B.P among all
- With NH3
Bond Angle H2 S 2 O 6 ALLOTROPES OF SULPHUR to its inter electronic repulsion Br HOBr, HCBr2,HBr03,HBr04 known substance (4.2K)
H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te (S2O62-)
1) NH3 + Cl2 NH4Cl + N2 I HOI, HI02,HI03,HI04 COMPOUNDS OF Xe
1) Rhombic Sulphur [ ] CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (excess) 1) Acidic character Xenon Fluoro compounds
H2SO4 -Exist in room temperature
1) Oxidising Power: HClO < HCl02 < HCl03< HCl04
Preparation:
Thermal Stability -Soluble in CS2 but insoluble in H2O 2) NH3 + Cl2 NCl3 + HCl
2) Reducing character 673 K.1 bar
-Yellow in colour - F is the strongest oxidizing agent (excess) -Xe(g) + F2(g) XeF2(S)
H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te iii) Polythionic acid +5,0
Preparation HClO < HCl02 < HCl03< HCl04 (Xenon in excess)
-Exist below 369 K - Order F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 - With Alkali 3) Stability:
H2S 4O 6 Contact process -Xe(g) + 2F2(g)
673 K.1 bar
XeF4(S)
2) Monoclinic Sulphur [ ] -F2 displaces Cl2, Br2 & I2 a) NaOH + Cl2 NaClO + NaCl + H2O HClO < HCl02 < HCl03< HCl04
Acidic Character FeS2 + O2 Fe2O3 + SO2
-Soluble in CS2
[1:5 ratio]
(S4O62-) -Cl2 displaces Br2 and I2 (Cold & dilute) INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS -Xe(g) + 3F2(g)
573 K.60-70 bar
XeF6(S)
H2Te > H2Se > H2S > H2O 2SO2 + O2
V2O5
2SO3 -Obtained by melting rhombic [1:20 ratio]
Pt -Br2 + 2KI 2KBr + I2 NaOH + Cl2 NaClO3 + NaCl + H2O Compounds forms b/w 2 different halides -XeF4 + O2F2 XeF6 + O2
sulphur above 369 K
Reducing Power SO3 + H2SO4 H2 S 2 O 7 -I2 + KBr No reaction (Cold & Conc.) Types: XX1 ICl,BrF Structure
iv) Thiosulphuric acid +6,-2 b) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
Transition Temperature: XX3 ClF3,BrF
H2Te > H2Se > H2S > H2O 8+2 =5(2,3)
1
H 2 S 2 O 7 + H2 O 2H2SO4(98%) 2) With H2O: XeF2 linear
H 2S 4 O 3 Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O 2
369 K, at which both monoclinic & - F+ H2O HF + O2 (Release O2 XX51 BrF5 8+4 =6(4,2)
Properties XeF4 square planar
(S4O32-) (calcium hypocloride)
B.P sulphur exist. Above this temperature from H2O, good oxidizing agent) XX71 IF7,ClF7 2
Oxidising property monoclinic exist, below this - Cl2/Br2 + H2O HCl + HOCl Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl2 Bleaching powder XeF6 8+6 =7(6,1) Distorted Octahedral
H2O > H2Te > H2Se > H2S temperature rhombic sulphur exist. HBr + HOBr
Properties and uses 2
3S + 2H2SO4 3SO2 + 2H2O Properties On reacting with H2O,they get hydrolysed
2) Sulphurous type - I2 + H2O No reaction uses -ClF3 & BrF3 Uranium enrichment
Cu + H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O for flurinating (U235) when XeF2 hydrolyses, it gives Xe,HF & O2
- Powerful bleaching agent -IF Spectroscopically detected
-XeF2 + H2O Xe +HF + O2
i) Sulphurous acid C + 2H2SO4 CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O
3) With H2: Hydrides due to oxidizing property -ICl Exist in 2 polymeric form a& b XENON-OXYGEN COMPOUND
H2SO3 - Bleaching powder -Inter halogens are very reactive
SO2 Properties Acidic Character
than halogens
Structure XeO3 8/2=4(3,1) Pyramidal
HI > HBr > HCl > HF Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl2
ii) Sulphuric acid -Act as reducing agent(in aqueous medium) At elevated temperature (1000K) S2 Structure XeOF4=
8+4
=6(5,1) Sq. Pyramidal
- Preparation of poisonous gas 2
H2SO4 SO2(aq) + HNO3 + H2O NO + H2SO4 is dominant species and is Reducing Power XX‛ X-X linear
paramagnetic like O2 (Vapour) state HI > HBr > HCl > HF
1) Tear gas CCl3NO2 7+3 =5(3,2)T-Shaped XeO2F2=
8+2
=5(4,1) Sea saw
-Act as oxidizing agent in the presence of XX3‛
2) Phosgene COCl2 2
iii) Pyrodisulphuric acid Strong reducing agent partly exist as S2 molecule which Thermal Stability
2
Preparation
7+5 =6(5,1) Square Pyramidal
+4 O
has unpaired electrons in HF > HCl > HBr > HI 3) Mustard gas XX5‛
H2S2O7 (Oleum) SO2 + CO S + CO2
π orbitals like O2
2 XeF6 + H2O XeOF4 + HF
+4
SO2 + Fe
-2
FeS + FeO BP HF > HI > HBr > HCl Cl-(CH2)2-S-(CH2)2-Cl XX7‛ 7+7 =7(7,0) Pentagonal bipyramidal
XeF6 + 2H2O XeO2F2 + HF
2 (excess)