312

TRIAL 003
GEOGRAPHY
MARKING SCHEME

TARGETER EVALUATION TEST -

2024
SECONDARY
EXAM FORM 1

MARKING SCHEME

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SECTION A (25 marks)

Answer all Questions.

1. The diagram below shows the composition of the solar system

(a) Name the planets marked A and B.

A - Mercury B – Jupiter (2x1= 2mks)

b) Give three characteristics of the sun.

• Made of gases mainly hydrogen.
• Has very high temperatures/6000 0c.
• Produces own light and lights other heavenly bodies
• Has its own force of gravity. 3x1=3mks
2. a) What is Stevenson screen?
A white wooden box found in a weather station to hold the thermometers/hygrometer.
(1 x2= 2 mks)
b) Describe a suitable site where you would locate a weather station in your school
• Location in an open space where there is free flow of air.
• Should be located far from tall objects such as buildings and vegetation.
• The site that is relatively flat and free from flooding.
• The site, which is secured with a fence and a lockable gate. (3x1= 3mks)
3. a. Name two layers of the atmosphere with Zero Lapse Rate.
• Tropopause.
• Stratopause.
• Mesopause. 2x1=2mks.
b. Write down three characteristics of the Troposphere.
• Temperatures decrease with increasing height/6.50 c per 1000metres of ascent.
• Contains almost 90% of the water vapor.
• Atmospheric pressure decreases with increase in height.
• Extends for about 16 km above the surface of the earth.
• It supports life.
• Effects of gravity decrease with increasing height.
• Speed of wind increases with the increase in height. 3x1=3mks
4. a) Define a meteor.
Meteor is a streak of light seen in the sky in a clear night and occurs because of
meteoroid burning as it enters earth’s atmosphere.(1 x2= 2 mks)

b) Outline the characteristics of a comet.

• It is made up of frozen gases/dust/small rock particles.
• It has a head and a tail.
• It moves along oval shaped orbit/revolve round the sun.
• It crosses orbits followed by other planets. (3x1= 3mks)
5. a) What is a topographical map?
• A map which shows a selected number of physical and human features and their position in a
selected geographical region. 2mks
b) Name three types of scales used on maps.
• Linear scale.
• Representative Fraction/Ratio scale
• Statement scale. (3x1= 3mks)
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SECTION B (75 marks) Answer Question 6 and any other TWO.
6. Study the photograph below and answer questions

a. i) Name the minerals found in J, K and L.

J -Limestone (1 x1= 1 mk)

K - Soda Ash/Trona (1 x1= 1 mk)

L- Gold. (1x1= 1mk)

ii) State three uses of the mineral found at K.

• Manufacturing detergents/soap.
• Water treatment.
• Paper making.
• Glass making.
• Fixing dyes in textile industries
• Oil refining
• Desulphurizing steel (3x1= 3mks)

bi) Apart from stripping, identify another other method used in open cast mining.
• Hillslope boring. (1x1= 1mk)

b) Describe how minerals are extracted using the stripping mining method.
• The unwanted materials/overburden (vegetation, soil and rocks) lying on top pf the mineral
ore are remove/stripped.
• The soft mineral ore is removed by digging/quarrying /stripping/
• Any hard rock/mineral ore is broken up by blasting using dynamite.
• Huge power shovels are used to dig up the mineral deposit.
• The mineral ore is loaded onto trucks/railway wagon to the processing plants. 5x1=5mks
b. i) Define the term ore.
• This is a rock that contains valuable minerals. 1x2=2mkls.
ii) Explain how the following factors influence exploitation of minerals.
Mode of occurrence.
• Minerals that occur at or close to the earth’s surface are easier and cheaper to exploit than
those are that lying deeply in the ground. 1x2=mks.

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 Size of the mineral deposits.
• Extraction of minerals usually happens when minerals exist in large quantities but they
remain un-exploited unless they are of great value. 1x2=2mks
Quality of the ore.
• High quality ore is more economical to mine as it yields more minerals as compared to low
quality ore which might not be extracted unless the minerals are of very high value. 1x2=2mks.
d) State five significance of oil in the economies of the Middle East countries.
• Revenues and royalties earned have led to foreign investments earning the countries great wealth.
• The countries enjoy high per capital income hence high standards of living.
• Creation of employment opportunities for the locals and foreigners.
• Promoted industrial growth of oil and oil related industries.
• Has led to the growth of towns.
• Has led to the development of infrastructural facilities and social amenities. 5x1=5mks.
7. a. Identify the terms used to describe the shape of the earth.
• Geoid.
• Oblate spheroid. 2x1=2mks
b. i) Apart from the mantle, list the other layers that in the internal structure of the earth.
• Sial
• Sima
• Inner core
• Outer core.
4x1= 4mks
ii) State five characteristics of the mantle in the interior structure of the earth.
- It is divided into two parts/ upper and lower mantle.
- Has a thickness of about 2900km.
- The rock density is 3.0-3.3 gm/cc.
- The upper mantle has lower temperature than lower mantle/ 10000-3000oc.
- The rocks in the lower mantle are semi solid.
- The lower mantle is composed of rocks in form of viscous fluid.
- Dominant minerals are silica, magnesium and iron/ferro-magnesium silicate/olivine.
5x1=5mks
iii) Identify four features that make up the hydrosphere. 4 marks
• Oceans.
• Seas.
• Lakes.
• Rivers.
• Swamps.
• Ice sheets.
4x1=4 mks
c) Explain why the interior of the earth is very hot.
• The earth retains the original heat since time of formation as the outer part cooled faster than
the interior.
• Due to radioactivity inside the earth which releases enormous heat.
• The overlying materials exert a lot of pressure on the interior layers, which generate a lot of
heat inside the earth. 3x2=6mks
d) Give the effects of the revolution of the earth.
- The four seasons.
- Changes in the position of the midday sun at different times of the year.
- The lunar eclipse.
- Varying lengths of the days and nights in different times of the year. 4x1=4mks
8. a. What is a rock?
• A naturally occurring substance that is an aggregate of minerals forming part of the earth’s crust.
1x2=2mks.
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 b. i) Classify the types of lava/magma according to the degree of viscosity.
- Acidic.
- Intermediate.
- Basic.
- Ultra-basic lava. 4x1=4mks.
ii) Give three characteristics of the plutonic igneous rocks.
- Formed from cooling and solidification of magma.
- They are found deep in the crust/abyss.
- Some have coarse grains
- They cool slowly due to insulation by overlying rocks of the crust. 3x1=3mks
c. i) Outline the causes of regional metamorphism.
- When rocks are subjected to high temperatures when buried in the ground at depths greater
than 5kms.
- Due to heat generated by friction due to shearing of rocks along the tectonic boundaries as
plates move past each other.
- Due to great heat given when rocks come into contact with magma during vulcanicity.
- Due to pressure caused by the overlying rock masses.
- Pressure caused by compression and friction along tectonic boundaries at the subduction zone.
4x1=4mks
ii. Outline two processes responsible for chemically formed sedimentary rocks.
• Precipitation of dissolved minerals at the bottom of waterbodies.
• Evaporation of water, which has dissolved minerals. (2x1= 2mks)

d. Explain five ways in which rocks are significant to human activities in Kenya.
• Some rocks are used for carvings such as the Kisii soapstone, which are sold to earn income.
• Some rocks form underground water reservoirs that provides water for irrigation, domestic
and industrial uses.
• Some rocks provide raw materials for industries such as limestone for cement making.
• Some rocks provide salt licks to livestock.
• Some rocks provide building and construction materials such as the phonolites and marble.
• Some rocks form fascinating features that attract tourists such as the crying stones of Kakamega.
• Rocks undergo weathering to form different soils that are used for agricultural activities.
• Some rocks contain valuable minerals that are extracted for commercial purposes/fuel.
5x2=10mks.
9. a. i) Define weather.
• Weather is the daily atmospheric conditions of a place at a particular time/over a short period.
1 x 2 = 2mks.
ii) Outline three ways in which the atmosphere is heated.
• Conduction.
• Convection.
• Radiation (3x1= 3mks)
b. i.) Describe how the atmospheric temperature is measured in a weather station using the Six’s
thermometer.
• During the day when the temperature rises, alcohol in the left limb of the thermometer
expands while in the right limb it turns into vapor occupying the space in the conical bulb.
• Expanding alcohol pushes the mercury downwards, which rises, in the right limb pushing
the metal index along.
• Maximum temperature is obtained by reading the scale at the metal index in contact with
the mercury on the right limb.
• When temperature falls, the vapor in the conical bulb turns into a liquid pushing mercury
downwards towards the left limb as alcohol contracts creating space for mercury to flow up.
• Minimum temperature is obtained by reading the scale of the index in contact with the mercury.
(5x1= 5mks)
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 ii) Explain why temperatures decrease with increase in latitude.
• The distance travelled by the sun’s rays is shorter at the equator than in high latitudes
therefore less radiation and lower temperatures.
• The high latitude areas receive sunlight at an acute angle and reduces intensity of the heat
hence lower temperature.
• The surface area heated through solar radiation is wider in high latitudes than at the
equator hence lower temperature. (2x2= 4mks)

c) Identify three forms of precipitation common in Kenya.

• Rainfall.
• Fog/mist.
• Dew.
• Hail. 3x1= 3mks

d. You are to carry out a field study in a local weather station.

i) Apart from thermometer, identify three other weather measuring instruments you are likely to find
in a weather station.
• Windvane/windsock.
• Hygrometer.
• Barometer.
• Rain gauge.
• Sunshine recorder/campbell stokes recorder 3x1 = 3 mks.

ii) Give three reasons why it is important to seek permission from the school administration. 3 marks
• To enable the administration provide essential tools for use during the field study.
• It is an official requirement.
• To enable the administration to take care of the disruptions of the school programme.
• To enable the administration, arrange for transport, lunch.
• To enable the administration to take the necessary safety precautions.
• To enable the administration to provide entry fees if required. (3x1= 3mks)
ii) List two methods of data collection they are likely to use.
• Taking photographs/videos/filming.
• Observation.
• Interviewing.
• Administering a questionnaire.
• Reading from secondary sources/content analysis/literature review. (2x1= 2mks)

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