Sampling Methods
The population refers to the whole group under
study or investigation. In research, the population
does not always refer to people. It may mean a group
containing elements of anything you want to study,
such as objects, events, organizations, countries,
species, organisms, etc.
A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by random sampling or by
non-random sampling. A sample is a representation of the population where it is
hoped that valid conclusions will be drawn from the population.
Sampling Methods
Types of Sampling:
1. Probability Sampling or Random Sampling
• If a sample survey allows every member of the population to have a
known, non-zero chance of being selected into the sample, then the
sample survey is called a probability sample.
• Random Sampling is a sampling method where each point of the sample
has an equal chance of being selected using the appropriate sampling
technique.
Sampling Methods
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:
A) Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
• most basic random sampling wherein elements are usually represented by
a number that are written on equal sized and shaped papers.
• Selection of samples is possible through the lottery method.
Example: The teacher wanted to assign who among her students will perform
on a specific day. She wrote the names of each student in pieces of
paper, shuffles and then draw eight names for each day.
Sampling Methods
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:
B) Stratified Random Sampling
• is a random sampling wherein the population is divided into different
strata.
• Selection of samples will be proportionately randomly picked in each
stratum that is why all strata have representatives in forming the samples.
Example: The teacher divided the class into 5 groups. She randomly chose 2
representatives from each group to report their prepared outputs.
Sampling Methods
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:
C) Systematic Sampling
• is a random sampling which uses a list of all the elements in the
population and then elements are being selected based from the kth
consistent intervals.
• To get the kth interval, divide the population size by the sample size.
𝑁
𝑘= .
𝑛
Example: Based on the seating arrangement, the teacher chose every 7𝑡ℎ
student to recite in class.
Sampling Methods
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:
D) Cluster Sampling
• is a random sampling wherein population is divided into clusters and
then the clusters is randomly selected.
• All elements of the clusters randomly selected are considered the
samples of the study.
Example: The teacher divided the class into 5 groups. She randomly chose 2
groups to perform. All the members of the chosen group-that is,
Group 1 and 3 will do the performance.
Sampling Methods
Types of Sampling:
2. Non-probability Sampling or Non-Random Sampling
• Non-probability or non-random sampling, or sometimes called judgment
sampling is the generic name of several sampling methods where some
units in the population do not have the chance to be selected in the
sample, or if the inclusion probabilities cannot be computed.
• Generally, the procedure involves arbitrary selection of “typical” or
“representative” units concerning which information is to be obtained.
Sampling Methods
NON-RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:
A) Haphazard or Accidental Sampling
• involves an unsystematic selection of sample units.
• Some disciplines like archaeology, history, and even medicine draw
conclusions from whatever items are made available. Other disciplines like
astronomy, experimental physics, and chemistry often do not care about
the “representativeness” of their specimens.
Sampling Methods
NON-RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:
B) Convenience Sampling
• is adopted by researchers where they collect data from a “conveniently”
available pool of respondents. It can be applied by stopping random
people on the street and asking questionnaire questions.
C) For Volunteer Sampling
• sample units are volunteers in studies wherein the measuring process is
painful or troublesome to a respondent.
Sampling Methods
NON-RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:
D) Purposive Sampling
• pertains to having an expert select a representative sample based on his
own subjective judgment. For instance, in Accounting, a sample audit of
ledgers may be taken of certain weeks (which are viewed as typical). Many
agricultural surveys also adopt this procedure for lack of a specific
sampling frame.
Sampling Methods
NON-RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:
E) Quota Sampling
• sample units are picked for convenience but certain quotas (such as the
number of persons to interview) are given to interviewers. This design is
especially used in market research.
F) Snowball Sampling
• additional sample units are identified by asking previously picked
sample units for people they know who can be added to the sample.
Usually, this is used when the topic is not common, or the population
is hard to access.
Sampling Methods
In conducting a research, the use of samples to acquire
information is more convenient and more feasible than using the
entire population. However, we cannot expect the sample to yield
accurate information about the population. There is a certain
amount of error from using the sample which is called the sampling
error.