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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATON DPP-1

1. In human body, which organ is responsible for conversion of ammonia into urea?
(1) Kidneys
(2) Lungs
(3) Intestine
(4) Liver

2. Animals accumulates waste like urea, uric acid, CO 2, H2O, ions like Na+, K+, Cl–, phosphate, sulphate, etc.,
by-
(1) Metabolic activities
(2) Excess ingestion
(3) Either 1 or 2
(4) Excretion

3. Order of toxicity among ammonia, urea and uric acid (from lower to higher) is -
(1) Uric acid < Urea < Ammonia
(2) Uric acid < Ammonia < Urea
(3) Urea < Uric acid < Ammonia
(4) Ammonia < Urea < Uric acid

4. Match the following columns –

Column I Column II
A. Ammonotelic 1. Aquatic invertebrates

B. Ureotelic 2. Reptiles
C. Uricotelic 3. Birds
4. Terrestrial amphibians
5. Mammals

A B C
(1) 4, 5 3 1, 2
(2) 1, 2 3 4, 5
(3) 1 4, 5 2, 3
(4) 2, 3 1 4, 5

5. Among ammonia, uric acid and urea, which one needs the least amount of water to excrete -
(1) ammonia
(2) uric acid
(3) urea
(4) both 2 and 3

  Digital [1]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

Answer Key

Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer 4 3 1 3 2

Explanations :
1. Terrestrial adaptation necessitates the production of lesser toxic nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid for
conservation of water. Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes mainly excrete urea and are
called ureotelic animals. Ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the liver of these animals
and released into the blood which is filtered and excreted out by the kidneys.

5. Ammonia, urea and uric acid are the major forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by the animals. Ammonia is
the most toxic form and requires large amount of water for its elimination, whereas uric acid, being the least
toxic, can be removed with a minimum loss of water.

  Digital [2]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATON DPP-2

1. Ureter, blood vessels and nerves enter in to the kidney through :-

(1) Pelvis
(2) Hilum
(3) Convex surface
(4) Pyramids

2. In the diagram of excretory system of human beings given below, different parts have been indicated by
alphabets choose the answer in which these alphabets have been correctly matched with the parts which
they represent :-

(1) A = Kidney, B = Dorsal aorta, C = Ureter, D = Urinary bladder, E = Urethra, F = Renal pelvis
(2) A = Kidney, B = Dorsal aorta, C = Urethra, D = Urinary bladder, E = Ureter, F = Renal pelvis
(3) A = Kidney, B = Renal pelvis, C = Urethra, D=Urinary bladder, E = Ureter, F = Renal pelvis
(4) A = Kidney, B = Dorsal aorta, C = Urethra, D = Urinary bladder, E = Renal pelvis, F =Ureter

3. Each kidney of an adult human measures :-

Length Width Thickness Weight
(1) 10 – 12 cm 5-7 cm 2-3 cm 120-170 gm
(2) 10 -20 cm 10 – 12 cm 6 – 12 cm 40 – 50 gm
(3) 2 – 6 cm 10 – 12 cm 6 – 12 cm 40 – 50 gm
(4) 10 – 20 mm 5 – 7 mm 2 – 3 cm 120 – 170 mg

4. Medial surface of kidney is _____ while lateral surface is _____.

(1) Convex, Concave
(2) Concave, Convex
(3) Convex, Convex
(4) Concave, Concave

  Digital [3]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

5. Which of the following is not a function of kidney?

(1) Regulation of arterial pressure.
(2) Excretion of metabolic waste and foreign chemicals.
(3) Secretion of hormones like erythropoietin and renin.
(4) Secretion of HCl and castle intrinsic factor (CIF).

Answer Key

Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer 2 1 1 2 4

Explanations :

5. Functions of kidney
• Excretion of metabolic waste and foreign chemicals.
• Regulation of body fluid osmolarity and electrolyte concentration.
• Regulation of acid base balance.
HCl and castle intrinsic factor (CIF)
• Secretion of hormones like Erythropoietin and Renin.
are secreted by Oxyntic cells of
• Regulation of arterial pressure.
stomach not kidney

  Digital [4]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATON DPP-3

1. Renal papilla is the part of :-

(1) Minor calyx
(2) Pelvis
(3) Pyramid
(4) Major calyx

2. In human minor calyces number is :-

(1) Uncountable
(2) 14 to 20
(3) Equal to pyramid number
(4) Depends on major calyx number.

3. Which of the following statement is incorrect?

(1) Urine passes from the pelvis into the ureter
(2) Urinary bladder opens into a bony duct called urethra
(3) Opening of urinary bladder is controlled by sphincters of circular muscles.
(4) The cortex extends in between the medullary pyramids as renal columns of bertini.

4. Urine passes from the pelvis into the ______.

(1) Ureter
(2) Urethra
(3) Calyces
(4) Medulla

5. Identify A, B & C :-
Urine produced by each nephron empties into ____A____ which passes through a ____B____ into the
____C____.
A B C
(1) A–collecting duct Ureter Calyces
(2) A–collecting duct Papilla Calyces
(3) A–collecting duct Ureter Papilla
(4) A–collecting duct Ureter DCT

  Digital [5]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

Answer Key

Question 1 2 3 4 5

Answer 3 3 2 1 2

Explanations :
2. Medullary pyramids are connected with minor calyces (8-12). The minor calyces lead into major calyces (2-3),
major calyces open into renal pelvis.

3. Urinary bladder opens into a membranous duct called Urethra.

The urethra leads to end of the penis in males and into the vulva in females

  Digital [6]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATON DPP-4

1. In cortex area of kidney, all structures are found except –

(1) Bowman capsule
(2) D.C.T.
(3) Majority of collecting duct
(4) Malpighian body

2. Glomerulus is a tuft capillaries formed by ...A... (A fine branch of renal artery). Blood from the
glomerulus is carried away by an ...B... .
(1) A-Efferent arteriole, B-Afferent arteriole
(2) A-Efferent arteriole, B-Efferent arteriole
(3) A-Afferent arteriole, B-Afferent arteriole
(4) A-Afferent arteriole, B-Efferent arteriole

3. Part not belonging to uriniferous tubule is -

(1) Glomerulus
(2) Henle's loop
(3) Distal convoluted tubule
(4) Collecting duct

4. Bowman's capsule is lined by -

(1) Ciliated cuboidal epithelium
(2) Squamous epithelium
(3) Non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium
(4) Non-ciliated columnar epithelium

5. Podocyte are present in -

(1) Afferent arteriole
(2) Efferent arteriole
(3) Peritubular network
(4) Bowman's capsule

6. Malpighian corpuscles present in -

(1) Medulla
(2) Cortex
(3) Pelvis
(4) Pyramid

  Digital [7]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

Answer Key

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6

Answer 3 4 4 2 4 2

Explanations :
1. There are two parts of kidney, outer called cortex, inner called medulla. Cortex part consist of PCT, DCT and
some part of collecting duct. (collecting duct is not a part of nephron). Loop of Henle is present in medulla part.

2. At the proximal or closed end the nephron is expanded and curved inwardly to form a double walled cup
shaped Bowman's capsule. Within the Bowman's capsule a network or tuft of capillaries is present, it is called
Glomerulus. It is formed by the afferent arteriole (a fine branch of Renal artery). Blood from the glomerulus is
carried away by an efferent arteriole.

3. Uriniferous tubule is the other name of nephron. A nephron can be divided into following regions Bowman’s
capsule, PCT, Loop of Henle and DCT. Collecting duct is not a part of nephron.

4. Bowman’s capsule is lined by simple squamous epithelium. The outer wall of Bowman’s capsule is composed of
flattened squamous cells.
The inner, invaginated wall that lines the concavity of Bowman’s capsule is composed of a special type of cells
called Podocytes. Which are arranged in an intricate manner so as to leave some minute spaces called filtration
slits or slit pores.

6. Malpighian body: Glomerulus and its surrounding Bowman's capsule together forms Malpighian body or Renal
corpuscle. It is responsible for first step of urine formation (Ultrafiltration). Malpighian body is found in cortex of
kidney.

  Digital [8]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATON DPP-5

ASSIGNMENT NO.05

1. GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) is the amount of filtrate formed by the kidney per _________.
(1) hour
(2) second
(3) minute
(4) 10 seconds

2. Total filtrate formed in 24 hours in human kidney is -

(1) 1.8 litres
(2) 8.0 litres
(3) 18 litres
(4) 180 litres

3. Which one does not filter out from blood to Bowman’s capsule in glomerular ultrafiltration?
(1) Amino acids
(2) Plasma protein
(3) Glucose
(4) Water

4. The net pressure gradient that causes the fluid to filter out of the glomeruli into the capsule is -
(1) 10-25 mm of Hg
(2) 50-80 mm of Hg
(3) 80-100 mm of Hg
(4) 30-50 mm of Hg

5. In the kidney, the formation of urine involves the following processes arranged as -
(1) Glomerular filtration, reabsorption and tubular secretion
(2) Reabsorption, filtration and secretion
(3) Secretion, absorption and filtration
(4) Filtration, secretion and reabsorption

Answer Key

Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer 3 4 2 1 1

  Digital [9]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATON DPP-6

1. Choose the mismatched part of nephron with their function.

(1) Bowman's capsule-Glomerular filtration
(2) PCT-Reabsorption of Na+ and K+
(3) DCT-Reabsorption of glucose
(4) Loop of henle-Urine concentration

2. Reabsorption of useful substances from glomerular filtrate occurs in:

(1) collecting tube
(2) loop of Henle
(3) proximal convoluted tube
(4) distal convoluted tube

3. The hormone that promotes reabsorption of water from glomerular filtrate is:
(1) oxytocin
(2) vasopressin
(3) relaxin
(4) calcitonin

4. Glucose is taken back from glomerular filtrate through:

(1) active transport
(2) passive transport
(3) osmosis
(4) diffusion

5. One of the following is impermeable to H2O normally:

(1) PCT
(2) DCT
(3) descending limb
(4) ascending limb

6. Water reabsorption in the distal parts of kidney tubules is regulated by:

(1) STH
(2) TSH
(3) ADH
(4) MSH

7. The reabsorption of glucose form the glomerular filtrate is due to:

(1) high osmotic pressure of filtrate
(2) passive diffusion
(3) active transport across the wall of proximal convoluted part
(4) filtration pressure exerted on the fluids in the loop of Henle

  Digital [10]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

Answer Key

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Answer 3 3 2 1 4 3 3

Explanations :
1. Glucose is completely reabsorbed from PCT of nephron not from DCT.

2. PCT is lined by simple cuboidal brush border epithelium which increases the surface area for reabsorption.
Nearly all of the essential nutrients and 70-80% of electrolytes and water are reabsorbed by this segment.

3. Vasopressin (ADH) is responsible for reabsorption of water from DCT of nephron.

4. Glucose, Amino acids, Fatty acids are completely reabsorbed by active transport in PCT.

5. The ascending limb of loop of henle is impermeable to water but allows transport of electrolytes actively or
passively. Therefore, as the concentrated filtrate pass upward, it gets diluted due to the passage of electrolytes
in to the medullary fluid.

6. STH – Somatotropic Hormone

TSH – Thyroid stimulating Hormone
ADH – Antidiuretic Hormone
MSH – Melanocyte stimulating Hormone
Vasopressin (ADH) is responsible for reabsorption of water from DCT of nephron.

7. Glucose is completely reabsorbed from PCT of nephron not from DCT.

  Digital [11]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATON DPP-7

ASSIGNMEN T NO.07

1. Which of the following statement is incorrect?

(1) Mammals have the ability to produce a concentrated urine.
(2) The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle's loop is in same directions and thus forms a counter current.
(3) The interstitial fluid of the kidney increases in osmolarity from 300 to 1200 mOsmol L –1 from the centre to
the inner medulla.
(4) Loop of Henle maintains the interstitial gradient of NaCl.

2. ____A____ maintains the interstitial gradient of NaCl. NaCl is transported by the _____B____of Henle's loop
which is exchanged with the ____C____ of vasa recta. NaCl is returned to the interstitium by ascending part
of vasa recta.
(1) A–loop of Henle, B–ascending limb, C–descending limb
(2) A–descending limb, B–loop of Henle, C–ascending limb
(3) A–ascending limb, B–loop of Henle, C–descending limb
(4) A–ascending limb, B–descending limb, C–loop of Henle,

3. The interstitial fluid of the kidney increases in osmolarity from ___________ mOsmol L –1 from the centre to
the inner medulla. This gradient is mainly caused by NaCl & Urea.
(1) 100 to 1000
(2) 500 to 1500
(3) 300 to 1200
(4) 600 to 1800

4. Formation of hypertonic urine is mediated through:

(1) Having small loop of Henle
(2) Eating salt free diet
(3) Counter-current system
(4) Increased waste intake

  Digital [12]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

Answer Key

Question 1 2 3 4
Answer 2 1 3 3

Explanations :
1. Mammals have the ability to produce a concentrated urine. The Henle's loop and vasa recta play a significant
role in this. The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle's loop is in opposite directions and thus forms a
counter current. The flow of blood through the two limbs of vasa recta is also in a counter current pattern.

3. The interstitial fluid of the kidney increases in osmolarity from 300 to 1200 mOsmol L –1 from the centre to the
inner medulla. This gradient is mainly caused by NaCl & Urea.

4. Presence of medullary interstitial gradient helps in an easy passage of water from collecting tubule. As the
filtrate flow down in the collecting tubule more and more water move out of the tubule by osmosis which
makes filtrate hypertonic to blood. Human kidney can produce urine nearly four times concentrated than the
initial filtrate formed.

  Digital [13]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR

ASSIGNMENT ELIMINATON DPP-8
NO.08

1. In which the following condition can activate the JG cells to release renin?
(1) More Na+ in blood plasma
(2) More blood volume
(3) High glomerular blood pressure
(4) Fall in GFR

2. Which of the following hormone causes vaso-constriction?

(1) ANF
(2) Aldosterone
(3) ADH
(4) ACTH

3. Vasodilation and Decrease in blood pressure can be caused by:

(1) ANF
(2) ADH
(3) ACTH
(4) Aldosterone

4. Which of the following features activates the JG cells?

I. Fall in Glomerular blood pressure
II. Fall in Glomerular blood flow
III. Fall in GFR
Choose the correct option
(1) I and II
(2) II and III
(3) I and III
(4) I, II and III

5. Which of the following is responsible for excretion of dilute urine?

(1) More secretion of Renin
(2) Less secretion of vasopressin
(3) More secretion of aldosterone
(4) Less secretion of K+ into the filtrate

  Digital [14]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

Answer Key

Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer 4 3 1 4 2

Explanations:
1. The JGA plays a complex regulatory role. A fall in glomerular blood flow/glomerular blood pressure/GFR can
activate the JG cells to release renin which converts angiotensinogen in blood to angiotensin I and further to
angiotensin II

2. ADH facilitates water reabsorption from latter parts of the tubule, thereby preventing diuresis. An increase in
body fluid volume can switch off the osmoreceptors and suppress the ADH release to complete the feedback.
ADH can also affect the kidney function by its constrictory effects on blood vessels. This causes an increase in
blood pressure.

3. An increase in blood flow to the atria of the heart can cause the release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF). ANF
can cause vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels) and thereby decrease the blood pressure. ANF mechanism,
therefore, acts as a check on the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

4. The JGA plays a complex regulatory role. A fall in glomerular blood flow/glomerular blood pressure/GFR can
activate the JG cells to release renin which converts angiotensinogen in blood to angiotensin I and further to
angiotensin II.

5. ADH facilitates water reabsorption from latter parts of the tubule, thereby preventing diuresis.

  Digital [15]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATON DPP-9

1. Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
a. Micturition is carried out by a reflex.
b. ADH helps in water elimination, making the urine hypotonic.
c. Protein-free fluid is filtered from blood plasma into the Bowman's capsule.
d. Henle's loop plays on important role in concentrating the urine.
e. Glucose is actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
(1) a ⎯ T, b ⎯ F, c ⎯ T, d ⎯ T, e ⎯ T
(2) a ⎯ T, b ⎯ F, c ⎯ T, d ⎯ F, e ⎯ T
(3) a ⎯ F, b ⎯ T, c ⎯ F, d ⎯ T, e ⎯ F
(4) a ⎯ T, b ⎯ F, c ⎯ F, d ⎯ T, e ⎯ T

2. The pH of human urine is approximately.

(1) 6.5
(2) 7
(3) 6
(4) 7.5

3. The primary function of sweat is -

(1) To facilitate a cooling effect on body surface
(2) Removal of waste products
(3) Both (1) and (2)
(4) None of the above

4. Accessory excretory human organ is -

(1) Skin only
(2) Skin and liver only
(3) Skin and lungs only
(4) Skin, lungs and liver

5. Urine is excreted out of the body through -

(1) Pelvis
(2) Ureter
(3) Urinary bladder
(4) Urethra

  Digital [16]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

Answer Key

Question 1 2 3 4 5
Answer 1 3 1 4 4

Explanations:

3. Sweat glands on skin excrete sweat, Sweat contain 99.5%, Water, NaCl, Lactic acid, small amount of Urea,
Amino acid and glucose. The primary function of sweat is to wfacilitate a cooling effect on the body surface.

  Digital [17]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS NT
ANDNO.10
THEIR ELIMINATON DPP-10

1. In diabetes insipidus the patient drinks more water as there is urinary loss of :-
(1) salt
(2) insulin
(3) protein
(4) water

2. Ketonuria is :-
(1) albumin in urine
(2) globulin in urine
(3) ketone bodies in urine
(4) glucose in urine

3. The appearance of albumin in the urine is most likely due to :-

(1) increase in the blood pressure
(2) decrease in the blood osmotic pressure
(3) damage to the Malpighian corpuscles
(4) damage to the proximal convoluted tubules

4. Which of the following statement is incorrect?

(1) uremia is presence of excess urea in blood.
(2) oligouria is less production of urine
(3) anuria is no production of urine
(4) glycosuria is excretion of Glucose through Urine. This sign is present in Diabetes-insipidus.

5. Kidney crystals are solid clusters of :-

(1) calcium nitrate and uric acid
(2) phosphate and uric acid
(3) calcium oxalate and uric acid
(4) calcium metabisulphite and uric acid

  Digital [18]

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Excretory Products and Their Elimination

Answer Key

Question 1 2 3 4 5

Answer 4 3 3 4 3

Explanations:
3. Albuminuria - presence of albumin in urine, usually occurs in nephritis (inflammation of glomeruli), when the
size of the filtering slits enlarges and basement membrane looses its negative charge.

4. Glycosuria is excretion of Glucose through Urine. This sign is present in Diabetes-mellitus.

  Digital [19]