DẠNG 5: FLOWCHART AND DIAGRAM

Exercise
1:

6. aircraft
7. freeze
8. ice
9. release heat
10. last
longer
Transcript
Tutor: All right, let’s go back to the section in your essay on cloud seeding. Apart
from your silver nitrate/ silver iodide mistake, you’ve missed a few bits out.
Student: Have I?
T: I’m afraid so. What I’d like you to do is talk me through the process of cloud
seeding, what it involves and so on, and I’ll stop you if you’ve forgotten
something. OK?
S: Fine. Well, first of all silver nitro. er, iodide is fired into the cloud from the
ground using a rocket.
T: Good and you could mention that sometimes it’s dropped from above by Q6
aircraft.
S: Right, and this is the first stage, the primary stage, which is called static seeding.
The silver iodide causes a chemical reaction with the tiny water drops in the

Q7 cloud, and they freeze.

T: OK, so you’ve got millions of tiny ice particles because the water droplets in the Q8
cloud freeze. What happens next?
S: Next, er, there’s a process called riming: R-I-M-I-N-G. That’s when the ice
particles, well, they join up to form bigger pieces of ice, and when they’re heavy
enough, they fall from the sky.
T: Good, and then?
S: Well, as they fall, they turn to rain or snow. And, er, well, that’s it, isn’t it?
T: Well, usually, yes, but you’re mentioned that there’s a first stage, a primary
stage so surely you should have mentioned…?
S: Oh, the secondary stage.
T: Which is known as?
S: Dynamic seeding, of course, how could I have left that bit out? Let me think.
OK, so the water droplets turn to ice, and er,...

T: What happens when water freezes? When anything freezes, for that matter. Something that
may seem surprising.
S: Oh, of course, it releases heat.
T: Exactly, it releases heat. And what can happen to a cloud when freezing water inside it does
this?
S: The cloud gets bigger, and contains even more moisture.
T: Exactly, and not only do they become bigger, but they also…?
S: They, er, produce storms. No, hang on, that’s not right. They last longer, that’s it.
T: Right. They last longer, which means they can be seeded again to produce even more rain.

- silver (noun): bạc

Meaning:(symbol Ag) a chemical element. Silver is a greyish-white precious metal
used for making coins, jewellery, decorative objects, etc.
- nitrate (noun): (hoá học) Nitrat
Meaning: a compound containing nitrogen and oxygen
- iodide (noun): (hoá học) Iođua
Meaning: a chemical which contains iodine
- aircraft (noun): Máy bay, tàu bay
Meaning: any vehicle that can fly and carry goods or passengers
- chemical (adj): (thuộc) hoá học
Meaning: connected with chemistry
- reaction (noun): (vật lý); (hoá học) phản ứng
Meaning: a chemical change produced by two or more substances acting on each
other
- release (verb): Sự giải thoát, sự thoát khỏi
Meaning: the act of letting a gas, chemical, etc. come out of the container where it
has been safely held
- moisture (noun): Hơi ẩm; nước ẩm đọng lại; nước ẩm rịn ra
Meaning: very small drops of water that are present in the air, on a surface or in a
substance
 Exercise 2:

6. pyramid
9. conclusion
7. quotes/ quotations
10. headline
8. figures

Transcript
Lecturer: But how can you get involved? How can you begin to write articles which
will be published on sites like these?
Well, first you must have something interesting to say, something you want to
communicate with readers. Assuming you have this, it’s important in an article to
attract people’s attention and gain their interest, so put the main facts first,
answering these questions. Who? Why? When? How? and Where?
Get those basic facts down to start with and get people interested. Then fill in the
details in the rest of the article: the best model is really shaped like a pyramid. (Q6)
You put the most important facts at the top of the article and lots of smaller details
down below.
Remember, you want people to keep reading, so you need to hold your readers’
interest. A really good technique for doing that is to put in quotations from people
who are part of the story (Q7) - what they really said. You know the sort of thing,
um, ‘Tanya, mother of two, said: ‘It all happened so quickly that we didn’t have time
to react’. Quotations bring the article alive.
Once you’ve written your article, go over it again to make sure that any figures you
quote are correct. (Q8) Make sure that Tanya really has two children and not one or
three. Then, after that, once you’ve got your ideas down, rewrite your article,
making sure that your paragraphs don’t contain more than three sentences - people
like them to be brief and to the point, and this will help to hold the attention.
And another thing to bear in mind: if they’ve reading online, people will soon stop
reading your piece and start reading something else, so keep the whole article brief.
Don’t put in a conclusion - just let your article end without it. (Q9)
Another good piece of advice is to remember that old cliche which we’ve all heard -
that a picture is worth a thousand words. It’s true, so if you can, include a picture.
I’ll attract more attention and illustrate what you’ve been saying.
Finally, you need to write a headline - something eye-catching (Q10) which will get
people to just skim the article to start with, and then, if it’s well written, they’ll read
it more carefully afterwards.
Vocabulary:

- article (noun): Bài báo

Meaning: a piece of writing about a particular subject in a newspaper or magazine

- publish (verb): công bố, Xuất bản

Meaning: to produce a book, magazine, CD-ROM, etc. and sell it to the public

- communicate (verb): Giao tiếp, truyền đạt, thông tri

Meaning: to make your ideas, feelings, thoughts, etc. known to other people so that
they understand them

- pyramid (noun): hình chóp, kim tự tháp

Meaning: a solid shape with a square or triangular base and sloping sides that meet
in a point at the top

- Quotation (noun): Sự trích dẫn

Meaning: a group of words or a short piece of writing taken from a book, play,
speech, etc. and repeated because it is interesting or useful

- illustrate (verb): Minh hoạ, làm rõ ý

Meaning: to make the meaning of something clearer by using examples, pictures,
etc.
 Exercise 3:

6. key terms
9. stages
7. animal world
10. influences
8. contexts

Transcript
Victor: Right, so let’s design a plan. What ideas have you got so far?
Fumiko: Well, I wondered about doing something about relationships in the wild
first - you know, maybe starting with animals.
V: That’s quite a good idea… but I think the very first thing you need to do is give a
definition of what you mean by your key terms. (Q6)
F: Oh, so I need to say what terms like ‘relationship’ mean?
V: Yeah. Um, you could just do a diagram - you know, like you do when you
brainstorm something.
R: Oh yes - OK, I’ll do that first.
V: Right. After that, you could do a bit of background on the animal world… (Q7)
yes, a quick look at relationships among ape groups would work.
F: Yeah - interesting - just to show that relationships are part of life...So that’s the
definition and background - what next?
V: Well, then you have to move on to people. Are you going to target a particular age
group? Or something else?
F: Well, I thought that first I would look at different...well, there are so many places
aren’t there where we form relationships. In the office
V: Yeah...within the family. Even toddlers aged 18 months or under have
relationships
F: Yeah...so I’ll present those.
V: You mean the ‘contexts’ for relationships.(Q8)
F: Yes, that’s the world.
V: You do have to find a way to limit the scope of the study.
F: Yeah, I could examine the 21-to-30 age group
V: Or the next thing might be to select one type of relationships and go with that
F: Good idea! Um, I’ll pick friendship and lock at what makes that type

of relationship work and…

V: Well, why don’t you go through the stages in a friendship? (Q9) But I would
keep it simple - just select six.
F: Six. OK, I guess I could fit my practical work in here
V: Yes, it’s sort of area that you can canvas people’s opinions on. Ah, it might be
good to get some opinions from people over the age of 60
F: And - as a contrast - why don’t I end by looking into the future? Maybe the future
changes in
V: Yeah, or better still, the influences - you know, with all the social networking that
goes on now.(Q10)
F: OK, influences...oh, that’s been such a help, Victor. Thanks so much.
V: No problem… I’d better go and get some work done myself.
Vocabulary:

- relationship (noun): Mối quan hệ, mối liên hệ

Meaning: the way in which two people, groups or countries behave towards each
other or deal with each other

- diagram (noun): Biểu đồ

Meaning: a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how
something works, etc.

- brainstorm (verb): động não

Meaning: to all think about something at the same time, often in order to solve a
problem or to create good ideas

- toddler (noun): Đứa bé chỉ mới biết đi

Meaning: a child who has only recently learnt to walk

- scope (noun): Phạm vi, tầm

Meaning: the range of things that a subject, an organization, an activity, etc. deals
with

- examine (verb): thẩm tra, xem xét, khảo sát

Meaning: to consider or study an idea, a subject, etc. very carefully
 Exercise 4:

1. Youth club
4. Record book
2. Welcome pack
5. Badge
3. Coordinator

Transcript
Woman: The Duke of Edinburgh’s Award is a programme of activities
designed to help young people from all backgrounds develop personally.
There are three levels: Bronze, Silver and Gold, and for each level
participants have to complete a series of activities in four categories:
volunteering, physical, skills, and expedition.
This talk will explain what you have to do in order to get a Bronze award. The Q1
first thing you need to do is find a Duke of Edinburgh centre near you. This
could be your school, college, or youth club. Then you’ll need to pay a small
fee to
enrol in the programme. Once you’ve enrolled, you’ll get a welcome pack

Q2 which explains the four categories in more detail. Then you can start planning
what to do. You can do many different types of activity for each category, but you

Q3 must get them approved by your Duke of Edinburgh Coordinator before you
start so you don’t waste time doing something which is not approved. The other
important person is your assessor. This is the person who will certify that
Q4 you’ve
completed each activity by signing your record book. After you’ve
completed all the activities in the time given, your assessor will send your record
book results to the operating authority, who will check it. If everything is

Q5 satisfactory, you’ll get your certificate and badge to confirm you’ve

completed the award. And after that, you can start working on the Silver award!
Vocabulary:

- programme (noun): Chương trình

Meaning: an organized order of performances or events

- participant (noun): Người tham gia, người tham dự

Meaning:a person who is taking part in an activity or event

- category (noun): Hạng, loại

Meaning: a group of people or things with particular features in common

- volunteer (noun): Người tình nguyện, người xung phong

Meaning: a person who does a job without being paid for it

- expedition(noun): Cuộc hành trình

Meaning: an organized journey with a particular purpose, especially to find out
about a place that is not well known

- enroll (verb): ghi tên

Meaning: to arrange for yourself or for somebody else to officially join a course,
school, etc.

- assessor (noun): Người định giá (tài sản...) để đánh thuế

Meaning: an expert in a particular subject who is asked by a court or other official
group to give advice

- satisfactory (adj): Vừa lòng, vừa ý; thoả mãn

Meaning: good enough for a particular purpose

- badge (noun): Huy hiệu, phù hiệu

Meaning: a small piece of metal or plastic, with a design or words on it, that a
person wears to show that they belong to an organization, support something, have
achieved something, have a particular rank, etc.
 Exercise 5:

8. sign
9. reception
10. membership card

Transcript
Now, the final thing I want to talk about is how to join the Park Hill Leisure Centre
and enrol for the classes. First you need to complete an enrolment form with some
of your personal details, including your address and telephone number and the
name of your school. If you're under sixteen years old, then you'll also be required
to get your parents' permission to take part in the classes. Please ask one of your Q
parents to sign the authorisation form attached to the enrolment form. You'll find
the form in your information pack. When you've done this, you just hand the forms 8
to reception. You can pay an annual subscription of twenty pounds, or
alternatively, you can pay each time you use the facilities. There is a one pound Q
sixty admission fee in this case. Whether you decide to pay in one go or with each
visit, you still need to complete the forms in your pack and become a member. Once 9
we have the forms, we'll send your membership card to your home address. All you
need to do is show this card every time you come to the centre, and if you want to
book a class, you just need your membership number on your card.
Q10
Vocabulary:

- enrolment (noun): Sự kết nạp hoặc được kết nạp

Meaning: the act of officially joining a course, school, etc.; the number of people who
do this

- permission (noun): Sự cho phép, sự chấp nhận; giấy phép

Meaning: the act of allowing somebody to do something, especially when this is done
by somebody in a position of authority

- authorisation (noun): Sự cho phép, sự cấp phép

Meaning: official permission or power to do something; the act of giving permission

- reception (noun): Sự nhận, sự thu nhận, sự lĩnh

Meaning: the area inside the entrance of a hotel, an office building, etc. where
guests or visitors go first when they arrive

- subscription (noun): Sự quyên góp (tiền)

Meaning: an amount of money you pay, usually once a year, to receive regular
copies of a newspaper or magazine, etc.; the act of paying this money

- admission (noun):Sự nhận vào, sự thu nạp vào; sự kết nạp

Meaning: the act of accepting somebody into an institution, organization, etc.; the
right to enter a place or to join an institution or organization
 Exercise
6:

4. System
1. General
5. Relevance
2. Specific
3. Make notes

Transcript
Tutor: Hi, James. How’s your alternative energy research project going?
James: To be honest, I’m a bit confused about how to do the research for all
the different energy types.
Tutor: Well, the first thing to do is to make sure you focus your question,
otherwise you’ll have too much to read and you won’t be able to
select the key arguments.
James: So how do I do that?
Tutor: Start with the general topic of alternative energy and then keep asking
questions until you’ve narrowed the topic down to one particular
area.
Then, when you have your question, make a list of
the reading you wilt need. This list should be general to give you some

Q1 background, but remember you’ll need to focus on the issues related to

the question, so the reading list should also be specific to the actual Q2
energy source you’ve chosen, whether it’s wind or solar or wave power.
And then start reading?
Tutor: Absolutely. You need to start straight away, but don’t forget to make Q3
notes as you read, otherwise you won’t be able to keep track of ideas for
future reference purposes.
James: Yes, that makes sense. I think that’s my main problem – I don’t recall
where I’ve read different ideas so I can’t find them again later. And my

Q4 friends have warned me that not recording ideas in a system can really
hinder your progress.
Tutor: Y our friends are right – it’s a common problem amongst students.
You need a system. Anyway, once you’ve done the reading and made
all your notes, you need to organise them so that you can analyse
 and think about what you’ve read.
James: But I prefer to just start writing and then go back and look at my
notes later.
Tutor: Hmm … I wouldn’t recommend it. I think you need to give yourself
Q5 more time to digest the material and arrange it into some kind of
system ready for analysis in terms of relevance to your research
question.
James: Well, that’s a great help. Thank you, Professor Jenkins.
Tutor: You’re welcome. Come and see me again if you have any
more problems.

Vocabulary:

- alternative energy (noun phrase): năng lượng thay thế

Meaning: Energy from a source other than the conventional fossil-fuel sources of
oil, natural gas, and coal; e.g., wind, running water, the sun. Thus, alternative fuel
- argument (noun): Lý lẽ, lý luận
Meaning: a conversation or discussion in which two or more people disagree, often
angrily
- warn (verb): Cảnh cáo, răn
Meaning: to tell somebody about something, especially something dangerous or
unpleasant that is likely to happen, so that they can avoid it
- hinder (verb): Cản trở, gây trở ngại
Meaning: to make it difficult for somebody to do something or for something to
happen
- progress (noun): Sự tiến hành; sự xúc tiến
Meaning: the process of improving or developing, or of getting nearer to achieving
or completing something
- organise (verb): Tổ chức, cấu tạo, thiết lập
Meaning: to arrange for something to happen or to be provided
- analyse (verb): Phân tích
Meaning: to examine the nature or structure of something, especially by separating
it into its parts, in order to understand or explain it
- recommend (verb): Khuyên bảo, dặn; đề nghị
Meaning: to tell somebody that something is good or useful, or that somebody would
be suitable for a particular job, etc.
- digest (verb): Suy nghĩ kỹ càng, sắp xếp trong óc
Meaning: to think about something so that you fully understand it
 Exercise 7:

8. rotate
9. gathering
10. the other direction

Transcript
Emma: Emma: Right, shall
Tom: we get
started on
Alex some of the
: content?
Tom Yes. we
: haven’t got
Alex that much
: time. Does
anyone
know
anything
about their
Tom
topics?
I
:

k
Alex
n
o
:
w

q
u
i
Emma:
t
Alex:
e

l
o vapour in the air forms clouds, and if there is low pressure, then
t these clouds will start to rotate.
Isn't it also the fact that the earth rotates too which makes the clouds
a spin more?
b Yes, that too. Once they begin rotating, they can either lose
o momentum or keep gathering momentum until they hit land - these
u ones are called mature cyclones. Luckily, as soon as they hit land,
Q8
t they start to lose momentum and fade away. Just because they don't
have the warmth of the ocean underneath.
c Well, that's a relief!
y They can still be really destructive. They're like a big circle of wind.
c They blow strongly until the eye of the storm passes - you know, the
l Q9
centre, where everything is really quiet, no wind or anything. But then
o the other side hits and the winds blow just as strongly but in the other
n direction! It's just amazing! Yes, I would really like to cover that.
e Well, it looks like we've got it all arranged, then!
s
.

D
o Q10

y
o
u
?
Well, I studied
them at high
school. You
know,
cyclones
usually start
near the
equator. They
need quite
warm water to
form. Above
the warm
water, the
Vocabulary:

- cyclone (noun): Lốc, gió xoáy

Meaning: a violent tropical storm in which strong winds move in a circle

- equator (noun): Xích đạo

Meaning: an imaginary line around the earth at an equal distance from the North
and South

- vapour (noun): Hơi nước

Meaning: a mass of very small drops of liquid in the air, for example steam

- pressure (noun): Sức ép, áp lực

Meaning: the force or weight with which something presses against something else

- rotating (noun): sự quay

Meaning: moving or turning around a fixed point

- momentum (noun): động lượng, xung lượng

Meaning: the ability to keep increasing or developing

- destructive (adj): Phá hoại, phá huỷ, tàn phá, huỷ diệt
Meaning: causing destruction or damage
 Exercise 8:

11. B
12. C
13. E

Transcript
MAN: Hello?
WOMAN: Hi. It’s Laura Cariton here. We’ve just arrived at the holiday flat,
but I can’t get the hot water and heating to work.
MAN: Oh right! That’s easy. Don’t worry. In the upstairs cupboard,
you’ll find the water heater. You’ll see three main controls on the left at the
bottom of the heater. The first one - the round one on the far left - is the most
Q11
important one for the heating and hot water. It’s the main control switch.
Make sure it’s in the ‘on’ position. The switch itself doesn’t light up, but
the little square below will be black if the switch is ‘off’. That’s probably
what’s happened - it’s got switched off by mistake. The middle one of these
three controls - you’ll see it’s slightly larger than the first one - controls
the radiators. If you feel cold while you’re there and need the radiators
on, this needs to be turned to maximum. The last of the three controls -
the one on the right - is usually on about a number four setting which for
the water in the taps is usually quite hot enough.
Below the heating controls in the middle is a small round plastic button. If
Q12
there isn’t enough water in the pipes, sometimes the heater goes out. If this
happens you’ll need to press this button to reset the heater. Hold it in for
Q1
about five seconds and the heater should come on again. Then there’s a little
2
square indicator under the third knob, that’s a kind of alarm light. It’ll flash
Q1
if you need to reset the heater
3
WOMAN: It sounds complicated…
MAN: I’m sure you won’t have any problems with it. There should be some
more instructions on the side of the heater. Call me back if you can’t make it
work.
WOMAN: Okay
Vocabulary:

- cupboard (noun): Tủ có một hoặc nhiều cửa ở phía mặt (hoặc xây chìm vào
tường) để đựng thức ăn, quần áo, đĩa; tủ ly
Meaning: a piece of furniture with doors and shelves used for storing dishes, food,
clothes, etc.

- switch (noun): Công tắc

Meaning: a small device that you press or move up and down in order to turn a
light or piece of electrical equipment on and off

- slightly (adv): Nhỏ; ở một mức độ không đáng kể

Meaning: a little

- radiator (noun): Vật bức xạ

Meaning: a hollow metal device for heating rooms. Radiators are usually
connected by pipes through which hot water is sent.

- indicator (noun): Dụng cụ chỉ cho biết, vật chỉ thị

Meaning: a sign that shows you what something is like or how a situation is
changing
 Exercise
9:

28. G 30. F
26. E
29.A
27. B

Transcript
Tutor:
OK, so let’s just think about the content of your case study - the history of
Furniture Rossi. I see here in paragraph four you’re talking about how Luca Rossi
raised the capital for his new business venture - and then you’re talking about the
customer base growing much wider - but what was it that prompted this growth?
James: Well, that was to do with the quality of the furniture (Q26) products that the
company was selling. People loved that it was all hand-made and would last.
Tutor: And because demand from customers kept growing?
James: Well, then Rossi needed to take on more craftsmen so they could make sure the
orders were ready on time, and then, he also had to set up two new warehouses
(Q27) to make distribution quicker.
Tutor: Yes. And from there, the company really grew. But think what happened next. They
started looking at ways to increase their profits and called in a consultant. And
what he saw immediately was that the infrastructure was completely outdated -
they were paying three full-time admin staff just for data-entry. So he
recommended they upgrade their software programs (Q28) and that, in turn, cut
operational costs and just speeded everything up.
James: I’m surprised they didn’t get on to that earlier, but I suppose Luca Rossi was more
interested in the design aspect, rather than the finance side of things.
Tutor: Yes, I imagine that’s why he eventually turned the day-to-day running of the
company over to his son. And in fact, it was the son, Marco, who persuaded his
father to move on from traditional television advertising and go online instead.
James: I guess that’s the best way to reach people.
Tutor: It can be, but initially, customers actually
James: complained. Why?
Tutor: Well, some users found it hard to negative their way around the website - so they
were getting frustrated and giving up. So then the company called in a
professional to improve it. (Q29)
James: I see. He must have done a good job. They’ve had a continuous three-year rise in
revenue - so things must be going well.
Tutor: Indeed. And what of the future?
James: Well, I probably need to talk about this a bit more in the concluding
paragraphs, don’t I? Consumers are already aware of the quality of the
furniture, that’s for sure, but I think the company is aiming to publicise their
values (Q30)- the fact that they have respect for beauty, durability and
functionality, and the environment. A lot of companies are ready...

Vocabulary:

- venture (noun): Dự án kinh doanh, công việc kinh doanh

Meaning: a business project or activity, especially one that involves taking risks
- demand (noun): nhu cầu
Meaning: a very firm request for something; something that somebody needs
- craftsmen (noun): Thợ thủ công
Meaning: a skilled person, especially one who makes beautiful things by hand
- warehouses (noun): Kho hàng; kho chứa đồ
Meaning: a building where large quantities of goods are stored, especially before
they are sent to shops/stores to be sold
- consultant (noun): Người tư vấn, tư vấn viên
Meaning: a person who knows a lot about a particular subject and is employed
to give advice about it to other people
- infrastructure (noun) : Cơ sở hạ tầng
Meaning: the basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an
organization to run smoothly, for example buildings, transport and water and
power supplies
- persuade (verb): Thuyết phục
Meaning: to make somebody do something by giving them good reasons for doing it
- frustrate (verb) : Làm thất bại, làm hỏng
Meaning: to make somebody feel annoyed or impatient because they cannot do or
achieve what they want
- publicise (verb): đưa ra công khai, quảng cáo
Meaning: to make something known to the public; to advertise something
- durability (noun): Tính bền, tính lâu bền
Meaning: the quality of being able to last for a long time without breaking or
getting weaker
 Exercise 10:

27. (senior) management/ managers

29. meeting
28. Project request
30. conference call

Transcript
Dave: What are the next steps if we are to have a new system?
Randhir: Well, the first question is - do you have support from your senior Q27
management?
Dave:
Yes, I’ve already discussed it with them and they’ve also keen to get
this work done.
Randhir: OK, because I was going to say, that’s the first thing you need to do
and without that we can’t go ahead.
Dave: Yes, I’ve done that.
Randhir: That’s good
Dave: Actually, they mentioned that there’s probably a form I need to
complete to formally start the project.
Randhir: Yes - that’s the next thing you need to do. I’ll send you an email with
a link so you can full it in online. It’s called a ‘project request form’. Q28
Dave: OK, great. And then what happens?
Randhir: Well, I have a list of things but I think the third thing you should do
is see Samir. He’s our analyst who will look at the system and
identify what needs to be done.
Dave: OK - can you send me his contact details and I’ll set up a meeting Q29
with him.
Randhir: OK that’s good, so we should soon be able to get a team together to
start the work. Some members of our team work in different
locations so it’s not easy to have face-to-face meetings.
Dave: That’s OK - I’m used to having conference calls providing they are Q30
not late at night.
Randhir: Right - so I’ll send you details of the team and if you could set up a
call that would be great.
Dave: OK, I’ll do
Randhir: that. Thanks
Vocabulary:

- senior (adj): Nhiều tuổi hơn; cao hơn về cấp bậc (chức quyền..); lâu năm hơn
Meaning: a person who is older than somebody else

- analyst (noun): Người phân tích

Meaning: a person whose job involves examining facts or materials in order to
give an opinion on them

- identify (verb): Nhận ra, nhận biết, nhận diện, nhận dạng
Meaning: to recognize somebody/something and be able to say who or what they are

- conference (noun): Hội nghị

Meaning: a large official meeting, usually lasting for a few days, at which people
with the same work or interests come together to discuss their views
 Exercise
11:

24. sort
21. pine forests
25. remove ink
22. water
23. produce

Transcript
Alan: Hi Melanie - what did you think of the assignment that we got today? It looks
interesting, doesn’t it?
Melanie: Yes Alan, I’ve always been interested in recycling but there’s a lot of
research to do.
Alan: Yes - there are a lot of things I’m unsure of so it’s going to be good working
with you.
Melanie: OK- well why don’t we start by making a flow-chart from the notes our tutor
gave us?
Alan: Yes, um, so...on one side we could have the paper production cycle - here on
the left - and on the other side the recycling.
Melanie: Good idea. Let’s start at the top with the production. The first step in the
process is to get the raw materials.
Alan: Yes - and they tend to come from pine forests. Q21
Melanie: OK - and then the bark is removed from the outside of the tree and after that
the wood is chopped up - that’s the first three stages.
Alan: It sounds a bit complicated after that. Um, it says water is added and then Q22
the mixture is heated and made into pulp. This will be the thick paste that is
used to make paper.
Melanie: Yes - you’re right because after that they use a machine to make the paper
and we can put that right in the centre of the flow-chart because it’s also
where the recycled paper joins the process.
Alan: Yes. So once the paper has been produced in the machine, what happens then?
Melanie: Well, I think we should write ‘print’ as the next step because this is when
newspapers, magazines, etc. are produced. And we could also add that they Q23
have to be distributed to stores and people’s homes.
Alan: Right, then the recycling bit starts. The old paper’s collected and then it imagin
says it’s taken somewhere so that someone or something can sort it. I e there
Are different kinds of paper - or things like paper clips that need to be removed.
Q24
Melanie: Yes. Let’s have a step after that. Now, how did our tutor say they do
this? Oh yes - it involves chemicals, so - how is your chemistry?
Alan: Well - not very good I’m afraid. But this is how they remove ink so - this Q25
is definitely going to need a bit of research.
Melanie: Right - the last step in the recycling section is similar to the last step in
the production process with heating and pulping - before the cycle
begins again.

Vocabulary:

- assignment (noun): Sự giao việc, sự phân công

Meaning: a task or piece of work that somebody is given to do, usually as part of
their job or studies

- recycling (noun): sự sử dụng lại

Meaning: the process of treating things that have already been used so that they
can be used again

- Complicated (adj) : Phức tạp, rắc rối

Meaning: made of many different things or parts that are connected; difficult to
understand

- mixture (noun): Sự pha trộn, sự hỗn hợp

Meaning: a combination of different things

- pulp (noun): Bột giấy

Meaning: a soft substance that is made by crushing wood, cloth or other
material and then used to make paper

- distribute (verb) : Được phân bổ theo một kiểu nào đó

Meaning: to give things to a large number of people; to share something between a
number of people

- sort (verb) : Lựa chọn, sắp xếp, phân loại

Meaning: to arrange things in groups or in a particular order according to their
type, etc.; to separate things of one type from others
 Exercise
13:

27. priorities 29. small tasks

28. timetable 30. single paragraph

Transcript
JEANNIE:
Well, the first thing is to find out exactly what’s required in the
exams.
DAN:
Mm. Would it help to get hold of some past papers?
JEANNIE:
Yes. They’ll help to make it clear.
DAN: Right, I’ll do that. Then what?
JEANNIE: Then you can sort out your revision priorities, based on what’s Q27
most likely to come up. I put these on a card, and read them
through regularly.
DAN: Uhuh.
JEANNIE:
But that isn’t enough in itself. You also need a timetable, to see Q28
how you can fit everything in, in the time available. Then keep it
front of you while you’re studying.
DAN: I’ve done that before, but it hasn’t helped me!
JEANNIE: Maybe you need to do something different every day, so if you
break down your revision into small tasks, and allocate them to Q29
specific days, there’s more incentive to tackle them. With big
topics you’re more likely to put off starting.
DAN: Good idea.
JEANNIE: And as I revise each topic I write a single paragraph about it – Q30
then later I h can read it through quickly, and d it helps fix things
in my mind.
JEANNIE: That’s brilliant.
I also write answers to questions for the exam practice. It’s hard to
make myself do it, though!
DAN: Well, I’ll try. Thanks a lot, Jeannie. That’s a great help.
JEANNIE: No problem.
DAN: See you aground.
JEANNIE: Bye.
Vocabulary:

- priority (noun): ưu tiên

Meaning: something that you think is more important than other things and should
be dealt with first

- revision (noun): Sự xem lại, sự đọc lại, sự xét lại, sự duyệt lại; cái đã được xem xét
Meaning: a change or set of changes to something

- allocate (verb): Chỉ định

Meaning: to give something officially to somebody/something for a particular
purpose

- incentive (noun): Khuyến khích, khích lệ; thúc đẩy

Meaning: something that encourages you to do something

- tackle (verb) : Xử trí, giải quyết, khắc phục

Meaning: to make a determined effort to deal with a difficult problem or situation

- revise (verb): Đọc lại, xem lại, duyệt lại, xét lại
Meaning: to change your opinions or plans, for example because of something you
have learned
 Exercise 14:

5. daylight
6. country
7. willing to

Transcript
Phil: Well, what about if we analyse the costing process as part of
our project
Tutor: That’s an excellent idea, Phil. OK, so let’s imagine that we want
to forecast the cost of producing solar energy. How could we do
that, Jackie?
Jackie: Um, well, I think weˆd have to start by working out how many

Q5 hours of daylight there are in the UK per year.

Phil: The Meteorological Office would have data on that.
Jackie: Then estimate the number of hours of sun to get a rough total.
Phil: And then I suppose weˆd need to work out how much 1t would cost
Q6 to supply the average home with solar power, and then
extrapolate that to get a number for the whole country.
Tutor: Good, and don't forget the price of power conversation stations
— this wIll have a significant impact on overall expenditure. And
there’s one more factor you haven't taken into account yet,
regarding the consumers.
Jackie: Um... whether they would change from traditional to
renewable energy?
Tutor: No, but think about what might make them change?
Jackie: Oh, yes. How much they would be willing to pay.
Q7 Tutor:
Exactly. Well done.
Vocabulary:

- imagine (verb): tưởng tượng

Meaning: to form a picture in your mind of what something might be like

- forecast (noun): Sự dự đoán trước; sự dự báo trước

Meaning: a statement about what will happen in the future, based on information
that is available now

- estimate (verb): Sự đánh giá, sự ước lượng

Meaning: a judgement that you make without having the exact details or figures
about the size, amount, cost, etc. of something

- extrapolate (verb) : ngoại suy

Meaning: to estimate something or form an opinion about something, using the
facts that you have now and that are valid for one situation and supposing that they
will be valid for the new one
 Exercise 15:

1. (to) New York

2. legal examination
3. (a) ferry

Transcript
This morning I’d like to focus on New York as a model for understanding immigration
patterns in relation to national rather than international change. Firstly, it is important to
understand that migration patterns are primarily affected by the rules of immigration
which determine the conditions of entry. After that, internal changes can affect patterns
considerably. To highlight my first point let’s study this diagram of Ellis Island and the
process of admitting immigrants in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Upon
arrival at Ellis Island, people underwent a series of examinations and questions before
being allowed to enter the US. First of all, there was a medical inspection to ensure the
immigrants were not bringing in any contagious diseases. Anyone who did not pass the
medical examination was refused entry to New York and sent home on the next available
ship.(Q1) If the examination was passed, immigrants were required to take a further
examination; this time a legal examination to establish whether they had any criminal
convictions.(Q2) After this, immigrants were able to change currency and purchase tickets
for onward rail travel from New York. Having completed this simple process, immigrants
were told to wait – this wait could be as long as five hours – before boarding a ferry to take
them to New York City.(Q3) This simple system allowed millions of immigrants to enter the
US and is largely responsible for the ethnic make-up of the city today. Even though the
immigrants themselves may have had a variety of reasons for deciding to migrate, it was
only possible because of US national immigration laws.
Vocabulary:

- immigration (noun): Sự nhập cư

Meaning: the process of coming to live permanently in a country that is not your
own; the number of people who do this

- determine (verb) : Định, xác định, định rõ

Meaning: to discover the facts about something; to calculate something exactly

- immigrant (noun): Nhập cư (dân...)

Meaning: a person who has come to live permanently in a country that is not
their own

- inspection (noun): Sự xem xét kỹ, sự kiểm tra, sự thanh tra

Meaning: an official visit to a school, factory, etc. in order to check that rules are
being obeyed and that standards are acceptable

- contagious (adj): truyền nhiễm

Meaning: disease spreads by people touching each other

- conviction (noun): Người bị kết án tù, người tù

Meaning: the act of finding somebody guilty of a crime in court; the fact of having
been found guilty