Class 9ᵗʰ
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 4
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
INTRODUCTION
Written communication is the most effective mode of
communication. It is more formal and less flexible
than oral communication. The written form is helpful
in keeping a record of the conversation for future
reference.
The effectiveness of written content depends on the
correct choice of words, their organisation into a right
sentence sequence, and the cohesiveness in the
sentences.
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
7C's of Communication
Com
a r ple
There are seven elements of communication which are popularly known as the Cle te
7C's of Communication.
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Cor
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Clear: The message should be easy to understand and free from ambiguity.
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7C's
Cou
c t
Complete: Providing all necessary information ensures that the recipient has everything of
needed to make informed decisions or take the next step. Communication
Correct: Accuracy in details, grammar, and facts is crucial to maintain credibility and trust.
n
io
Co
at
Courteous: Communicating with respect and politeness fosters positive relationships and
er
nc
id
re
ns
encourages open dialogue.
te
Co
Consideration: Tailoring the message to the audience's perspective and needs shows Concise
empathy and enhances engagement.
Concrete: Being specific and tangible helps to create a clear picture in the recipient's mind,
reducing misunderstandings.
Concise: Keeping the message brief and to the point avoids unnecessary information and
holds the recipient's attention.
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Writing Skills
To communicate well, we must have a good
command over the language in which we are
communicating. At the same time, we must take
care that there are no grammatical errors in the
writing. To improve our writing skills, we will
study about the basic components of English
grammar and how they should be used effectively.
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Phrases
When we communicate with each other, we express Now look at the following group of words:
our thoughts and ideas through words. A group of a sweet smelling rose
words that make complete sense is called a sentence. up the mountain will be going
behind the cupboard
A phrase is a group of words that form a unit within a sentence but is incomplete
independently. A phrase lacks both the subject and the object.
Examples: Girl in the brown hat (phrase)
The girl in the brown hat looked confused. (sentence)
The phrase in the above example makes complete sense when it is a part of the sentence.
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Types of Phrases
There are different kinds of phrases:
1. A noun phrase acts like a noun in a sentence.
Example: He was looking at the painting of a sailing boat. (noun phrase- sailing
boat)
2. A verb phrase is a group of main verbs and helping-verbs within a sentence.
Example: She had been living in London. (verb phrase- had been living)
3. An adjective phrase is built around an adjective and consists of adjectives
and/or articles.
Example: He has led a very interesting life. (adjective-interesting, describes the
object-life)
4. An adverbial phrase is built around an adverb by adding words before or after
it.
Example: The economy recovered very slowly. (adverbial phrase-very slowly)
5. A prepositional phrase always begins with a preposition and is followed by a
noun.
Example: I long to live near the sea. (prepositional phrase-near, noun-sea)
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Kinds of Sentences 1. An Assertive sentence is a sentence that states a
fact. Such a sentence is a simple statement that
indicates, asserts, or declares something.
There are four kinds of sentences:
Examples: Jane is a student. She lives in a big city
Assertive or declarative sentence (a statement) 2. An Imperative sentence is a sentence which gives
Imperative sentence (a command) a command, makes a request, or expresses a wish.
Interrogative sentence (a question) This type of sentence may end with a full stop or an
exclamation mark.
Exclamatory sentence (an exclamation)
Examples: Go to your room. (an order)
3. An Exclamatory sentence is a sentence that
expresses sudden and strong feelings, such as
surprise, wonder, pity, sympathy, happiness, or
gratitude.
Examples: What a shame!
4. An Interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks
a question.
Examples: What is your name?
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Parts of a Sentence
A subject is a word or a group of words,
which conveys the names of persons or
things about whom or which we are
speaking.
A predicate, on the other hand, is the part
of a sentence, which contains a verb and
states something about the subject.
Let us learn more about subject and predicate through the following sentences:
The book fell off the table.
Down went the ship.
Sit down.
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Rules for Writing a Sentence
Use short sentences
Economise on words
Design sentences to
emphasise the topic
Limit sentence content
Arrange the sentences in
a proper sequence
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Rules for Writing a Sentence
Nouns
Interjections Adverbs
Use short sentences
Parts
Economise on words
Conjuctions Verbs
of
Design sentences to
Speech
emphasise the topic
Limit sentence content
Prepositions Adjectives
Arrange the sentences in
Pronouns
a proper sequence
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Parts of a Sentence
Noun Pronoun
Refers to a word that is used to name a person, a thing Refers to a word used in place of a noun or a noun an animal,
an animal, place or an idea. phrase to avoid repetition.
Examples: Mohit, London, Table, Hope. Examples: I, you, it, we, us, them, those, he, she, her,him
Sara loves to spend time with her Aunt Meera in Goa. We will be late if you don't hurry up.
Adjective Verb
Refers to a word that describes, modifies, or gives Refers to a word that shows an action or a state of being. It
more information about a noun or a pronoun. shows what someone is doing, did or will do.
Examples: Cold, Happy, Young, Two, Fun. Examples: go, speaking, lived, been, is.
The tall man bought a pair of black leather shoes. I believe Rohan disagrees with the doctor's analysis.
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Adverb Prepostion
Refers to a word that modifies or describes a verb, an
Refers to a word that shows the relationship of a noun, e,
adjective or another adverb, expressing manner,
noun phrase, or pronoun to another word.
place, m time, or degree.
Examples: slowly, very slowly, well, today.
Examples: at, on, in, from, with, about.
First, I looked here, then I looked there, but I can't
I first met Sakshi in 2015 during Diwali holidays.
find my friends anywhere.
Conjunction Interjection
Refers to a word or phrase that expresses a strong
Refers to a word that joins two words, ideas, or phrases
emotion. They are usually followed by an exclamation
together and shows how they are connected.
sign '!'
Examples: and, or, but, because, until, if.
Examples: Aah! Oops! Yuck! Gosh!
Neither food nor drinks are allowed in this room.
Wow! What a match!
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Article
An article is a word that is used to modify a noun (person, place,
object, or idea).
Types of Article
Indefinite Article Definite Article
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
A And An (Indefinite Articles)
'A' and 'An' are the two indefinite articles. As a
determiner, these articles are used before Singular
Countable Nouns.
For example, 'a friend' refers to any friend and not a
specific friend. These articles are also used to
introduce new concepts.
Rules for Using the Indefinite Article (a/an)
'a' is used:
Before a singular countable noun when it is mentioned for the first time
Example: This is a river.
Before a singular countable noun or adjective beginning with a consonant
sound Examples: I saw a play.
To express quantity
Examples: a couple of; a good deal of; a lack of; a bit of; In certain
exclamatory expressions
Examples: What a beautiful place! What a shame!
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Difference Between 'A' and 'An'
'a' and 'an' have the same function. These are indefinite articles.
The usage depends on the sound at the beginning of the next word.
Use 'a' when the next word Use 'an' when the next word starts
starts with a consonant sound. with a vowel sound.
Examples: Examples:
a bag a fish an ant an hour
a pen a an American an ink
duck pot
a tree a cup an umbrella an egg
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
The (Definite Article)
The definite article, 'the' can be
used with both countable nouns
(singular as well as plural) and
uncountable nouns. Its main use is to
specify a person, place, or thing. It
is used when the noun that follows is
already known.
Examples:
I bought a painting from the shop. The painting is very beautiful.
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Paragraph Writing
In the English language, a paragraph is a
fundamental unit of composition. A
paragraph consists of several sentences
grouped together to talk about a main
subject. Thus, a paragraph is essentially
a collection of sentences that relate to
one central topic.
Listed below are some points you need to
keep in mind while writing a paragraph.
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
How to Write a Good Paragraph
Listed below are some of the sections you must take care of
when writing a paragraph.
Topic of Paragraph - First, decide the topic on which you are
going to write the paragraph
Introduction/Topic Sentence - Make one sentence that tells
about the topic which will feature in the rest of the paragraph.
This is called a "topic sentence' .
Support/Explanation
Conclusion
Proofread
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Rules for Writing a
Paragraph
Give the paragraph
uniformity.
Keep the paragraph short
Use topic sentences.
Leave out unnecessary
details.
End the paragraph with a
concluding sentence.
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Select the correct option.
1. The written form of communication is _________ than oral communication.
a. more formal and less flexible
b. more flexible and less formal
c. more flexible and more formal
d. less flexible and less formal
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Select the correct option.
2. The checklist comprising of various elements of communication skills is called....
a. 7 E's of communication
b. 5 E's of communication
c. 7C's of communication
d. 5 C's of communication
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Select the correct option.
3. A group of words that make complete sense is called a _________ .
a. Phrase
b. Sentence
c. Subject
d. Predicate
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Select the correct option.
4. Which of the following is not a kind of sentence?
a. Assertive
b. Interrogative
c. Empirical
d. Exclamatory
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Select the correct option.
5. A _________ is the part of a sentence that contains a verb and states what is said about
the Subject.
a. Predicate
b. Prefix
c. Preposition
d. Pronoun
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Fill in the blanks
1. A word or a group of words which conveys the names of persons or things about whom or which we are
Subject
speaking is called the ________________ .
Predicate
2. An ________________ sentence gives a command, makes a request, or expresses a wish.
Interjection that describes the subject.
3. A complete sentence consists of a subject and a _____________
4. A word that describes, modifies, or gives more information about a noun or a pronoun is called an
Adjective
_________________.
Concluding
5. The sentence that summarises the main points made in a paragraph is called _______________ sentence.
Imperative
6. An ________________ is a word or a phrase that expresses a strong emotion.
Hints
Subject Interjection Predicate Imperative Adjective Concluding
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Answer the following questions.
1. List some of the important elements that make written content effective.
Ans. The effectiveness of written content depends on the correct choice of words, their
organisation into a right sentence sequence, and the cohesiveness in the sentences.
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Answer the following questions.
2. What are the different kinds of phrases?
Ans. There are five different kinds of phrases:
a. A noun phrase
b. A verb phrase
c. An adjective phrase
d. An adverbial phrase
e. A prepositional phrase
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Answer the following questions.
3. What kind of a sentence asks a question?
Ans. A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence.
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
Answer the following questions.
4. List the seven elements of effective written communication.
Ans. The seven elements of effective written communication are:
a. Clear: The message should not be vague or confusing.
b. Correct: The message should be free of any grammatical and spelling mistakes. Also, the facts mentioned in the
message must be accurate.
C. Complete: The message should be complete, i.e., it must include all the relevant information. The complete
message answers most of the questions that receivers might have; thus, reducing the need for further
correspondence.
d. Concrete: The content should be supported by facts and figures.
e. Concise: The message should be precise and to the point. A short and brief message helps to retain the
receiver's attention and saves time.
f. Consideration: The sender must take into consideration the receiver's opinions, knowledge, mindset,
background, etc., to communicate effectively.
g. Courteous: The sender must consider feelings and viewpoints of the receiver while drafting the message.
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