International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health
Corrales VV et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2025 Mar;12(3):1571-1577
[Link] pISSN 2394-6032 | eISSN 2394-6040
DOI: [Link]
Review Article
Advancing early breast cancer detection with artificial intelligence in
low-resource healthcare systems: a narrative review
Vanessa Vidaurre Corrales1, Ibrahim Marouf Yasin Al Shyyab2, Nisha S. Gowda3,
Mahmood Alaawad4, Mai Yasir Hamdalla Mohamed5, Omar Jihad Saleh Almistarihi6,
Ashwin Hassan Gopala7, Navneeth Jayaprakash8, Prerna Yadav9, Jayanth Jakka10, Vaibhav Singh11*
1
Universidad Privada del Valle, Cochabamba, Bolivia
2
Al Jalila Children’s Hospital, Dubai, UAE
3
Gadag institute of medical science, Gadag, Karnataka, India
4
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
5
University of Gezira, Sudan
6
Fakeeh university hospital, Dubai, UAE
7
Jinzhou Medical College, Jinzhou, China
8
D.Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
9
Petrozovodsk state medical university, Russia
10
Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Telangana, India
11
Marudhar Multispeciality Hospital, Jaipur, Rajsthan, India
Received: 04 January 2025
Accepted: 02 February 2025
*Correspondence:
Dr. Vaibhav Singh,
E-mail: vaibhavs.mbbs7@[Link]
Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ABSTRACT
Breast cancer is a leading cause of illness and death worldwide, with early detection being key to improving survival
rates. However, in low-resource settings, the lack of accessible, affordable, and efficient screening methods
significantly hinders timely diagnosis and intervention. Traditional breast cancer screening methods, such as
mammography, are often unavailable or impractical in these regions due to high costs, inadequate infrastructure, and a
shortage of trained professionals. To address these challenges, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have emerged
as promising tools to enhance breast cancer screening. AI-based solutions, such as AI-enhanced mammography,
ultrasound imaging, thermography, and mobile applications, have the potential to address challenges in low-resource
settings by offering cost-effective, portable, and user-friendly alternatives. These innovations can facilitate early
detection, decrease diagnostic errors, and empower healthcare workers with limited training to perform screenings
effectively. This review examines the role of AI in breast cancer screening, particularly in low-resource settings. It
highlights the challenges associated with conventional screening methods and explores how AI can help fill these
gaps. Success stories from initiatives such as RAD-AID International, Tata memorial centre, and the AI-driven
ultrasound project in Rwanda demonstrate the feasibility of integrating AI tools into underserved healthcare systems.
The review also discusses strategies for effective AI integration, including data collection, infrastructure development,
and training. Additionally, it outlines future directions for enhancing AI applications in global health. AI has the
potential to bridge the gap in breast cancer screening, ensuring that underserved populations benefit from improved
early detection and better health outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of AI applications in
breast cancer screening and offers insights into the future of AI in low-resource healthcare systems.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Breast cancer screening, AI-enhanced mammography, Low-resource healthcare
setting
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | March 2025 | Vol 12 | Issue 3 Page 1571
Corrales VV et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2025 Mar;12(3):1571-1577
INTRODUCTION inaccessible for low-income populations, thereby
perpetuating disparities in healthcare access.8
Breast cancer continues to be a major global health Additionally, many governments and healthcare systems
challenge, with almost 2.3 million new cases diagnosed in low-resource settings face financial constraints, which
each year.1 Early detection is crucial for improving hinder the establishment of widespread and sustainable
survival rates and alleviating the burden of the disease. screening programs.9
However, this is especially difficult in low-resource
settings, where access to standard screening methods is The absence of adequate screening infrastructure leads to
limited.2 Barriers such as inadequate infrastructure, high delayed diagnoses and poor outcomes. When routine
costs, and a shortage of skilled healthcare professionals screening is not conducted, breast cancer is often
hinder timely diagnosis.3,4 diagnosed at advanced stages, where treatment options
are limited and less effective.10 These late-stage diagnoses
Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have the significantly contribute to higher mortality rates,
potential to transform breast cancer screening by highlighting the urgent need for solutions to improve
addressing various challenges in the field. AI early detection.11 Addressing these challenges requires
technologies can analyze complex datasets and provide innovative approaches to overcome financial, geographic,
accurate diagnostic insights, making them cost-effective and infrastructural barriers. Integrating cost-effective and
and scalable solutions, especially in low-resource scalable technologies, such as artificial intelligence and
settings.5 By enhancing mammography interpretation and alternative screening methods, holds promise for
powering portable ultrasound devices and smartphone improving accessibility and reducing disparities in breast
applications, AI has demonstrated significant promise in cancer detection.
improving both access to and the efficiency of breast
cancer detection.6 THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN
BREAST CANCER SCREENING
This review examines the role of AI in breast cancer
screening, with an emphasis on its use in low-resource Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a transformative
settings. It discusses the challenges associated with technology in healthcare, providing innovative solutions
traditional screening methods and highlights innovative to enhance breast cancer screening. By utilizing advanced
AI-driven technologies that are transforming early algorithms and machine learning, AI improves the
detection efforts. Additionally, the review addresses the accuracy, efficiency, and accessibility of screening
obstacles to integrating AI into underserved healthcare methods. This is especially valuable in tackling the
systems. Through case studies and success stories, the challenges faced by low-resource settings.12
feasibility of these solutions is illustrated, and a
discussion on effective implementation strategies Automated image analysis
provides a roadmap for scaling AI-powered tools across
various settings. One of the most significant contributions of AI is its
ability to analyze medical images with remarkable
By focusing on the specific needs of low-resource precision. In the context of breast cancer screening, AI-
communities, AI has the potential to bridge the gap in powered algorithms can detect abnormalities in
breast cancer screening and ensure equitable access to mammograms, ultrasounds, and other imaging modalities
healthcare. This article aims to provide a thorough with accuracy that is comparable to, or even exceeds, that
overview of the current applications of AI in breast of experienced radiologists.5 Deep learning models,
cancer screening, as well as highlight future directions for which are trained on large datasets, can identify subtle
maximizing its potential in global health. patterns that indicate the presence of malignancy, thereby
reducing both false positives and false negatives. This
BREAST CANCER SCREENING: CHALLENGES capability is especially beneficial in low-resource
IN LOW-RESOURCE SETTINGS settings, where the shortage of radiologists can hinder
timely and accurate interpretation of imaging results.13
Limited access to breast cancer screening facilities is a
significant issue. Many underserved areas do not have Expanding screening modalities
enough mammography units, and the shortage of skilled
personnel makes the situation even worse. Geographic AI technologies enhance the effectiveness of affordable
barriers, particularly in rural regions, hinder timely access and accessible screening methods, such as handheld
to essential diagnostic services, leaving many women ultrasound devices and thermography. For example, AI-
without the chance for early detection. The financial powered portable ultrasound systems automate the
implications of conventional screening methods interpretation of images, reducing the dependence on
exacerbate the problem.7 Mammography machines, along highly skilled operators.14 Additionally, integrating AI
with their maintenance and the need for trained into thermography, which identifies heat patterns linked
professionals, lead to high operational costs. These to cancer, improves its diagnostic accuracy, making it a
expenses often make traditional breast cancer screening
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | March 2025 | Vol 12 | Issue 3 Page 1572
Corrales VV et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2025 Mar;12(3):1571-1577
viable option in places where mammography is not and false negatives in large-scale trials.21 These
available.15 advancements help streamline the interpretation of
mammograms and address the shortage of skilled
Personalized risk assessment radiologists in underserved areas.
Artificial intelligence (AI) enhances personalized AI in ultrasound imaging
screening strategies by incorporating patient data such as
genetic predisposition, medical history, and lifestyle Ultrasound is often more accessible and affordable than
factors. This allows for a more accurate assessment of an mammography in many low-resource settings, which
individual's risk of developing breast cancer.15 By makes it a practical alternative for screening. AI-powered
adopting this personalized approach, healthcare resources solutions further improve the effectiveness of this
can be allocated more efficiently, prioritizing high-risk method. For instance, Butterfly Network's handheld
individuals for further screening and follow-up care. ultrasound devices, which are integrated with AI, offer
portable and cost-effective options for breast cancer
Streamlining processes and lowering expenses screening.22 These devices are user-friendly, allowing
healthcare providers with minimal training to conduct
AI enhances diagnostic accuracy and streamlines the preliminary screenings effectively.
screening process by automating tasks like image
interpretation and report generation. This efficiency Thermography and AI
reduces the workload for healthcare providers, allowing
them to focus on patient care.16 Furthermore, by Thermal imaging provides a radiation-free screening
improving low-cost screening tools and reducing reliance alternative that, when combined with artificial
on expensive infrastructure, AI makes breast cancer intelligence (AI), shows promise for detecting breast
screening more affordable and accessible in resource- cancer.23 AI algorithms analyze the heat maps produced
limited settings.17 by thermography to identify abnormal patterns that may
indicate malignancy.5,24 This method is especially
Ensuring fairness in screening processes beneficial in low-resource settings due to its non-invasive
nature and minimal infrastructure requirements.
AI-driven solutions can improve healthcare access by
facilitating remote screening and diagnosis. Smartphone- Smartphone-based applications
based AI applications and telemedicine platforms enable
women in rural areas to undergo preliminary screenings AI-driven mobile applications are empowering
and receive expert evaluations without the need to travel individuals to take an active role in breast health. These
long distances.18,19 AI has the potential to revolutionize applications guide women through breast self-
breast cancer screening, especially in low-resource examinations, provide risk assessments, and recommend
settings. It can improve accuracy, increase accessibility, seeking medical attention when abnormalities are
and lower costs. By integrating AI into healthcare detected.25 With the widespread use of smartphones, these
systems, we can significantly enhance early detection tools have the potential to bridge gaps in healthcare
efforts, which could lead to reduced mortality rates and access by facilitating early detection and encouraging
better outcomes for underserved communities. timely interventions.26 By utilizing cost-effective,
portable, and efficient solutions such as AI-enhanced
AI SCREENING TECHNOLOGIES IN RESOURCE- mammography, ultrasound, thermography, and mobile
LIMITED ENVIRONMENTS applications, these innovations are enhancing access to
early detection and potentially lowering breast cancer
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming breast cancer mortality in underserved areas.
screening by introducing innovative technologies that are
both accessible and cost-effective, making them suitable CASE STUDIES AND SUCCESS STORIES
for low-resource settings.
Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into breast cancer
AI-based mammography screening has produced promising outcomes in low-
resource settings. Various successful initiatives
AI algorithms have shown great promise in improving the demonstrate how AI technologies are transforming
interpretation of mammograms. Trained on large datasets, healthcare delivery and closing gaps in early detection
these models enhance diagnostic accuracy by identifying services.
subtle abnormalities that human radiologists might
overlook.20 For example, Google Health's AI model has RAD-AID international
outperformed human radiologists in retrospective studies,
demonstrating higher accuracy in breast cancer RAD-AID International is leading the way in
detection.21 Similarly, DeepMind's breast cancer detection implementing AI-powered radiology solutions in
algorithm has significantly reduced both false positives resource-limited countries. By incorporating AI tools into
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | March 2025 | Vol 12 | Issue 3 Page 1573
Corrales VV et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2025 Mar;12(3):1571-1577
existing healthcare systems, RAD-AID has shown that infrastructure. The lack of locally relevant data can result
even underserved regions can access advanced diagnostic in biased algorithms that may not perform well in specific
technologies. Their projects have enhanced access to populations, ultimately compromising diagnostic
accurate and timely breast cancer screenings, addressing accuracy and reliability.33
the challenges posed by shortages of trained radiologists
and imaging infrastructure.27,28 Infrastructural barriers
Tata memorial centre, India AI-based technologies depend on digital infrastructure,
which includes dependable electricity, internet
In India, the Tata Memorial Centre has investigated the connectivity, and compatible devices. In many low-
potential of AI-based software for analyzing resource areas, this necessary technological infrastructure
thermographic images as a tool for breast cancer is lacking, making it difficult to deploy and operate AI
screening. Thermography, which is a non-invasive and tools. Moreover, in regions with limited technical
radiation-free method, becomes even more effective in expertise, maintaining and repairing advanced equipment,
low-resource settings when combined with AI algorithms such as AI-integrated devices, can pose significant
that interpret heat patterns associated with cancer.29 The challenges.9,34
study emphasized that AI-enhanced thermography could
provide an affordable and accessible screening Cost and sustainability
alternative, especially in regions where mammography is
either unavailable or too expensive.30 The initial investment in AI-powered screening tools,
along with the costs of training personnel, software
Rwanda’s AI-driven ultrasound project licensing, and maintaining devices, presents significant
barriers. Although AI technologies have the potential to
Rwanda has successfully piloted the use of AI-enabled lower long-term expenses, the upfront financial
portable ultrasound devices to enhance breast cancer requirements can be prohibitive for healthcare systems in
screening in rural areas. These portable and cost-effective low-resource settings. Additionally, securing ongoing
devices have significantly improved access to early funding for these programs remains a critical
detection services for women in underserved challenge.12,35
communities.31 The integration of AI algorithms
simplifies image interpretation, enabling healthcare Resistance to adoption
workers with limited training to conduct screenings
effectively. This initiative has not only increased Healthcare professionals and policymakers may hesitate
screening coverage but also showcased the potential of to adopt AI-based technologies because of unfamiliarity,
scalable AI solutions to address disparities in healthcare concerns about reliability, and fears of job displacement.
access.32 To build trust in AI tools, it is essential to provide
extensive education and training, along with compelling
These case studies highlight the significant role of AI evidence demonstrating their effectiveness in real-world
technologies in breast cancer screening, especially in low- settings.19,36
resource settings. By utilizing innovative approaches,
these initiatives offer a model for enhancing early Ethical and regulatory concerns
detection and decreasing breast cancer-related mortality
globally. The use of AI in healthcare raises ethical issues related to
data privacy, informed consent, and the transparency of
CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING AI-BASED algorithms. In low-resource settings, the lack of strong
SCREENING legal and regulatory frameworks can jeopardize patient
confidentiality and equitable access to AI-assisted care.37
Implementing AI-based technologies for breast cancer
screening has great potential, yet significant challenges in To address these concerns, collaborative efforts among
low-resource settings must be addressed. These governments, NGOs, and technology developers are
challenges include technical, infrastructural, economic, essential. This collaboration will help ensure that AI-
and ethical factors, that hinder the widespread adoption based breast cancer screening tools are accessible,
and effectiveness of AI-driven solutions. affordable, and tailored to meet the unique needs of low-
resource environments.
Data availability and quality
STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE AI
AI algorithms need large, high-quality datasets for INTEGRATION
training and validation to deliver accurate results.
However, low-resource settings often struggle to access Effectively integrating AI-based breast cancer screening
diverse and representative medical datasets due to poor technologies in low-resource settings necessitates a
digital record-keeping and limited diagnostic comprehensive approach that addresses technological,
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | March 2025 | Vol 12 | Issue 3 Page 1574
Corrales VV et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2025 Mar;12(3):1571-1577
infrastructural, and socioeconomic challenges. By crucial.42 Governments should collaborate with
implementing these strategies, we can enhance technology developers to create tailored standards that
accessibility, affordability, and effectiveness, ultimately address these challenges, fostering a responsible AI
leading to improved early detection outcomes. environment that safeguards individual rights and
interests.33
Creating strong and localized datasets
Community involvement and awareness
Creating AI algorithms that are specifically designed for
local populations is crucial for obtaining accurate and Establishing trust in AI technologies is a multifaceted
reliable results. This process requires the development of process that involves educating communities about the
large, high-quality datasets that accurately reflect the numerous benefits these innovations can offer while also
demographic, genetic, and clinical characteristics of the addressing common concerns related to automation and
region.38 Collaborating with local healthcare institutions the reliability of such systems. To effectively foster
and research organizations can help in gathering this data acceptance, it is essential to launch comprehensive
while upholding ethical standards, including patient awareness campaigns that engage local leaders,
privacy and consent. healthcare providers, and community influencers.43 By
doing so, these campaigns can highlight the positive
Strengthening digital infrastructure impacts of AI on healthcare-such as improved screening
accuracy and access to timely medical interventions-
Investing in essential infrastructure is crucial for the ultimately encouraging more individuals to participate in
adoption of AI. Governments and non-governmental AI-driven screening programs. Together, these efforts can
organizations can work together to enhance internet empower communities to embrace the advantages of AI,
connectivity, electricity supply, and access to digital transforming apprehension into confidence.44
tools.39 Additionally, deploying portable, AI-powered
devices that require minimal infrastructure can help By employing these strategies, AI technologies can be
address logistical challenges in remote areas. effectively integrated, closing gaps in breast cancer
screening and enhancing healthcare outcomes in
Cost reduction and financial assistance underserved areas.
To ensure the long-term sustainability of artificial FUTURE DIRECTIONS
intelligence technologies, it is essential to minimize initial
costs. Public-private partnerships can play a key role by The future of AI-driven breast cancer screening in low-
subsidizing AI tools, providing affordable software resource settings depends on the development of
licenses, and funding training programs for healthcare technologies that are cost-effective, portable, and tailored
workers. Promoting open-source AI platforms further to the specific needs of local healthcare systems.
reduces expenses and encourages broader adoption, Innovations such as smartphone-based screening tools,
ultimately making advanced technologies more accessible open-source AI platforms, and cloud-based solutions can
to various sectors.40 significantly improve accessibility and scalability.
Collaborative efforts among governments, technology
Training and capacity building developers, and healthcare organizations will ensure
ethical integration, sustainable funding, and broad
Healthcare providers in low-resource settings need adoption of these technologies.45 Moreover, incorporating
specialized training to use AI technologies effectively. AI into comprehensive healthcare models that emphasize
Training programs should emphasize understanding AI education, prevention, and treatment will enhance its
outputs, operating AI-integrated devices, and overall impact. Ongoing research and pilot programs in
troubleshooting technical issues.16 By empowering local various settings will help refine AI applications, paving
healthcare workers, we can ensure that technology is used the way for equitable and effective breast cancer
efficiently and that there is increased confidence in AI- screening worldwide.
driven solutions.41
CONCLUSION
Policy and regulatory frameworks
AI technologies hold significant promise for improving
Establishing clear and comprehensive policies is vital for breast cancer screening in low-resource settings. By
the ethical use of artificial intelligence. These policies addressing key issues such as accessibility, affordability,
should include strong guidelines for data privacy to and workforce shortages, AI can play a vital role in
protect personal information and promote algorithm reducing global disparities in breast cancer outcomes.
transparency, allowing stakeholders to understand However, to fully realize this potential, it is essential to
decision-making processes and identify biases. Ensuring focus on overcoming implementation challenges,
equitable access to AI technologies, especially for ensuring ethical use, and customizing solutions to meet
marginalized and low-resource communities, is also the specific needs of these environments. With ongoing
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | March 2025 | Vol 12 | Issue 3 Page 1575
Corrales VV et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2025 Mar;12(3):1571-1577
innovation and collaboration, AI can contribute to a technology assessment: A scoping review. Comput
future where early detection of breast cancer is available Biol Med. 2025;184:109391.
to everyone, regardless of their socioeconomic status. 14. Taylor CR, Monga N, Johnson C, Hawley JR, Patel
M. Artificial Intelligence Applications in Breast
Funding: No funding sources Imaging: Current Status and Future Directions.
Conflict of interest: None declared Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(12):2041.
Ethical approval: Not required 15. Sacca L, Lobaina D, Burgoa S. Promoting Artificial
Intelligence for Global Breast Cancer Risk
REFERENCES Prediction and Screening in Adult Women: A
Scoping Review. J Clin Med. 2024;13(9):2525.
1. Wilkinson L, Gathani T. Understanding breast 16. Maleki Varnosfaderani S, Forouzanfar M. The Role
cancer as a global health concern. Br J Radiol. of AI in Hospitals and Clinics: Transforming
2022;95(1130):20211033. Healthcare in the 21st Century. Bioengineering
2. Ong SK, Haruyama R, Yip CH, et al. Feasibility of (Basel). 2024;11(4):337.
monitoring Global Breast Cancer Initiative 17. Bhandari A. Revolutionizing Radiology With
Framework key performance indicators in 21 Asian Artificial Intelligence. Cureus. 2024;16(10):72646.
National Cancer Centers Alliance member countries. 18. Iqbal J, Cortés Jaimes DC, Makineni P.
EClinicalMedicine. 2023;67:102365. Reimagining healthcare: unleashing the power of
3. Ginsburg O, Yip CH, Brooks A, et al. Breast cancer artificial intelligence in medicine. Cureus.
early detection: A phased approach to 2023;15(9):44658.
implementation. Cancer. 2020;126(10):2379-93. 19. Ezeamii VC, Okobi OE, Wambai-Sani H.
4. Anderson BO, Jakesz R. Breast cancer issues in Revolutionizing Healthcare: How Telemedicine Is
developing countries: an overview of the Breast Improving Patient Outcomes and Expanding Access
Health Global Initiative. World J Surg. to Care. Cureus. 2024;16(7):63881.
2008;32(12):2578-85. 20. Jiang Z, Gandomkar Z, Trieu PDY, Taba ST, Barron
5. Ahn JS, Shin S, Yang SA, et al. Artificial ML, Lewis SJ. AI for interpreting screening
Intelligence in Breast Cancer Diagnosis and mammograms: implications for missed cancer in
Personalized Medicine. J Breast Cancer. double reading practices and challenging-to-locate
2023;26(5):405-35. lesions. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):11893.
6. Uchikov P, Khalid U, Dedaj-Salad GH, et al. 21. Reuter E. Google’s AI beats humans at detecting
Artificial Intelligence in Breast Cancer Diagnosis breast cancer, sometimes. MedCity. Avaialble at:
and Treatment: Advances in Imaging, Pathology, [Link] Accessed on 21
and Personalized Care. Life (Basel). September 2024.
2024;14(11):1451. 22. Thawkar S, Sharma S, Khanna M, Singh LK. Breast
7. Ley P, Hong C, Varughese J, Camp L, Bouy S, cancer prediction using a hybrid method based on
Maling E. Challenges in the Management of Breast Butterfly Optimization Algorithm and Ant Lion
Cancer in a Low Resource Setting in South East Optimizer. Comput Biol Med. 2021;139:104968.
Asia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(7):3459-63. 23. Rakhunde MB, Gotarkar S, Choudhari SG.
8. Galukande M, Kiguli-Malwadde E. Rethinking Thermography as a breast cancer screening
breast cancer screening strategies in resource-limited technique: a review article. Cureus.
settings. Afr Health Sci. 2010;10(1):89-92. 2022;14(11):31251.
9. Pandey S, Chandravati. Breast screening in north 24. Wang X, Chou K, Zhang G. Breast cancer pre-
India: a cost-effective cancer prevention strategy. clinical screening using infrared thermography and
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(2):853-7. artificial intelligence: a prospective, multicentre,
10. Mahumud RA, Gow J, Keramat SA. Distribution diagnostic accuracy cohort study. Int J Surg.
and predictors associated with the use of breast 2023;109(10):3021-31.
cancer screening services among women in 14 low- 25. Zhang J, Wu J, Zhou XS, Shi F, Shen D. Recent
resource countries. BMC Public Health. advancements in artificial intelligence for breast
2020;20(1):1467. cancer: Image augmentation, segmentation,
11. Asadzadeh VF, Broeders MJ, Kiemeney LA, diagnosis, and prognosis approaches. Semin Cancer
Verbeek AL. Opportunity for breast cancer Biol. 2023;96:11-25.
screening in limited resource countries: a literature 26. Indah N, Nilawati Usman A, Sanusi Baso Y, Syarif
review and implications for Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer S, Ahmad M, Agus Mumang A. Early detection of
Prev. 2011;12(10):2467-75. self-breast examination using smartphone breast
12. Yin J, Ngiam KY, Teo HH. Role of Artificial application. Breast Dis. 2024;43(1):135-44.
Intelligence Applications in Real-Life Clinical 27. Lugossy AM, Anton K, Dako F. Building radiology
Practice: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. equity: themes from the 2023 RAD-AID conference
2021;23(4):25759. on international radiology and global health. J Am
13. Uwimana A, Gnecco G, Riccaboni M. Artificial Coll Radiol. 2024;21(8):1194-200.
intelligence for breast cancer detection and its health
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | March 2025 | Vol 12 | Issue 3 Page 1576
Corrales VV et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2025 Mar;12(3):1571-1577
28. Mollura DJ, Culp MP, Pollack E. Artificial 38. Esmaeilzadeh P. Challenges and strategies for wide-
intelligence in low- and middle-income countries: scale artificial intelligence (AI) deployment in
innovating global health radiology. Radiology. healthcare practices: A perspective for healthcare
2020;297(3):513-20. organizations. Artif Intell Med. 2024;151:102861.
29. Low-cost AI tools aim to predict Indian population 39. Reddy S. Generative AI in healthcare: an
cancer risk and therapeutic benefit, Winship Cancer implementation science informed translational path
Institute of Emory University. 2023. Available at: on application, integration and governance.
[Link] Accessed on 22 Implement Sci. 2024;19(1):27.
December 2024. 40. Shuaib A. Transforming Healthcare with AI:
30. Mahajan A, Bothra M. Mining artificial intelligence Promises, Pitfalls, and Pathways Forward. Int J Gen
in oncology: Tata memorial hospital journey. Med. 2024;17:1765-71.
Cancer Res, Stat, and Treat. 2020;3(3):622. 41. Uygun Ilikhan S, Özer M, Tanberkan H, Bozkurt V.
31. AI Helpful in Triaging Breast Masses in Low- How to mitigate the risks of deployment of artificial
Resource Areas. 2017. Available at: Accessed intelligence in medicine. Turk J Med Sci.
[Link] Accessed on 22 December 2024;54(3):483-92.
2024. 42. Al-Roomi K, Alzayani S, Almarabheh A.
32. Akingbola A, Adegbesan A, Ojo O, Otumara JU, Familiarity and applications of artificial intelligence
Alao UH. Artificial intelligence and cancer care in in health professions education: perspectives of
Africa. J Med Surg and Pub Heal. 2024;3:100132-3. students in a community-oriented medical school.
33. Ahmed MI, Spooner B, Isherwood J, Lane M, Cureus. 2024;16(11):73425.
Orrock E, Dennison A. A systematic review of the 43. Alowais SA, Alghamdi SS, Alsuhebany N.
barriers to the implementation of artificial Revolutionizing healthcare: the role of artificial
intelligence in healthcare. Cureus. intelligence in clinical practice. BMC Med Educ.
2023;15(10):46454. 2023;23(1):689.
34. Pashkov VM, Harkusha AO, Harkusha YO. 44. Alowais SA, Alghamdi SS, Alsuhebany N.
Artificial intelligence in medical practice: regulative Revolutionizing healthcare: the role of artificial
issues and perspectives. Wiad Lek. intelligence in clinical practice. BMC Med Educ.
2020;73(2):2722-7. 2023;23(1):689.
35. Khanam M, Akther S, Mizan I. The Potential of 45. Zheng D, He X, Jing J. Overview of Artificial
Artificial Intelligence in Unveiling Healthcare's Intelligence in Breast Cancer Medical Imaging. J
Future. Cureus. 2024;16(10):71625. Clin Med. 2023;12(2):419.
36. Lei F. The application of artificial intelligence in
lung cancer research. Cancer Control. Cite this article as: Corrales VV, Shyyab IMYA,
2024;31:10732748241297373. Gowda NS, Alaawad M, Mohamed MYH,
37. Jeyaraman M, Balaji S, Jeyaraman N, Yadav S. Almistarihi OJS, et al. Advancing early breast cancer
Unraveling the Ethical Enigma: Artificial detection with artificial intelligence in low-resource
Intelligence in Healthcare. Cureus. healthcare systems: a narrative review
2023;15(8):43262. Int J Community Med Public Health 2025;12:1571-7.
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | March 2025 | Vol 12 | Issue 3 Page 1577