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Revitalizing India's Education System: A Pathway to National Development

An-Overview

Article in Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology · September 2023

DOI: 10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i3.276

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Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology
ISSN: 1001-4055
Vol. 44 No. 3 (2023)
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Revitalizing India's Education System: A

Pathway to National Development
An-Overview
1*
Abhinav, 2Praveen Kumar Sinha, 3S. Bhargavi, 4Ramesh B. T., 5V. Nimish Bhasu
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology &
Management, Kanakapura Road, Udayapura, Bangalore, Karnataka, Pin: 560082, India
2
Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology &
Management, Kanakapura Road, Udayapura, Bangalore, Karnataka, Pin: 560082, India
3
ProfessorDepartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SJCIT Campus, Chickballapur,
Karnataka, Pin: 562101, India
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Robotics and Automation Engineering, Symbiosis Institute of Technology,
Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Maharashtra, Pin: 412115, India
5
Department of Computer Science Engineering, PES University, Bangalore, Karnataka, Pin: 560085, India

Abstract: The Indian education system is a complex and diverse system that has evolved over the centuries, with
influences from different civilizations, religions, and cultures. The Indian education system has made significant
progress in expanding access and improving the quality of education, it still faces several [Link] recent
years; the government has introduced several initiatives to address these challenges, such as the National
Education Policy 2020, which aims to make education more inclusive, accessible, and effective. Despite the
challenges, the Indian education system has produced several world-class scholars, scientists, and leaders, and
remains a critical component of India's economic and social development. In this paper an overview of the
Indian education system, its merits, de merits, National Education Policy 2020 and few recommendations are
discussed that may be useful to the intellectual community and educators at different levels.
Keywords: India Education system, New Education Policy 2020, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan,
National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF), etc.

1 Introduction
India has a diverse education system that caters to the needs of its large population. The education system in
India is divided into three categories: primary education, secondary education, and higher education [1]. Primary
education in India starts at the age of 6 and continues until the age of 14. The primary education system is
managed by state and local governments. The curriculum includes basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills,
along with subjects like social studies, science, and languages. Primary education in India is free and
compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 14 [2]. Secondary education in India is from the ages of
15 to 18 and is divided into two stages: Lower Secondary Education and Upper Secondary Education. The lower
Secondary Education stage is from the ages of 15 to 16 and the upper Secondary Education stage is from the
ages of 17 to 18[3]. The curriculum includes subjects such as mathematics, science, social sciences, and
languages. At the end of upper Secondary Education, students take a national board examination called the
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE). Higher
education in India is offered by universities, colleges, and institutes. It includes undergraduate, postgraduate,
and doctoral programs. The Indian higher education system is one of the largest in the world, with over 900
universities and 40,000 colleges [4]. The most popular courses for higher education in India are engineering,
medicine, management, and law.
Overall, the Indian education system has made significant progress in recent years. The government has taken
several initiatives to improve the quality of education, such as the Right to Education Act-2009 [5], which
guarantees free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of 6 and 14 [2,5]. However, there are

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still challenges such as a high dropout rate, inadequate infrastructure, and unequal access to education, which
need to be addressed to ensure that all students have access to quality education.

2 Background of Indian education systems

The history of education in India dates back to ancient times, with the country being home to some of the
world's oldest universities such as Takshashila and Nalanda[6]. The education system in India has evolved over
the centuries, with influences from different civilizations, religions, and cultures. Here is an overview of the
history of the Indian education system: Ancient Education: Education in ancient India was primarily imparted
through the gurukul system, where students lived with their teachers and learned through a process of
observation, discussion, and practical application. The subjects taught included philosophy, theology,
mathematics, medicine, astronomy, and literature[7].Medieval Education: During the medieval period,
education in India was influenced by Islamic traditions, with the establishment of madrasas that focused on
religious education and Arabic language. The Mughal emperors also established schools and colleges for the
study of art, music, and literature[8].Colonial Education: The British colonial rule in India introduced the
modern education system, with the establishment of universities, colleges, and schools that focused on English
language, science, and technology. However, the education system was designed to create a class of English-
educated Indians who could serve as clerks and administrators in the British colonial government[9].Post-
Independence Education: After India gained independence in 1947, the government focused on expanding
access to education and making it more inclusive. The government introduced several reforms, such as the
establishment of the University Grants Commission (UGC) and the introduction of free and compulsory primary
education [10].Recent Developments: In recent years, the Indian education system has undergone several
reforms to improve the quality of education and address the challenges faced by the system. The government
has introduced initiatives such as the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) to improve secondary
education, the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) to provide vocational training, and the National
Education Policy (NEP) 2020 to address the changing needs of the education system[11-13].
It is understood that the history of the Indian education system is a long and diverse one, with influences from
different civilizations and cultures. The system has undergone several changes over the centuries, and while
there are still challenges, the government's initiatives and the active involvement of educators and students can
help to make the Indian education system more inclusive, accessible, and effective.

2.1 Primary Education System

The primary education system in India is an important component of the country's education system. It is the
foundation of a child's academic journey and plays a crucial role in their overall development. Here is an
overview of the Indian primary education system presented:Structure: The primary education system in India
typically comprises of classes 1 to 5, with children usually starting school at the age of 6[14]. The curriculum
includes subjects such as language, mathematics, science, social studies, and moral [Link] of
Instruction: In India, the medium of instruction at the primary level can vary based on the state or region. Most
states use the regional language as the medium of instruction, while some use Hindi or [Link]:
The primary education system in India is implemented by both the central and state governments[15]. The
government is responsible for the establishment and maintenance of government-run schools, while private
schools also offer primary [Link]: Despite the efforts of the government, the primary education
system in India faces several challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, a shortage of trained teachers, high
dropout rates, and poor quality of [Link] Initiatives: The government of India has taken several
initiatives to improve the primary education system. Some of these initiatives include the Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan (SSA)[16], which aims to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of 6
and 14, and the Mid-Day Meal Scheme, which provides free meals to children in government-run [Link]
of Parents: Parents also play a crucial role in the primary education system in India. They are responsible for
ensuring that their children attend school regularly, complete their homework, and participate in extracurricular
activities.

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In inference, the primary education system in India is an essential component of the country's education system.
While there are challenges, the government's initiatives and the active involvement of parents can help to
overcome these challenges and provide quality education to every child in India.

2.2 Secondary Education System

The secondary education system in India is an important component of the country's education system. It
provides students with an opportunity to pursue their academic and career goals and prepares them for higher
education and employment. Here is an overview of the Indian secondary education system:Structure: The
secondary education system in India comprises of classes 6 to 10, with children typically starting secondary
school at the age of 11[17]. The curriculum includes subjects such as language, mathematics, science, social
studies, and vocational [Link] of Instruction: In India, the medium of instruction at the secondary
level can vary based on the state or region. Most states use the regional language as the medium of instruction,
while some use Hindi or [Link]: The secondary education system in India is implemented by
both the central and state governments. The government is responsible for the establishment and maintenance of
government-run schools, while private schools also offer secondary [Link] System: Secondary
education in India is marked by several high-stakes board examinations, such as the Central Board of Secondary
Education (CBSE) and the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) examinations. These exams play a
significant role in determining a student's future academic and career [Link]: The secondary
education system in India faces several challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, a shortage of trained
teachers, and poor quality of [Link] Initiatives: The government of India has taken several
initiatives to improve the secondary education system. Some of these initiatives include the Rashtriya
Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)[18], which aims to provide universal access, retention, and quality
education at the secondary level, and the National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF)[19], which aims to
provide vocational education and skill development to [Link] of Parents: Parents also play a crucial role
in the secondary education system in India. They are responsible for ensuring that their children attend school
regularly, complete their homework, and participate in extracurricular activities.
It is understood that the secondary education system in India is an essential component of the country's
education system. While there are challenges, the government's initiatives and the active involvement of parents
can help to overcome these challenges and provide quality education to every child in India.

2.3 Higher Education System

The Indian higher education system is one of the largest education systems in the world [20], with more than
1000 universities and 40,000 colleges [24] offering a diverse range of academic programs to students. It is
governed by the University Grants Commission (UGC), which is responsible for maintaining the standards of
higher education in India[23]. Here is an overview of the Indian higher education system discussed:Structure:
The Indian higher education system is divided into two main categories: undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate
(PG) programs [25]. UG programs typically include three-year bachelor's degrees, while PG programs include
two-year master's degrees and research-based doctoral [Link]: India has both public and private
universities, with the majority being public institutions funded by the government [26]. There are also
specialized institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institutes of Management
(IIMs), and Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs) that offer specialized undergraduate
and postgraduate programs in science, technology, engineering, and [Link]: The UGC is
responsible for accrediting universities and colleges in India based on a range of factors, including
infrastructure, faculty quality, and academic standards [27]. Accreditation is important for students to ensure
that they are receiving quality education and have access to job opportunities after [Link]: The
Indian higher education system is known for its emphasis on theoretical knowledge and rote learning. However,
there has been a recent push towards more experiential and interdisciplinary learning to better prepare students
for the changing job [Link]: The Indian higher education system faces several challenges such as
inadequate infrastructure, a shortage of qualified faculty, out-dated curriculum, and a lack of research and
[Link] Initiatives: The government of India has taken several initiatives to improve the higher

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education system, such as the Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)[28], which aims to improve
access, equity, and quality of higher education, and the Study in India program, which aims to attract foreign
students to study in India.
It is understood that the Indian higher education system is diverse and complex, with several challenges and
opportunities. While there is scope for improvement, the government's initiatives and the active involvement of
universities, faculty, and students can help to overcome these challenges and make the Indian higher education
system a world-class education system.

2.3.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Engineering Education System

Engineering education is a vital component of any country's development and progress. The education system
provides students with the necessary knowledge and skills to design, develop, and maintain various
technological systems. As the world advances and evolves, so must engineering education. In this article, an
attempt is made to explore the engineering education system and discuss its strengths, weaknesses, and potential
[Link]-on Learning: Engineering education places a strong emphasis on practical learning,
allowing students to apply theoretical concepts to real-world problems. This approach ensures that students are
well-prepared to enter the workforce and tackle real-world [Link] Learning: Engineering
education encourages interdisciplinary learning, which promotes collaboration and innovation. Students have
the opportunity to work with peers from different backgrounds, such as business, law, or medicine, to develop
comprehensive solutions to complex [Link] on Technical Skills: Engineering education provides
students with a solid foundation in technical skills such as computer programming, mathematics, and physics.
These skills are essential in today's technology-driven world and are in high demand by employers.
Weaknesses of Engineering Education system may be as follows: Lack of Diversity: Engineering education is
often criticized for its lack of diversity, with a significant gender and ethnic gap[29]. This issue is mainly due to
a lack of representation, biased hiring practices, and outdated stereotypes that prevent individuals from pursuing
engineering careers. Outdated Curriculum: Engineering education often struggles to keep up with the latest
technological advances, leading to a curriculum that is outdated and not reflective of current industry needs. The
curriculum needs to be flexible and constantly updated to stay relevant and prepare students for the
[Link] Soft Skills Training: Engineering education typically focuses on technical skills, neglecting
soft skills such as communication, teamwork, and leadership. These skills are crucial in today's workplace and
should be emphasized more in engineering education.

2.3.2 Development in education system

The primary education system in India has several challenges that need to be addressed to ensure that all
children have access to quality education. Here are some tips to improve the primary education system in India:
Increase government spending on education: The government needs to allocate more funds towards education to
improve the quality of education in government schools. This can be achieved by increasing the budget
allocation for education and ensuring that the funds are used [Link] teacher training: Teachers are
the backbone of the education system, and they need to be trained adequately to provide quality education. The
government should invest in teacher training programs to enhance the teaching skills of the [Link]
technology-enabled learning: Technology can be used to improve the quality of education in primary schools.
The government should promote the use of technology-enabled learning methods to provide interactive and
engaging learning experiences for [Link] on early childhood education: Early childhood education is
critical to a child's development, and it is essential to provide quality education during this phase. The
government should focus on improving early childhood education by investing in teacher training, providing
adequate infrastructure, and promoting play-based [Link] infrastructure: Many government schools in
India lack basic infrastructure such as classrooms, toilets, and drinking water facilities. The government should
invest in improving the infrastructure of schools to provide a conducive learning environment for
[Link] parents and the community: Parents and the community play a vital role in the education
system. The government should involve parents and the community in decision-making processes and

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encourage their participation in school [Link] is essential to address these challenges to ensure that all
children have access to quality education, which is critical for the growth and development of the country.

2.3.3 Progress in engineering education system

The higher education system in India is facing several challenges, which need to be addressed to provide quality
education and enhance the employability of graduates. Here are some tips to improve the higher education
system in India:Promote Diversity and Inclusion: Engineering education needs to become more inclusive and
diverse by addressing issues such as bias, stereotypes, and lack of representation. This can be achieved by
creating a welcoming environment that supports and encourages underrepresented groups to pursue engineering
[Link] More Interdisciplinary Learning: Engineering education should expand its interdisciplinary
approach, encouraging collaboration across different fields to develop comprehensive solutions to complex
[Link] Curriculum Regularly: Engineering education should be flexible and constantly updated to
reflect current industry needs and technological advances. This will ensure that students are well-prepared for
the future [Link] Soft Skills: Engineering education should place more emphasis on developing
soft skills such as communication, teamwork, and leadership. These skills are essential in today's workplace and
will help students become well-rounded [Link] funding: The government needs to allocate more
funds towards higher education to improve the quality of education in universities and colleges. This can be
achieved by increasing the budget allocation for higher education and ensuring that the funds are used
[Link] research and development: Research and development are critical to the growth and
development of the country. The government should invest in research and development to promote innovation
and [Link] faculty quality: The quality of faculty is essential for the delivery of quality
education. The government should focus on attracting and retaining quality faculty by providing them with
adequate salaries, training, and development [Link] industry-academia collaboration:
Collaboration between academia and industry can help bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and
practical skills. The government should promote industry-academia collaboration by providing incentives and
opportunities for [Link] skill-based education: The higher education system should focus on
providing skill-based education to enhance the employability of graduates. The government should collaborate
with industry to identify the skills required in the job market and develop courses accordingly. Improve
infrastructure: The infrastructure of higher education institutions needs to be improved to provide a conducive
learning environment for students. The government should invest in improving the infrastructure of universities
and colleges.
It is essential to address these challenges to provide quality education, enhance the employability of graduates
and promote the growth and development of the [Link] conclusion, the engineering education system plays a
critical role in preparing students for the future workforce. While it has its strengths, weaknesses, and potential
areas for improvement, the ultimate goal is to produce highly skilled and innovative professionals who can drive
the progress of the world. By addressing these challenges, we can ensure that engineering education remains
relevant and prepares students for the challenges of the future.

3.0 Current role of Professors in the higher education standard

Professors and teachers play a critical role in improving the higher education standard in India. Here are some
ways in which they can contribute to improving the higher education system:Delivering quality education:
Professors and teachers must deliver quality education to students. They need to be well-versed in their subject
and must be able to communicate the concepts [Link] research: Professors and teachers should
encourage students to take up research and explore new areas of study. They can guide students in identifying
research topics and help them in conducting research. Promoting innovation: Professors and teachers should
promote innovation and entrepreneurship among students. They can encourage students to develop new ideas
and provide them with the necessary resources and support to turn their ideas into reality. Fostering critical
thinking: Professors and teachers should encourage students to think critically and develop analytical skills.
They can promote a culture of debate and discussion in the classroom, which will help students develop their
critical thinking abilities. Mentoring students: Professors and teachers can act as mentors to students and provide

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guidance on academic and personal matters. They can help students in identifying their strengths and
weaknesses and provide them with advice on career choices. Collaborating with industry: Professors and
teachers can collaborate with industry to develop industry-relevant courses and provide students with exposure
to real-world problems. This will help students in developing their skills and enhancing their employability.
It can be summarized by saying that professors and teachers play a crucial role in improving the higher
education standard in India. They need to be passionate about their subject and should have a desire to make a
positive impact on the lives of their students. By delivering quality education, encouraging research, promoting
innovation, fostering critical thinking, mentoring students, and collaborating with industry, they can contribute
to the growth and development of the higher education system in India.

4.0 India New Educational Policy 2020

The National Education Policy 2020 [30] aims to transform the education system in India to make it more
comprehensive, inclusive, and holistic. It provides a roadmap for the development of education in India for the
next two decades.
Here are some key highlights of the National Education Policy 2020 are disused. Early Childhood Care and
Education: The policy emphasizes the importance of early childhood education and care for the development of
children's cognitive, social, and emotional skills. School Education: The policy focuses on a 5+3+3+4 structure
of school education [31], where the first five years would be devoted to the foundational stage, the next three
years to the preparatory stage, the next three years to the middle stage, and the last four years to the secondary
stage. Multilingualism and Language Learning: The policy emphasizes the importance of multilingualism and
encourages the learning of three languages, including the mother tongue, regional language, and
[Link] Integration: The policy promotes the integration of technology in education to improve
access, quality, and equity. It emphasizes the use of digital resources, e-learning platforms, and educational
technology to enhance teaching and [Link] Education: The policy aims to increase the gross enrolment
ratio in higher education to 50% by 2035 [32]. It emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary education,
research, and [Link] Education: The policy aims to improve the quality of teacher education and
training through a four-year integrated [Link]. program. It emphasizes the importance of continuous professional
development and teacher autonomy.
The National Education Policy 2020 has the potential to transform the education system in India and make it
more inclusive, accessible, and relevant to the needs of the 21 st century. Implementation of this policy will
require a concerted effort from all stakeholders, including the government, educational institutions, teachers,
parents, and students.

Conclusion
The Indian education system is vast and diverse, with a complex structure that reflects the country's cultural,
linguistic, and regional diversity. The system is primarily divided into three levels: primary education (classes 1-
5), secondary education (classes 6-10) and higher secondary education (classes 11-12).The education system is
primarily administered by the central and state governments. The government provides free and compulsory
education to all children between the ages of six and fourteen. However, despite significant improvements in
recent years, there are still challenges in ensuring access to quality education for all students, particularly those
from marginalized communities.
The Indian education system is known for its emphasis on academic achievement, particularly in the areas of
science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The country has a large network of technical and
vocational institutions that provide training in various fields. One of the significant challenges facing the Indian
education system is the lack of adequate infrastructure and resources. Many schools lack basic amenities like
clean water, toilets, and libraries, which can hinder students' learning outcomes. Additionally, there is a shortage
of qualified teachers, particularly in rural areas.
In recent years, the Indian government has implemented several initiatives to improve the quality of education
and expand access to education for all. Some of these initiatives include the establishment of more schools and
higher education institutions, the introduction of digital learning platforms, and the implementation of policies

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to encourage enrolment and retention in schools. Overall, while the Indian education system faces several
challenges, it also has many strengths and opportunities for improvement. With continued investment in
education and a focus on expanding access and improving quality, India has the potential to create a robust and
effective education system that can help its citizens thrive and contribute to the country's development.

Data Transparency
Authors will ensure data transparency.

Funding: No funding was received for conducting this study.

Data Availability All data generated or Analysed during this study are included in this manuscript to the best of
knowledge.

Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest

The authors acknowledge that there is no financial or personal relationship with a third party whose interests
could be positively or negatively influenced by the article’s content.

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