Logarithms (i) e=2.7183 (ii) Ife* = y, thenx=log, y=Iny 4343 log, y=0.4343 In y (iii) 1f10* = y, then x =logyg y (iv) logio y= (v) log (ab) = log (a) + log (6) ) woe(2)= log (a) — log (6) (vii) log a” =n log (a) Trigonometry (sin? @ +cos” 6 (ii) 1+ tan? @ =sec? 0 (iii) 1+c0t? @ =cosec? @ (iv) sin 20 =2 sin @ cos © (v) cos 20 =2 cos? @ — (vi) sin (4 £ B) =sin A cos B Ecos Asin B (vii) cos (4 +B) =cos A cos B ¥ sin Asin B PS") aaa) 2) c-D 2sin? @ =cos? @—sin? @ .. c+ (viii) sin C+sinD=2sin{ (sine sind =2sin © C+D (x) cos C +c0s D =2 cos (xi) cos C -cos D 2tan 0 1-tan? 6 tan A ttan B 1¥ tan A tan B (xiv) sin (00° +6) =cos (av) cos (90° +0) =~sin 8 (xvi) tan (90° +6) =—cot 0 (xvii) sin (90° -0) =cos © (xviii) cos (90° - 0) =sin @ (xix) tan (90° -@) =cot @ (xx) sin (180° 0) =sin ® (xii) tan 20 (xiii) tan (AB)(xxi) cos (180° - 6) (xxii) tan (180° -6) = (xxiii) sin (180° +0) (xxiv) cos (180° +0 (xxv) tan (180° +6) = tan @ (xvi) sin (-8) (xxvii) cos (-6) (xxviii) tan (-0) = Differentiation @ © eonsany) =0 j) 2) =m" dx - dc d d 1 d (i) Flog, sor (Ix) =~ Civ) 4 (sin x) = 08 x d d A (0) Gy (e083) = sin x (vi) J (tan x) =see? x (vit) © (cot x) =-cosee? x (vit) © (ee x) = 900 x tan x dx ~ ax ~ ae 4 a . (ix) J (eosee x) =—eosee x cot x ® Fe =e a a OER OHMEAO eo) Ye. d d xin 4 fis) LO GAO AO GLO ds f(x) thon)? (sii) ZF (a+b) =0- f(a), where x =ax+b Integration fon ra a. pd @ fx de =" be(ne-D) (ii) JF =log, xe or Inxt+e (iii) Jsin x dx =-cos.x+e (iv) Joos x dk =sinx +e () fetde=e" +e (i) sec? xde=tan x-+e (vii) Joosee? x dx =-cot x46 (vii) [sec x tan x dx =see x +e (ix) Joosee x cot x dr =—cosee x +e ©) [flar+byde=1 | p20) ax, where X =ax+b @ Here, c is constant of integration.Graphs Following graphs and their corresponding equations are frequently used in Physics. (i) y= me, represents a straight line passing through origin. Here, m= tan 6 is also called the slope of line, where @ is the angle which the line makes with positive x-axis, when drawn in anticlockwise direction from the positive x-axis towards the line. The two possible cases are shown in Fig, 1.1. In Fig. 1 (i), @<90°. Therefore, tan 8 orslope of line is positive. In Fig. 1.1 (i), 90° <@ <180°. Therefore, tan @ or slope of line is negative, wo Fig, 1.1 Note That y= mrory = xalso meons that value ofy becomes 2 times fxs doubled. Orit wil remain thif becomes times (ii) y= me + represents a straight Line not passing through origin. Here, m is the slope of line as discussed above and c the intercept on y-axis 0 @ «i Fig, 1.2 In figure (i) : slope and intercept both are positive. In figure (ii) : slope is negative but intercept is positive and In figure (iii) : slope is positive but intercept is negative. Note That in y= mx + c,y does not become two times if x is doubled. yee or y=” etc., represents a rectangular hyperbola in first and third quadrants. The shape of xr rectangular hyperbola is shown in Fig. 1.3(). \ wy ; 0 o Fig 1.3From the graph we can see that y+ 0as.x—> % or x3 [Link] y—> «. 4 Similarly, represents a rectangular hyperbola in second and fourth quadrants as shown in Fig. 1.3(i). Note That in case of rectangular hyperbola if xis doubled y will become half (iv) yx? or y=2x?, etc., represents a parabola passing through origin as shown in Fig. 1.4(i y y yer fn 0 “ Fig, 1.4 Note That in the parabola y =2x* or y « x°, ifxis doubled, y will Become four times. Graph x « y* or x=4y” is again a parabola passing through origin as shown in Fig 1.4 (ii). In this case if y is doubled, x will become four times. x? +4 or x= y? —6 will represent a parabola but not passing through origin. In the first equation (y=x" +4), ifx is doubled, y will not become four times. (vi) y= Ae™**; represents exponentially decreasing graph. Value ofy decreases exponentially from Ato 0. The graph is shown in Fig, 1.5. y w al Fig 1.5 From the graph and the equation, we can see that y= (vii) y= A(l—e**), represents an exponentially increasing graph, Value of y increases exponentially from 0 to 4. The graph is shown in Fig. 1.6. Aatx=Oand ys 0asx— 0. Fig. 1.6 From the graph and the equation we can see that y=Oat.x =Oand y—> Aas x— =,