[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 51 au Chapter 1b} CURRENT ELECTRICITY LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this chapter the students will be able to: Understand the concept of steady current. Describe some sources of current. Recognize effects of current. Understand and describe Ohm’s law. Understand resistivity and explain its dependence upon temperature. Know the value of resistance by reading colour code on it. Know the working and use of rheostat in the potential divider circuit Describe the characteristics of thermistor. Use the energy considerations to distinguish between emf and p.d. Describe the conditions for maximum power transfer. Know and use the application of Kirchhoff's first law as conservation of charge. Know and use the application of Kirchhoff’s second law as conservation of energy. Describe the function of Wheatstone Bridge to measure the unknown resistance Describe the function of potentiometer to measure and compare potentials without drawing and current from the circuit. Q.1 Define curr CURRENT ELECTRICITY ent electricity. The branch of physics which deals with charges in motion is called current electricity or electrodynamics. e.g (i) A light bulb glows to the flow of electric current. (ii) The current that flows through the coil of motor that causes its shaft to rotate (iii) Most of the devices in the industry and in our homes operate with current Q.2 Define electric current and conventional current.[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 52 (3) ELECTRIC CURRENT The charge per unit time passing through any cross section of a conductor is called electric current (OR) The rate of flow of charge is also called the electric current, It is represented by “I” and it is a scalar quantity, Ifa net ¢ section of a conductor in time At then, electric current Lis ge AQ passes through any cross- AQ At Unit of Electric Current The SI unit of electric current is “ampere”. The current is said to be one ampere when one coulomb of charge is passing through any cross-section of wire in one second. It is represented by A IA = # Inmetallic conductors the charge carriers are electrons, lWhen eel senses danger, it turns) itself into a living battery. Any one| lwho attacks this fish is likely to} * The ions. charge carrier in electrolyte are positive and negative @ In gases, the charge carriers are ions and electrons. [electric ee! can beupto600V. Current Direction Early scientists regarded an electric current as a flow of positive charge from positive to negative terminal of the battery through an extemal circuit. Later on, it was found that a current in metallic conductors is actually due to the flow of negative charge carriers called electrons moving in the opposite direction i.e., from negative to positive terminal of the battery, but it is a convention to take the direction of current as the direction in which positive charge flow. This current is referred as conventional current The reason is that it has been found experimentally that positive charge moving in one direction is equivalent in all extemal effects to a negative charge moving in the opposite direction. As the current is measured by its external effects so a current due to motion of negative charges, after reversing its direction of How can be substituted by an equivalent current due to flow of positive charges. Thus “the ventional current in a cireuit is defined as that equivalent current which passes from a point at higher potential (+ve) to a point charges”. lower potential (-ve) as if it represented a movement of positive Q.3 Describe the current through a metallic conductor. CURRENT THROUGH A M ALLIC CONDUCTOR[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 53 In a metal, the valence electrons are not attached to individu: atoms but are free to move about within the body. These electrons are known as free electrons. The free electrons are in random motion just like the molecules of a gas in a container and they act as charge carriers in metals. The speed of randomly moving electrons depends upon temperature, If we consider any section of metallic wire, the rate at which the free electrons pass through it from right to left is the same as the rate at which they pass from left to right as shown, As a result the current through the wire is zero. If the ends of the wire are connected ~ to a battery, an clectrie ficld E will be setup at every point within the wire. The free electrons will now experience a force in the direction > opposite to E. As a result of this force the free electrons acquire a > motion in the direction of ~E. It may be noted that the force experienced by the free electrons does not produce a net acceleration because the electrons keep on colliding with the atoms of the conductor. The overall effect of these collisions is to transfer the energy of accelerating electrons to the lattice with the result that the clectrons acquire an average velocity, called the drift velocity in the direction of-Fit may be defined as the velocity of the free electrons in the direction drift or effectively in the direction opposite to that of electric field in metal. The drift velocity is of the order of 10~> ms“! at room temperature. Due to their thermal motion is several hundred kilometers per second. Thus, when an clectric field is established in a conductor, the free electrons modify their random motion in such a way that they drift slowly in a direction opposite to the field, In other words the electrons, in addition to their violent thermal motion, acquire a constant drift velocity duc to which a net directed motion of charges takes place along the wire and a current begins to flow through it. A steady current is established in a wire when a constant potential difference is ma + ned across it which generates the requisite electric field E along the wire Electron flow Connecting Metal Fy Qretot ascites tortie tolow pares Q.4 Describe the source of current. SOURCE OF CURRENT[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 54 To have a constant current the potential difference across the conductor should be maintained constant. This is achieved by => connecting the ends of wire to the terminals of a device called a source nt Electron: | of current. The source of current which converts some non-electrical energy such as, chemical, mechanical, heat or solar energy into electrical energy is called source of current, There are many types of sources of currents, For example: * Cells which convert chemical energy into electrical energy Types of Cells Fig. A source of current such as (i) Primary cells: Cells which cannot be recharged. battery maintains a nearly . constant potential difference between ends of a conductor. (ii) Secondary cells: Cell which ean recha Electric generators which convert: mechanical energy into electrical energy Thermocouples which convert heat ene into electrical energy. Solar energy which convert sunlight di to electrical ener What are the effects of current EFFECTS OF CURRENT The presence of electric current can be detected by various effects it produces. There are three types (i) Heat (i) Heating Effect geffect (ii) Magnetic effect. (iii), Chemical effeet Current flow through a metallic wire due to motion of free electrons. During the course of their motion, they collide frequently with atoms of metal. At cach collision, they lose some of their K,E and give it to atoms with which they collide. Thus as current flows through wire, it increases K.E of vibrations of the metal atoms i.e.. it generates heat in the wire. Heat produced by a current I in the wire of resistane R during a time interval t is given by =F Heating effect of current is used| a eT lin electric kettle.[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 55 Uses: Heating effect of current is utilized in electric heaters, kettles, 1 toaster and electric iron (ii) Magnetic Effect The passage of current is always accompanied by am; field in the surrounding space. The strength of field depends upon the uurrent and the distance from the current element. The pattern eld produced by a current carrying straight wire, a coil or solenoid is as shown. netic value of of the f Uses: All the machines involving electric motors also use magnetic effect of current (ii) Chemical Effeet Certain liquids such as dilute sulphuric acid (11:04) or copper sulphate (CuSO,) solution conduct electricity due to some chemical reactions that take place within them, The study of this process is known as electrolysis, The chemical changes produced during the electrolysis of a liquid are duc to chemical effects of the current. It 7 Siem 7 depends upon the nature of the liquid and the quantity of electricity t : passed through the liquid The liquid which conducts current is known as ef yte. The material in the form of wire or rod or plate which leads the current into or out of the electrolyte is known as electrode. The electrode connected with the positive terminal of the current source is called anode and that connected with negative terminal is known as cathode. The vessel containing the two electrodes and the liquid is known as voltameter. -xample We will consider the electrolysis of copper sulphate solution, The voltameter contains dilute solution of copper sulphate. The anode and cathode are both copper plates. Whei copper sulphate is dissolved in water, it dissociates into Cu’ and $Oj ions. On pa: the cathode and the following reaction takes place. ing current through the voltameter. Cu’ moves towards Cul +2e ——> Cu The copper atoms thus formed are deposited at cathode plate While copper is being deposited at the cathode, the SO, ions move L towards the anode, Copper atoms from the anode go into the solution as copper ions which combine with sulphate ions to form copper sulphate 1 I As the el is continuously deposited on the cathode while an equal amount of copper from the anode is dissolved into the solution and the density of copper sulphate solution remains unaltered Note: This example also illustrates the basic principle of electroplating I ~ a process of coating a thin of some expensive metal (gold, silver etc.) on an article of some cheap metal 0.6 _ State and explain Ohm's law. Also define ohmic and non-ohmic substance OHM’S LAW Introduction(CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 56 When a battery is connected across a conductor, an electric current begins to flow through the conductor. A German physicist George Simon Ohm showed by experiments that the current through the metalli¢ conduetor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends. This fact is known as Ohm’s law Statement This law states that “The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends provided the physical states such as temperature of the conductor remains unchanged”, Mathematically If V is the voltage applied across the ends of the conductor and the current [is flowing through it therefore by ohm’s law Tpean cn VOT ren Vane ca Vv IR where R is constant of proportionally called the resistance of the conductor. The value of the resistance depends upon the nature, dimensions and the physical state of the conductor. It may be defined as the opposition offered by the conductor to the flow of charges ie., free electrons due to their continuous collisions against the atoms of the lattice. Unit The SI unit of resistance is “ohm”. It is represented by Q. Ohm “Ifa current of one ampere flows through any cross-section of a conductor due to a potential difference of one volt applied across its ends then resistance of conductor is said to be one ohm.” ~ Vv As R 1 Vv 12 = 4K[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 57 A conductor is said to obey ohm’s law if its resistance remains constant ie., graph between V and Lis a straight line, as shown in figure Ohmic A conductor which strictly obeys ohm’s law is called ohmic. Example Metals, Non-ohmic There are devices which do not obey ohm’s law, are called non-ohmic devices. Example Filament of bulbs and semiconductor diodes are non- ohmic devices. Explanation Let us apply a certain potential difference across the terminals of filament lamp and measure the resulting current passing through it. If we repeat the measurement for different values of potential difference and draw a graph of voltage V versus current I, it will be seen that graph is not straight line. It means that filament is non-ohmic device. The deviation of V — I graph from straight line is due to the increase in the resistance of the filament with temperature. As the current passing through a filament is increased from zero, the graph is straight line in the initial stage because change in the resistance of filament with temperature due to small current is not appreciable. As the current is further increased, the resistance due to rise in temperature is increased. Another example of non-ohmic device isa semiconductor diode. The current-voltage graph of such a diode is shown in figure. As the graph is not straight line, so semi-conductor is also a non-ohmie device. Review of Series and Parallel Combinations of Resistor eries Combination of Resistance If the resistors are connected end to end such that the — > TC) r > R R Roos WWW> same current pas connected in series as shown in figure. Vv VitV. es through all of them, they are said to be +V5 According to ohms law IR = WR) +R: + Rs ca[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 58 Lh o= -h =! IRog = IR) + IR) +IR IReq = KR) * R> +R) Ry = Ri+R+R ey Characteristics of Series Combination (i) Voltage across each re stance is different such that sum of voltages equal to applied voltage. Gi) Current through all resistors are always same (iii) Equivalent resistance is always greater than the largest individual resistance. Parallel Combination of Resistance In parallel arrangement, a number of resistors are connected side 1 R, by side with their ends joined together at two common points. From Lhe From ohm’s law wo ioe v v v h R hb R R , aa ao Ry 1 R, Characteristic of Parallel Combination (i) Voltage across each resistance in parallel combination is same. Gi) Current through cach resistance is different such that sum of branch currents equals to current supplied by battery. (iii) Equivalent resistance is smaller than the smallest individual resistance. Q.7 Define resistivity and explain the dependence of resistance upon temperature. RESISTIVITY AND ITS DEPENDENCE UPON TEMPERATURE ity Resisti It has been experimentally seen that the resistanee R of a wire is directly proportional to its length Land inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area A Mathemat ally Rox 1 a Ro « (ii)[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 59 ‘Combining (i) and (i) R n vy pL Rn - oe (iii) resistivity of the material of wire, It is defined as the stance | p@m | a(K resistance of a meter cube of a conductor. It may be 32x 10* | 000380 noted that resistance is the characteristic of a particular | Silver [52x 10 : wire whereas the resitivity is the property of the | Copper 1.54% 10 | 0.00390 material of the wire from which itis made aaa 227% 10" | 0.00340 Aluminium | 2.63 x 10° | 0.00390 p Tungsten 5.00 x 10° | 0.00460 Iron 11.00 x 10° | 0.00520 Pla 11.00 x 10° | 0.00520 Pp Constenton | 49.00 x 10° } 9.00001 So, SL unit of resistivity is “Om Mercur 94.00 10° | 0.00091 Conductance Nichrome | 100.0 10° | 0.00020 Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance. ie, Epon AIST io cme =0o005 Conductance = Sas Germanium | 0.5 0.05 Silicon 2 0.07 SI unit of conductance ohm”! (Mho) or Siemen Conductivity Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity. ic. 1 Conductivity = Restivny Sl unit of conductivity is ohm !.m ! (mho my). DEPENDENCE UPON TEMPERATURE ed by a conductor is due to the collision of free electrons with the lattice atoms of metal. When temperature of the conductor increases then lattice atoms start vibrating with greater amplitude and this form a bigger target area for the flowin electrons. So the probability of the collisions of fr lattice atoms increases. This makes the collision between tree electrons and the atoms more frequent and hence resistance of the conductor increases Resistance of of free electrons with the Conversely when temperature decreases then lattice atoms vibrate with smaller amplitude presenting smaller target area and this, deci aases the probability of collisions between the lattice atoms and fiee electrons. This makes collisions less frequent and hence resistance of the conductor increases[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 60 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance Definition The fractional change in the resistance per kelvin temperature is known as temperature coefficient of resistance. It is represented by & Determination Let R, and R, be the resistances at 0°C and °C respectively. It is experimentally found that change in the resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its original resistance. icc. RR, & Ry (i) Also the change in the resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to. change in its temperature ic RR, & At (i) Combining (i) and (ii) R,-R, © RoAt Rk aRAt RR, a Rat ii) Where a. is constant of proportionality named as temperature coefficient of resistance Also the resistivity is directly proportional to the resistance therefore eq, (iii) can be written as i= Po a poAt where « is called the coefficient of resistivity. It may be defined the fractional cha ge in the resistivity per kelvin temperature is called the temperature coefficient of resistivity Note: There are some substance like germanium, silicon ete., whose resistance decreases with increase in temperature. i.e.. these substances have negative temperature coefficients. Q.8 What are the colour code for carbon resistances? Ss COLOUR CODE FOR Colour Value Carbon resistors are most common in electronic equipment They consist of a high-grade ceramic rod or cone (called the | Black o substrate) on which is deposited a thin resistive film of carbon, The | Brown 1 numerical value of their resistance is indicated by a colour code | Red 2 which consists of bands of different colours printed on the body of | Orange 3 the resistor. The colour used in this code and the digits represented} Yellow 4 by them are given in table Green 5 Usually the code consists of four bands. Starting from left to | Blue 6 right, the colour bands are interpreted as follows, Violet 7 (1) The first band indicates the first digit in the numerical value | GY 8 of the resistance. White 9[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 61 (2) The second band gives the second digit (3) The third band is decimal multiplier ic, it gives the number of zeros after the first two digits. ony cae aor (4) The fourth band gives resistance tolerance. Its colour is either Mbxss silver or gold, Silver band indicates a tolerance of £10%, a Pesky Glararb gold band shows a tolerance of £5%, If there is no fourth band, nderstood to be +20%. Tolerance means the possible variation from the marked value, For example, a 10002 resistor with a tolerance of +10% will have an actual Fé Viet Gurge ker 2 7 aD +m yce anywhere between 9000 and 11000 Fearoncge19 Q.9 What is Rheostat? Also des (@)_ Variable resis RHEOSTAT It is a wire wound variable resistance. It consist of a bare manganin wire wound over an nsulating cylinder. The ends of the wire are connected to two fixed terminals A and B. A third terminal ‘is attached to a sliding contact which can be moved over the wire at shown in figure (a), cribe rheostat as: or _(ii) Potential divider c A rheostat can be used as (i) Variable Resistor (ii) Potential Divider (i) Rheostat as Variable Resistor Sliding contact s In order to use theostat as a variable resistor, one of the fixed terminal say A and the sliding contact C are inserted in the HA circuit as shown in figure (b). In this way the resistance of the A, soit wire between A and C is used. If the sliding contact is shifted Resistance wire away from terminal A, the length and hence the resistance “> (a) ARheostat included in the circuit increases (because R « L) and if the ie sliding contact is moved towards A, the resistance decreases. (ii) Rheostat as Potential Divider A potential difference V is applied across the fixed ends x A and B with the help of the battery. If R is the resistance of the wire AB, the current passing through it is ee R vo gg The potential difference between the portion BC of the ' ! wire is given by 5 \, Vac = Ir ' Putting value of 1 ~ + 7 Use of rheostat as potential divider Vac = Rt (i) r Vac =[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 62 where r is the resistance of the portion BC of the wire. The circuit shown in figure is known as potential divider. Eq. (i) shows that this circuit can provide at its output terminals a potential difference varying from zero to the full potential difference of the battery depending upon the position of the sliding contact. As the sliding contact C is moved towards B. the length and hence the resistance r of the portion of the wire decreases which decreases Vac. If the sliding contact C is moved towards the end A. r increases hence Vic increases. Q.10 What is thermistors? How they madé @ THERMISTORS A thermistor is a heat sensitive resistor stance of such ive_ temperature Most thermistors have negative temperature coefficient of resistance i.e, the thermistor decreases when their temperature is increased. Thermistors with po coefficient are also available. Thermistors are made by heating under high pressure > semiconductor ceramic made from mixtures of metallic oxides of © manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper, iron ete. These are pressed into - ed shapes and then baked at high temperature. Different types of thermistors are shown in figure. They may be in the form of beads. rods or washers, des Thermistors with high negative temperature coefficient are rate for measuring low temperature especially near 10 K (263°C), The higher resistance at low temperature enables more accurate measurement possible. Uses a In fire alarms. (ii) Thermistors with high negative temperature coefficient are very accurate for measuring low temperature especially near 10 kelvin. (ii) Thermistors have wide range of application as temperature sensor i.c., they convert changes of temperature into electrical voltage which is duly processed. Q.11_ Desi ELECTRICAL POWER AND POWER DISSIPATION IN RESISTORS Consider a circuit consisting of battery connected in series 4 with R, as shown in figure. A steady current I flows through the circuit and a potential difference V exists between the terminals A and B of resistance R. Terminal A connected to I ve pole of battery is at a higher potential than the terminal B. ribe electrical power and power dissipation in resistors. 1—>» By the definition of potential difterence AW AQ Work done = AW = VAQ ~ B This is the work done supplied by the battery (0 Move fig thepowerofabatien/ appears AQ from A to B. as the power dissipated in the resistor R. Vo=[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 63 Definition ~The rate at which the battery is supplying electrical energy is the electrical power of the battery” or power output i.e. As Electrical energy al power = Time VAQ AL 5 , (AQ) p= vise) [Pv wt [128 ) it shown, the power supplied by the battery is dissipated in the resistor R. The principal of conservation of energy tells us that the power dissipated in the resistor is also VI In the cir Power dissipated (P) = VI From ohm’s law v= IR Putting value of V in eq. (i), we get P IRx I also from ohm’s law Putting in eq. (i) Unit ‘The SI unit of electrical power is watt.[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 64 Q.12 Define electromotive force and terminal potential difference. Also describe its relation. ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (emf) AND T Suppose a steady eun to charge Aq passes through any cross section in time At. During motion, this charge enter the cell at its low potential end and leaves at high potential. The source must supply energy AW to the +ve charge to foree it to go to the point of high potential MINAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ‘nt | has been established in the circuit, due — The emf (E) of the source is defined as the energy supplied to a unit positive charge by the cell in moving from negative terminal to the positive terminal of the battery AW Aq ie. E Fig. Electromotive force of a cell (OR) It is the potential difference between the termi an external circuit or when the circuit is open. I Difference The P.D between the Ovo points in the ¢ ¢ flows from one point to another als of the battery when no current is owing throu Terminal Poten it is the energy dissipated when one coulomb of asure in Newton, The electromotive force is not a force and do not mi Unit of emf The unit of emf is joule/coulomb which is called volt Internal Resistance The opposition offered by the the two electrodes of the cell to the flow of current is known as internal al resistance is due to the resistance of rolyte, present betw resistance ‘r’ of the cell. Inten chemicals in the cells A cell of emf E having an internal resistance r is equivalent to a source of pure emf E with r in series as shown in figure, Relation between emf and Terminal Potential Difference e. A voltmeter of infinite Consider a cell of emf E and internal resistance r as shown in fig resistance measures the potential difference across the external resistance R.[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 65 When switch § is closed, the current | flowing through the ¢ circuit is given by X ' (>), E Z s E (i) 4 E L__yry—_—— vi E-tr difference V of acelllis E— Ir. where V, ~ IR is the terminal potential difference of the cell in the presence of current I, When circuit is open then, | = 0. Therefore, voltmeter reads the emf E as terminal voltage when switch S is open. Thus terminal potential difference in the presence of current would be less than emf E by Ir Now we discuss eq, (i) on energy considerations. The left side of this equation is emf E which is equal to the energy gained by unit positive charge as it passes through the cell from its ne; positive terminal. The right side of this equation gives an account of the utilization of this energy as the current passes through the circuit, A part of this energy equal to Ir, is dissipated into the cell. The rest of the energy is dissipated into R which is in accordance with energy conservation, (OR) The emf gives the energy supplied to a unit charge by the cell and potential drop across various elements account for the dissipation of this energy into other forms as the unit charge passes through these clement Also the emf is the id the potential difference is its “effect”. The emf is always present even when no current is drawn through the battery or the cell but the potential difference across the conductor is zero when no current flows through it. ‘ause” a Condition for which emf (E) equal to terminal PD V i.c., As Eo = V-rr E =V, It 1 =0 i.e., circuit is open. 0.13 Calculate the maximum power output.[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY TUM POWER OUTPUT In the cireuit shown, as the current I flows through R, the charges flow from a point of higher potential to a point of lower potential and they loose potential energy. If V is the potential difference across R, the loss of P.E per second is VI. This loss of potential energy per second appears in other forms of energy and is known as power delivered to R by current | Power delivered R= Pax = VI P PR I - V=IR) io Prat ) lAvoltmeter connected across the Paar terminals of a cell measures (a —2Rr + 4Rr Ithe emf of the cell on open circuit, (b) the terminal potential ldifference ona closed circuit. n) + ARr ER © (R=t) + 4Rr when R =r, the denominator is least and so Pay is maximum. Thus we see that maximum power is delivered to a resistance (load) when the internal resistance of the souree equals the load res value of this maximum output power ance, The KIRCHHOFF’S RULE Introduction Ohm’s law and rules of series and parallel combination of resistances are quite usefull to analyze simple electrical circuits consisting of more than one resistance. However such a method fails in the case of complex networks consisting of a number of resistors, and a number of voltage sources. Problems of such networks can be solved by a system of analysis which is based upon two rules, known as Kirchhoff's rules. Q.14 State and explain Kirchhoff’s first rule. KIRCHHOFF’S FIRST RULE Statement[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 67 It states that “the sum of all the currents flowing towards a point is equal to the sum of all the currents owing away from the point” (OR) “The sum of all the currents meeting at a point in the circuit is zero” Mathematically ie, rro-0 (i) It is a convention that current flowing towards a point is taken as positive and that flowing away from the point is taken as negative. Explanation Consider a situation where four wires mect at a point A. The current flowing into the point A are 1) and I. Currents flowing away from point A are I; and Iz, According to conventions I and I> are +ve whereas 1y and Ly are -ve, Apply eq. (i) (lL) - 0 or heb =hth Kirchhoff’s 1" rule is also called as Kirehhoff’s point rule is a manifestation of law of conservation of charge. If there is no sink and Fig. According to Kirchhoft's of charge at the point, the total charge Mowing towards the point 1"rulel, +1,=1+1, must be equal to the total charge flowing away from the point. Q.15_ State and explain Kirchhoff’s second rule. (9H) KIRCHHOFF’S SECOND RULE Statement soures This rule states that the algebraic sum of potential changes for a closed loop (closed circuit) is zero. Explanation Consider a closed circuit as shown in figure. Let E) is greater R 4| hs “AQ than E, (E) > E:) so the current flows in counter clockwise direction as. AWW 1 shown in figure. By the definition of P.D q Ww : AQ Ww = vag AW R Fig. According to Kirchhoff's 2" rule, IR, -E,-IR,=0. when a positive charge AQ due to current I, passes through cell E; from negative to positive terminal, it gains energy equal to E,AQ. When the current passes through the cell equal to-E2AQ, because om high to low potential, In going through Rj, the charge AQ looses energy ference across Rj. The negative sign shows that the charge =IRAQ. Jaw of looses energ here the charge passes equal to -IR|AQ where IR, is the potential dit trom high to low potential, Similarly the loss of energy while pa Finally the charge reaches the negative of cell Ey from where we started. According to the n of energy the total change in energy of the system is zero,[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 68 E:AQ = IR\AQ = F2AQ= IRAQ = 0 AQUE) — IR; —E2-IR3) = 0 Divide by AQ on both sides So E;-IR;-E:-IRy = 0 which is Kirchhoft’s second rule, Note: This rule is simply a particular way of stating the law of conservation of energy in electrical problems. Convention . If a source of emf is traversed from —ve to positive terminal, the potential change is +ve, it is negative in opposite direction, * Ifa resistor is transversed in the direction of current, the change in potential is negative in the opposite direction. tis +ve Procedure of Solution of Circuit Problems Afier solving the above proble: other direct current complex networks. While using Kirchhoff's rules in other problems, it is worthwhile to follow the approach given below we are in a position to apply the same procedure to analy (i) Draw the cireuit diagram. ice is included at least once in the (ii) The choice of loops should be such that each resist selected loops, iii) Assume a loop current in each loop, all the loop currents should be in the same sense. It may be either clockwise or anticlockwise (iv) Write the loop equations for all the selected loops. For writing each loop equation the voltage change across any component is positive if traversed from low to high potential and it is negative if traversed from high to low potential. (v) Solve these equations for the unknown quantities. 0.16 What is Wheai WHEATSTONE BRIDGE It is a device which is used to determine the unknown resistance of a material stone Bridge? Describe its construction and working.[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 69 Construction It consists of four resistances R), R>, Rs and Ry connected in such a way so as ( form a mash ABCDA. A battery is connected between points A and C. A sensitive galvanometer of resistance R, is connected between points B and D. Working If the switeh $ is closed, the current will flow through galvanometer. We are to determine the condition under which no current flows through the galvanometer even after the switch is closed. For this purpose we analysis this circuit using Kirchhot’s 2"! rule. We consider the loops ADBA, DCBD and CDAC and assume anticlockwise loop currents I), Ib and [; through the loops respectively Fig. Wheatstone bridge circuit The Kirchhoft’s 2™ rule applied to loop ADBA gives (1) = b)Rs “(y= )RL= Ry = 0 coe (i) Similarly applying Kirchhott’s 2" rule to loop DCBD —(y— L)Ry— bR2-(h-1)R, = 0 (ii) ‘The current flowing through galvanometer is 0 if, W-kh -0 o b-h -0 ho =k bho=h Putting this in eq. (i) and (ii) we get (y= 1)Rs- Ry = 0 (iii) (Is 1)Ry- Rs = 0 coos (i) HWRi > (lh) ~1)Rs peered (X) LR: = (b= 1)Ry coe Vi) Dividing (v) by (vi) HER: _ i= IR. —bR> (Ly -1)Ry LR, _ di=1Rs LR: (>= 1)Ry Since I Is TRy (hh =TgR 1R> (ly = 1)Ry Ri Ry Ro” Ry (A) Thus whenever the condition of eq. (A) is satisfied, no current flows through galvanometer i.e. it shows no deflection or conversely when galvanometer shows no deflection, eq. (A) is satisfied. If we conneet three resistances R), Ry and Ry of known value and a fourth resistance Ry of unknown value and Rj. Ry and Ry are so adjusted that galvanometer shows no deflection then using eq. (A), Ry can be determined.[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 70 iS USCS. Q.17 Describe potentiometer with ie] POTENTIOMETER Introduction Potential difference is usually measured by an instrument called a voltmeter. The voltmeter is connected across the two points in a cireuit between which potential difference is to be measured. It is necessary that the resistance of the voltmeter must be large as compare to the circuit resistance across which the voltmeter is connected. Otherwise an appreciable current will flow through the voltmeter which will alter the circuit current and the potential difference to be measured. Thus the voltmeter can read the correct potential difference only when it does not draw any current from the circuit across which it is connected. An ideal voltmeter would have an infinite resistance However, th suring and cathode ray oscilloscope which practically do not draw any current from the circuit because of their lar resistance and are very accurate potential measuring instruments. But these instruments are very expensive and are difficult 10 use. A very simple instrument which can measure and compare potential differences accurately is a potentiometer je are some potential m nstruments such as digital voltmet A very simple electrical instrument which can measure and compare potential differences without drawing any current from the circuit is called potentiometer Principle The potential difference across any wire of length Land uniform area of cross section A, is directly proportional to its length when constant current flows through it BE o«L s ler A potentiometer is consist of a resistor R in the form of a wire, on which a terminal C ean slide shown in figure, Function (i) As Potential Divider The resistance between A and C can be varied from zero to Ras the sliding contact C is moved from A to B. If a battery of emf EF is connected across R. The current flowing through it is E 'o-R It the resistance between A and C is r, the potential drop across these points will be Vac > Ir Putting the value of I, we[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 7 (ii) To Measure Unknown emf of a Cell To measure the unknown emf of a source by using a circuit shown in figure. Here R is in the form of a straight wire of jon A. A cell whose emf Ey is to be a measured is connected between A and C through a galvanometer G. It should be noted that +ve terminal of Ey and that of the E potential divider are connected to the same point A. If in the loop +—& uniform area of cross-s Q o ® AGCA, the point C and the —ve terminal of E, are at the same potential then the two terminals of the galvanometer will be at bn same potential and no current will flow through the galvanometer. Go Therefore to measure the potential Ey. the position of C is so adjusted that the galvanometer shows no deflection, Under this B 400 cm ot a condition Ey = R E 300 ct If L, is total length from A to B and ‘is length of wire between AC, 100 cm. Therefore unknown emf is given by ! EO =e It can be seen that the unknown emf Ey is determined when no current is drawn from it and therefore, potentiometer is one of the most accurate methods for measuring potential To Compare the emf of Two Cells soo To compare the emfS E, and F2 of two cells we use the circuit diagram as shown. the balancing lengths fy and fs are found c separately for the two cells, then 5] 4 Ls E L a pg E (ii) as cs +@ So the ratio of the emf is equal to the ratio of the balancing lengths(CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 72 SOLVED EXAMPLES ‘NAMPLE 13.1 1.0 x 10” electrons pass through a conductor in 1.0 1s. Find the current in ampere flov through the conductor Data Number of electrons = N 10x 10 Time At = LOps = 10x 10°C Cha q lox 10"C To Find Current =? SOLUTION By formula ; AQ a But AQ = Nxq = 1.0% 107 16x 10" 16x 10°? € oy ; Lox 10 - 1.0 10 1.6% 10° A Result Current = 1 1.6 10°A AMP! 2 0.75 A current flows through an he length of the w on wire when a battery of 1.5 V is con is 5.0 m and its cross sectional are: ends. is 2.5 x 1077 m*. Compute the resistivity of iron. Data Current i O.75A Potential difference = V sv Length of wire L 5.0m Area of wire A 2.5% 107m? To Find Resitivity ofiron = - pp - ?[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 73 SOLUTION By formula R =p, RxA Pp oF @ a But R T So ep > p 1.0% 107 Q.m Result Resitivity — p 1.0% 107 Om EXAMPLE 13.3 A platinum wire has resistance of 10 Q at (°C and 20 Q at 273°C, Find the value of temperature coefficient of resistance of platinum, Data Resistance at 0°C -R = Resistance at 273°C = R, ~ Temperature by Temperature =! Differ Sey = 273K To Find Temperature coefficient — a = ? SOLUTION, By formula _ RER, “ Rat 20-10[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 74 3.66% 10 °K | Result Temperature coefficient = a = 3.66% 10 °K! AMPLE 13.4 The potential difference between the terminals of a battery in open circuit is 2.2 V. When it is connected across a re: nce of 5.0 Q, the potential falls to 1.8 V. Calculate the ent and the internal resistance of the battery. Data Voltay =E = 22volt Resistance =-R = 500 Potential difference - Vo = 18V To Find Current -I =? Internal resistance. = r= ? SOLUTION, For current I v R _ 18 5.0 = 036A For internal resistance E Vel = tr E-V Result Current = ~ 036A Internal resistance = 1 1a[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 75 [EXAMPLE 13.5 Calculate the currents in the three resistances of the circuit shown in figure. Data The given resistance are Ri = 10Q » Rs = 309 Ry 158Q and voltages are B= 40V. B= 60V BE, = SV To Find Current fromR; = =? Current from R2 = b= ? Current fromR; = Is =? SOLUTION By formula Now applying the Kirchhoff’s 2" rule on the loop adeba b i FB) - WR) ~ Ch) 1)R2+E, = 0 S Ee -40 1x 10-()-h)x 30560 - 0 4 ) Rr / SR 40 — 101, — 301, + 301; + 60 0 i f © a 20-401, ~ 301, = 0 2-414 +3b - 0 wD Applying Kirchoot’s 2” rule on loop betcb E, = (b= 1). Ey 0 -60 — (b=) 30-bx 15-50 = 0 60 = 301: +301) = 151 +50 = 0 10— 451, + 301, ~ 0 Divide by 5 2-91;-6h = 0 (i) Muttply eq, (i) by 3 and add in (ii) 2-91, + 6h = 0 6-12h + 9h - 0 ol, " +[CHAPTER 13] Put in eq, (ii) for b -2-9x +6 So the current from Ry Current from Ry Current from Ry Result Current trom R, Current from Ry Current from Ry CURRENT ELECTRICITY 4 ho=% = 0.66A 94 0 2-9 = 0 2 - 9b 2 9] ~ 0.22 = 0.66 =r =h-b = 0.66-0.22 - 044A I, = 0.224 = 0.66. = 044A — 022A 76OBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-IL 35 SSS Ceri 1b CURRENT ELECTRICITY Each question has four possible answers, tick (@) the correct answer: 1 In liquids and gases, the current is due to the motion of: (a) Negative charges (b) Neutral particle (©) Positive charges (d) Both negative and positive charges The charge carriers in metallic conductors are: (a) Free electrons and ions (b) Electrons (©) Electrons and protons (a) +ve and -ve ions The conventional current is due to the flow of: (a) Atoms and molecules (b) Positive charge (©) Negative charge (a) Both (b) and (c) The electronics current is due to the flow of (a) Positive charge (b) Negative ions (©) Positive ions (d) Negative charge An electric current in a wire involves the movement of (a) Electrons (b) Atoms (©) Protons (a) Molecules When elcetric current passes through the conductors, it increases: (a) P.E of the atoms (b)K.E of the atoms (©) Atomic size (a) Number of protons When a pot difference of 4 volt is applied across resistance. 10 J of energy is converted. Find charge flows fa) 0.20 (b) 25€ (c) 5.0€ (da) 10.0€ The motion of free electrons inside the metallic conductors is: (a) Circular motion (b) Linear motion (c) Random motion (d) None of above The net charge flowing across the cross-sectional area per unit time is known as: (a) Electric flows (b) Electric current (©) Pot difference (a) AmpereOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 36 10. 12. 14. 16. 7. 18. 19. 20. Electric heater is the effect of electric current: (a) Heating effect (b) Chemical effect (©) Magnetic effect (@) None of above Thermo-couple convert — into electrical energy: (a) Heat energy (b) ‘uclear energy (©) Mechanical energy (d) Chemical energy If'a charge Q flows through any cross section of the conductor in time t, the current Lis: @ 1a w 1-6 Q SI unit of electric current is: (a) Ampere (b) Coulomb (ce) Volt (d) Ohm At constant temp, the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends is called: (a) Charles law (b) Amperes law (©) Coulombs law (@) Ohm’s law Most practical applications of electricity: (a) Molecules in motion (b) Electrons at rest (©) Charge in motion (@) Atoms in notion The conver ional current is the name given to current due to flow of (a) Positive charges (b) Negative charges (©) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these A current of | ampere is passing through a conductor, the charge passing through it in one minute is; (a) 40 coulomb (b) 60 coulomb (©) 2coulomb (d)_ None of these The magnitude of the drift velocity is of the order of: (a) 10° ms (b) 10 * mis (©) 10° mis (d) 10° mis Drift velocity is used when the ends of a win (a) Cony (©) Atdifferent values of potential (@) Both (a) and (c) re! ed to a volta source (b) Not connected to voltage source The production of heat duc to an electric current flowing through a conductor is given by (a) Feed back effect (b) Joule’s el (c) Compton effect (d) Photo electric effectOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-II 37 21. When same current passes for same time through a thick and thin wire (a) No heat is produced in wire (b) More heat is produced in thin wire (©) More heat is produced in thick wire (d)_ None of these 22. The average velocity gained by electrons in a conductor placed in electric field is called (a) Variable velocity (b) Uniform velocity (©) _ Drift velocity (@) Instantaneous velocity 23. A wire having very high value of conductance is said to be: (a) Very good conductor (b) Aninsulator (©) Moderately good conductor (@) None of liens 24, The effects of bends in a wire on its electrical resistance are: (a) Zero (b) Larger (©) Smaller (d) None of these 28. Aneleetr field is generated along the wire when (a) A constant potential is maintained across the wire (b) Net current is zero (©) A constant potential difference is maintained across the wire (d) None of these 26. Inorder to have a constant current through a wire, the potential difference across its ends should be: (a) Increasing (b) Decreasing (©) Zero (a) Maintained constant 27. When two spherical conducting balls at different potentials are joined by metallic wire, after some time, potential difference will be: (a) Same (b) Zero. (©) Different (d) None of these 28. Conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy ean be achieved by (a) Solar cell (b) Photo voltaic cell (©) Drycell (d) None of these 29, The device, which converts heat energy into electrical energy is called: (a) ‘Thermo couple (b) Photo voltaic cell (©) Thermistor (a) Thermostat 30, Heating effect of current is used in: (a) Electric Kittle (b) Electric motor (©) Electric taster (d) Both (a) and (c) 31, Magnetic effect of current is used. (a) To detect a current (b) To measure a current (©) Inclectric motor (d) All of aboveOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-II 38 32. 34. 35. 38. 40. 41, 42, Electrolysis is the study of conduction of electricity throug (a) Liquids (b) Solids (©) Greases (@) All The vessel containing the two electrodes and certain liquid is known: (a) Electrolyte (b) Thermometer (ce) Voltameter (d) None of these The voltameter usually contains (a) Dilute solution of CuSos (b) Water (©) Carbon (@) CuSO, in solid form During electrolysis process, density of CuSO, solution: (a) Remains constant (b) Decreased (©) Increased (a) None of these The magnitude of magnetic effects depends upon: (a) Quality of electricity passed through the liquid (b) Colour of the liquid (©) Nature of the liquid (d) Both (a) and (c) Mathematically ohm’s law can be expressed as (a) v-q (by) V-IR (©) R=VI (a) None of above The conductors which obey Ohm’s law are called: (a) Super conductors (b) Semi-conductors (©) Ohmic (a) Non-ohmic The conductors which do not obey Ohm’s law are called: (a) Non-Ohmie (b) Ohmic (©) Super conductors (a) Semi-conductors For ohmic devices, the graph between V and 1 is (a) Acurve (b) A straight line (©) Parabola (a) None of above For non-ohmie devices. the graph between V and is: (a) Nota straight line (b) A straight line (©) Acurve (a) All of above The opposition offered by the conductor to the flow of current is called (a) Conductance (b) Inductance (c) Resistance ({d) None of aboveOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-II 39 43. 46. 47. 48. 49, The resistance on a one metre cube of a conductor is called: (a) Resistivity (b) _ Induetivity (©) Permitivity (@) Conductivity The SI unit of resistance is: (a) Ohm (b) Ampere (©) Volt (@) Joule ‘The SI unit of re ity is: (a) Ohm-m (b) (©) Ohm-m* (a) The reciprocal of a resistance is called: (a) Conductance (b) Inductance (©) Reactance (d)_ Resistivity The reciprocal of resistivity is: (a) Conductivity (b) Permitivity (©) Resistance (a) Voltage it of conductance is: (a) mho (b) Ohm (©) mho-m (@) None of above If the resistivity of the conductor is large then it is (a) An insulator (b) A poor conductor (©) A good conductor (d) A conductor If the resistivity of the conductor is small then itis: (a) Good conductor (b) Conductor (©) Insulator (@) Poor conductor The study of conductance of Electricity through liquids is known as: (a) Electrolysis (b) Resistivity (©) Conductivity (a) None of above Conductance is: mho (a) Reciprocal of resistance (b) Measured (©) Another name of resistance (d) All of above The value of the resistivity is the least for: (a) Silver (>) Aluminium (c) Copper (d) All ofabove Which of the following substance has got positive temperature coefficient of resistance (a) Copper (>) Aluminium (ce) Silver (d) All of aboveOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-II 40 55. 60. 61. 62. 66. Colour code carbon resistance consist of: (a) Four bands read from left to right (b) Three bands read from lett to right (©) Four bands read from right to left (d)_None of these The third band of the colour code (a) Gives the third digit (b) Gives the number of zeros (©) Give the tolerance (d) None of these The fourth band is a (a) Gold band (b) Silver band (©) Brown band (@) Both (a) and (b) Gold band shows a tolerance of (a) + 10% (b) + 20% (©) 5% (a) 10% Silver band shows a tolerance of: (a) + 10% (b) £20% (©) £5% (a) 10% If there is no fourth band, tolerance is shows as (a) + 10% (b) + 20% (ce) 25% (d) 10% ‘The wire used in the construction of a rheostat is of the material: (a) Iron (b) Silver (©) Gold (@) Manganin To use a rheostat as variable resistor, the terminals which are inserted in a circuit are: (a) Fixed terminal A and sliding contact C (b) Both fixed terminals A and B (©) Fixed terminal B and sliding contact C (d)_ All of above Thermistors are made from mixtures of metallic oxides of: (a) Gold (b) Silver (ce) Manganese (a) Carbon ‘Thermistors are prepared under: (a) High pressure and high temperature (b)__ High pressure and low temperature (c) Low pressure and low temperature (d)_ None of these Thermistors may be in the form of: (a) Rods (b) Washers (©) Beads (d)_ Either of these A temperature changes converts changes of temperature into: (a) Electrical voltage (b) Light signals (e) Sound signals (d)_ All of aboveOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-II 41 67. 68. 69. 70. n. n. B. 74, 16. 71. In the construction of a rhcostat, we use manganin which is an alloy of: (a) Cu, Agand Fe (b) Fe and Ni (©) Cu, Auand Fe (a) Cu, Ni, Fe and Mn Work done in moving a charge AQ up through the potential difference V is given be: y= (a) () W=5G 1 (c) We VAQ (d) W ‘AQ When the current is being drawn from the battery: (a) V=E+ Iris applied (b) V=E-Iris applied (c)__Itis being discharged (a) Both (a) and (e) When the current is drawn from a cell, its terminal potential difference and emf are (a) Different (b) Same (ce) Both zero (a) None of them ‘The resistance present between the two electrodes of the cell is due to: (a) Connecting wires (b)_Aneleetrolyte present between them (©) Electrodes themselves (a) None of these When a battery is being charged, its terminal potential difference is: (a) Less than its emf. (b) Greater than its emf (©) Equal to emt (d) None of these ‘The loss of electrical energy per second is called: (a) Power dissipation (b) Energy dissipation (ce) Work (a) None of these The unit of emf is; (a) Newton (b) Joule (©) Ampere (ad) de ‘The quantity having the same unit as that of em (a) Energy (b) Momentum (c) Potential difference (a) Current Kirchhoff’s first rule is a manifestation of law of enervation of (a) Charge (b) Mass (ce) Energy (d)_ None of these Kirchhoft’s second rule is a manifestation of law of conservation of. (a) Charge (b) Mass (ce) Energy (a) None of theseOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-II 42 78. 19. 80. 81. 82. 84. 86. A volimeter can read the correct potential difference only when the current drawn by it from the cell is (a) Smaller (b) Greater (©) Zero (a) None of these The unknown emf Ex, can be found by u 1g potentiometer by formula @ Ex-Sxk (b) EX-ER ( Ex-fxe (4) Both (b) and (e) The electrode connected with positive terminal of battery is called: (a) Anode (b) Cathode (©) Electrode (a) Electrolyte The electrode connected with negative terminal of battery is called: (a) Electrode (b) Cathode (©) Anode (d) Electrolyte The resistance of a conductor through which a current of one amper difference across its ends is one volt is: is lowing when a potential (a) One volt (b) One ohm (©) One ampere (@)_ One coulomb The resistance of a conductor depends upon: (a) Pot difference between its ends (b) The nature of material (©) Dimension (@) The nature, dimension and physical state of conductor If the resistance of the conductor is increased, the current will (a) Remains the same (b) Increase (©) Decrease (@)_ None of above The resistance of a conductor of length L, cross-sectional area A and resistivity p is given by: Lt ~eL (@ R=TN (by) R= A Pp (©) R-oL (d) R-TR The resistivity of the material having the resistance R, cross-sectional area A and length L is: AL b) p= @ p= R (b) P-TR © py @) pyOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-II 43 87. 88. 89. 90. o1. 92, 93. 94. 95. 96. The resistance of the conductor does not depend upon its: (a) Mass (b) Length. © (d)_ Resistivity When the temperature of a conductor is raised, its resistance (a) Remains the same (b) Always increase (c) Always deer (d) None of these The resistance of the conductor increase with the increase in its (a) Cross-sectional area (b) Length (c) Diameter (d) None of these The resistance of the conductor increases due to rise of temp of a conductor because collision cross-section of the atoms: (a) Remain, unchanged (b) Decreases (©) Increases (a) None of above Non-ohmic devices are (a) Filament of a bulb (b) Semiconductor diode (©) Both (a) and (b) (a) None of above In series circuit, the pot difference across each resistance is: (a) Different (b) Same (©) Variable (a) None of these In parallel circuit, the current has: (a) Many paths (b) Two paths (©) Three paths (a) None of these The equivalent resistance in series circuit is: toad (a) Re-R)+R2+Rs ) ROR AR ER ee ee - © ROR RR (d) All of above The equivalent resistance in parallel circuit is (a) Re=Ri + Ro+Ry (b) © RoR RR (d) Allofabove The Fractional change in resistivity per unit original resistivity per Kelvin in temperature is known as: (a) Temperature coefficient of resistance (b) Temperature coefficient of resistivity (c) Temperature coefficient of conductivity (d) None of theseOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-Hl 44 97. The SI unit of the temp coefficient of resistivity of a material is: (a) K (b) K! (©) OhmK (d) Ohm 98. New prepared ceramic material have been found to be super conductor even at: (a) (b) T=S0K (© T=130K (@) T=75K 99, Three resistors of resistance 2, 3 and 6 Ohms are connected in parallel then their equivalent resistance is: (a) 11.0 ohms (b) 1.0 ohm (©) 5.0 ohms (a) 70 ohms 100. Which one is the best conductor: (a) Copper (b) Gold (©) Silver (4) Aluminum 101. The resistivity of decrease with the increase in temp. (a) Gold (b) Silver (©) Copper (@)_ Silicon 102. Super conductor has temperature coefficient. (a) +ve (b) -ve (©) Neutral (a) None of above 103. The tolerance of silver is: (a) 20% (by £15% (c) +5% (d) + 10% 104, The tolerance of gold is: (a) 20% (b) 15% (ce) + 5% (d) 10% 105. Resistance and resistivity of a substance: (a) Decrease in rise of temperature (b) Increase with rise of temperature (©) Remains same at every temperature (d)_ None of above 106. A heat sensitive resistor is called: (a) Thermistor (b) Variable resistor (©) Fixed resistor (@) None of these 107. A device which isa wire wound resistance called: (a) Rheostat (b) Solenoid (©) Inductor (d)_ None of aboveOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 45 108. 109, 110. ine 112. 113. 114. 116. 117. 118. A rheostat can be used as variable resistor as well as a (a) Potential divider (b) Current divider (c) Wheat stone bridge (d) Power divider The electrical power in mathematical form can be expressed as: (a) P=PR (b) P=IxV ve - ©) Pa (a) Allofabove If one end of the fixed terminals and sliding contact of a rheostat are c to be used as: nected in a circuit, it is (a) Variable resistor (b) Power supply (c) Potential divider (a) None of above Algebraic sum of currents meeting at a point is zero according to: (a) Faraday’s law (b) Ampere’s law (©) Kirchhoff first rule (d)_ None of above If both fixed as well as the sliding contact of a rheostat are connected in a circuit, it is to be used as: (a) Variable resistor (b) Power supply (ce) Pot divider (a) None of above When ever current is drawn from the battery, its emf and terminal potential difference became: (a) Equal (b) Different (©) Zero (a) Negative A complex system consisting of a many resistances can be solved by: (a) Faraday’s law (b) Ohm’s law (©) hhoff rules (d) Ampere’s law Kirchoff first rule is also called the law of conservation of; (a) Momentum (b) Mass (©) Energy (a) Charge If the source of emf is traversed from negative to positive terminal, the potential change are (a) Positive (b) Negative (©) Consult (d) Zero If the source of emf traversed from positive to negative terminals, the potential change are: (a) Negative (b) Constant (©) Zero (a) Positive If the resistor is traversed in the direction of current, the potential change are: (a) Negative (b) Zero () Constant (d) PositiveOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-II 46 119. 120. 121. 122, 123. 124, 126. 127. When the Wheatstone bridge is balanced, the galvanometer shows zero deflection because: (a) Both the terminals of galvanometer are at the same potential (b) Both terminals of the galvanometer have maximum potential (©) The resistance of galvanometer becomes zero (@) The resistance of galvanometer becomes maximum Wheat stone bridge is an arrangement consisting of: (a) Four resistances (b) Three resistances (©) Five resistances (d)_ None of above A balanced Wheatstone bridge is used to measure the: (a) The current (b) Pot difference (©) Anunknown resistance (a) None of above The condition for the Wheatstone bridge to be balanced is given by: » & » B® M RoR, ) RR, R, _R. © ROR, (a) None of above Which one of the following instrument can measure the unknown resistance with sufficient accuracy: (a) Potentiometer (b) Slide wire bridge (©) Galvanometer (a) Allofabove Slide wire bridge is a practical form of the: (a) Voltmeter (b) Galvanometer (©) Wheatstone bridge (a) Ammeter An instrument which can measure potential without drawing any current is called (a) Voltmeter (b) Potentiometer (©) Galvanometer (a) Ammeter A device which gives continuously varying ——— is called potential divider (a) Potential difference (b) Capacitance (©) Charge (a) Inductance The instrument used to compare the emf of two cells is called: (a) A potentiometer (b) An ammeter (©) A galvanometer (d) AllofaboveOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-II 47 128. 129, 130. 131. 137. Which device is used to determine internal resistance of a cell: (a) Potentiometer (b) Wheat stone bridge (©) Voltmeter (a) Ammeter The algebraic sum of potential changes for a closed circuit is zero according to: (a) Kirchhoff's 2" rule (b) Kirchhoff's t rule (ec) Ampere’s law (d)_Joul’s law Internal resistance is the resistance offered by: (a) ‘The conductor (b) ‘The circuit (©) The resistor (a) Source of emf The equation for the power dissipation in a resistor is: (a) P=PR (b) pe () P=IV (a) All of above The emf E of the source is expressed by: @ EM ) BSG Aw Aw © Bo (@) EN Which one of the following quantities in electricity is analogous to mass in mechanics: (a) Resistance (b) Potential (©) Charge Inductance ‘The temp coefficient of resistance is pos (a) Aluminum (b) Germanium (©) Carbon (d) None of the above On increasing the length of a wire, the specific resistance of the material of the wire: (a) Decreases (b) Increases (©) Remains unchanged (d) First decrease then increase Which one of the follow I for making ¢ wire: (a) Nichrome (b) Manganin (©) Copper (a) None of the above When three resistances 20, 4. and 60 connected in parallel the equivalent resistance is: ul 12 fa) p72 (by 772 () 22 fd) 0OBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-II 48 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 146. Two resistances R; and R> are connected in parallel. The equivalent resistance of the combination is equal to: RuRy RR @ RR ) RR () RitR> (a) R= Rs The resistance of a conductor increases with the rise in temp. This is due to: (a) _ Increase in mass of electron (b) Decrease of electron density (c)__ The decrease of relaxation time (a) None of above In a closed circuit, the e.m.f and internal resistance of cell are E and r respectively. If the external resistance in the cireuit is R then the Ohm’s law has the form: Im (a) I= r (Tey allel. The res Three resistance Ry, R> and Ry are connected in ultant resistance R is: (a) Greater than sum of three res ances (b) Equal to sum of three resistances (©) Less than the sum of three resistances (4) None of the above The specific resistance of th terial of the wire depends on. (a) Arca of cross section (b) Mass (©) Length (a) None of the above There are three equal resistances. How many different combination, of these resistances are possible: @) S (b) Three (c) One (d) Two The difference of potential between the terminals of a cell in an open circuit is called: fa) emt (b) Resistances (©) Capacitance (d) Potential difference In which one of the following substances, the resistance decreases with increase in temp: (a) Copper (b) Silver (ce) Carbon. (d) None of these In a wheat stone bridge, the resistances in the ratio arms are 100 Q and 150 Q respectively. If R= 80Q, the resistance of the 4" arm will be: (a) 800 (b) 700 (©) 1500 (a) 1200OBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-II 49 147. Three resistances of 4Q, 6Q and 10 Q are connected in parallel in a circuit with a battery of e.m.f 4.53 volt. If the Ce | current through the 62 resistance is 0.6A. The internal (a) 050 (b) 042 (ce) 030 (d) 020 148. Which one of the following is the unit of potential gradient: (a) Volt Metre (b) Volt/Amp (©) Volt/Metre (a) Volt/Amp” 149. The potential gradient of a wire depends (a) Only on current flowing in the wire (b) Only on resistance per unit length of wire (©) On the current following in the wire and resistance per unit length of wire (d) None of the above 150. Which one of the following is the unit of the e.m.f. of a cell: f@) IC (b) AQ (ce) A qd) NIC 181, Internal resistance of the cell is the resistance of (a) Electrolyte used in cell (b) The electrodes of the cell (©) The vessel of the cell (@)_ None of the above 152. _ In potentiometer experiment, when the galvanometer shows no deflection, then no current flows in: (a) Galvanometer circuit (b)_ Potentiometer wire (©) Battery (a) None of the above 153. The potentiometer wire is made of: (a) Copper (b)- Manganin (©) Aluminum (a) Steel 154. In potentiometer, the length of its wire is doubled, the accuracy in determining the null point will (a) Decrease (b) Increase (c) Remains unchanged (a) None of the above 155. Current through a potentiometer wire decrease then null point will be obtained for: (a) The lower length of wire than before (b) ‘The higher length of wire than before (©) The same length of wire (a) None of the above 186, The best instrument for the accurate measurement of e.m.f of a cell is: (a) A potentiometer (b) A voltmeter (©) Anammeter (a) Slide wire bridgeOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 50 157. 160. 161. 162. 164, The potential difference across the terminals of a cell varies with the current drawn from the cell in accordance with the graph as shown: @ fy (b) (©) (d) 1 Drift velocity of electron, in metal, is of the order of (a) 10 cm/s (b) 10° mis (c) 10° mis (d) 10) mms Secondary cells are: (a) Non-chargeable (b) Rechargeable (©) Both (a), (b) (a) Like primary cells If three resistors are connected parallel to each other then their equivalent resistance is: (a) Greater than larger individual resistance (b) Less than smaller individual tance (©) Equal to larger value (a) Equal to smaller value A potentiometer can be used to: (a) Find emf (b) Compare emf of two cells (c) Find internal resistance of cell (d)_Allof these A wire of resistance R is cut into two equal parts, its resistance becomes R/2, what happens to resistivit (a) Double (b) Same (©) Half (a) One fourth The resistance of a conductor does not depend on its: (a) Length (b) Area of cross-section (c) Resistivity (d) Mass The conductance of a conductor increases when (a) _ Its temperature increase (b) It temperature decrease (©) Its length inereases (d) None of theseOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-II 51 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174, 176. Unit (S.1) of temperature coefficient of resistivity of a material is: @ K (b) Ke fe) °C (a) K* Heat generated by a 40 watt bulb in one hour is: (a) 48003 (b) 403 (©) 1440005 (a) 144005 A 100 watt bulb is operated by 200 volt, the current flowing through bulb is: (a) 1A (b) OSA (©) 25A (a) 35A The resistance of a 60 watt bulb in a 120 volt line is: (a) 200hm (b) 0.5 ohm (©) 240 ohm (a) 2ohm Ifa 40 watt bulb is on for 2 hours, how much heat is generated? (a) 280% 10°) (b) 288 10° (c) 80J (ad) 4005 Maximum power is delivered to a load when (a) Ini (€) Internal resistance < External resistance (d) None of these ‘nal resistance = External resistance (b) Internal resistance > External resistance Kirchhoft’s 2™ rule obey law of conservation of (a) Momentum (b) Charge (©) Energy (d) None of these The instrument which measures potential difference accurately: (a) Potentiometer (b) Digital voltmeter (©) Cathode ray oscilloscope (a) All of above Terminal potential difference is greater than emf of the cell when: (a) Circuit is open (b) Circuit is closed (©) Small battery is charged by bigger battery (d)__ None of these eam.f, is the conversion of ———— energy into electrical energy. (a) Chemical (b) Solar (©) Light (d) None of these A resistance R is placed in parallel with another resistance of 40 Q, their equivalent resistance is 24.0 the value of R is fa) 202 (b) 40 (©) 602 (a) 800 The product of resistance and conductance is: 1 (b) Resistivity (©) Conductance (a) ZeroOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-II @) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 1. (b) 8. (b) % (b) 10. (a) 11, @) 12. (b) 13. (@) 14, () 15. ©) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (b) 21. (©) 22, ©) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. ©) 26. @) 27. (a) 28. ©) 29. (a) 30. () 31. @ 32. (a) 33. (©) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. @ 37. (b) 38. (©) 39. (a) 40. (b) 4. (a) 42. (©) 43. (@) 44. @) 45. (a) 46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (@) 49. (b) 50. (b) Sl. (a) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (b) 57. @ 58. (©) 59. (a) 60. (b) 61. @ 62. (a) 63. (©) 64. (a) 65. (dd) 66. (a) 67. @) 68. (©) 69. ) 70. (a) 1. (b) n2. (b) 2B. (@) 74. () 78. (©) 76. (a) 71. © 78. © 79. (©) 80. (a) 81. (b) 82. (b) 83. () 84. (©) 85. (b) 86. ©) 87. (a) 88. (b) 89. (b) 90. (c) a1. (©) 92. (a) 93. (a) 94. (a) 95. ©) 96. (b) 97. (b) 98. () 99. (b) 100. (©) 101, @) 102. (b) 103. () 104. (©) 105. (b) 106. @) 107. (a) 108. (a) 109, (d) 110. ) 1. () 112. () 113. (@) 114. () 15. @) 116. (a) 117. (a) 118. @ 119. (a) 120. (a) 121. (©) 122. (a) 123. (b) 124. (©) 125, (b) 126, (a) 127. (a) 128. (@) 129. (a) 130. Wd) 131. @) 132. () 133. (©) 134. (a) 135. (b) 136. ©) 7 (b) . (@) 139. (©) 140. @) 141. (©) 142. () 143. (d) 144. (a) 145. (c) 146, @ 147. (a) 148. (©) 149. (a) 150. (a) 151. (a) 152. (a) 153. (b) 154. (b) 155, (b) 156. (a) 157. (©) 158. (b) 159. (b) 160. (b) lol. @ 162. (b) 163. (d) 164. (b) 165. (b) 166. ©) 167. (b) 168. (©) 169. (b) 170. (a) 171. () 172. @ 173. (©) 174. (a) 175. ©) 176. @)[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 51 13.1 Ans. Ans. Ans. SHORT QUE ONS A potential difference is applied across the ends of a copper wire. What is the effect on the drift velocity of free electron by? Increasing the potential difference. Decreasing the length and the temperature of the wire. As we know that the drift velocity of fi difference i.e. trons is directly proportional to the potential Therefore if pot increases, tial difference is increases then the drift velocity of free electrons is also (ii) As the resistance depends (ie., directly proportional) upon temperature and length of the conductor, So on decreasing the temperature and length of the conductors, the resistance decreases. So drift velocity increases. Do bends in a wire affect its cl al resistance? Expla The resistance of conductor of length L and cross-sectional area A is given by pL us A Where p is the resi cross-si remain same. stivity whose value depends upon the nature of the conductor. If length L and A of the wire is unchanged afier bending then its electrical resistance will clional are; 2 What is the tolerance What are the ‘ances of the resistors given ii of each? Explain what is meant by the tolerance? the figures A and Brown Siiver Green Orange White Gold Figure A as we know that first three bands on the lefi show values of resistance and the extreme band gives tolerance of the resistance. Thus in this figure 1“ band in brown 2" band in green = 5 3" band is red 2 No of zeros= 00 4" band is gold which shows tolerance = +5% So the actual value of resistance = 1500+ 5% Figure B 1" band is yellow = 4 2"™ band is white = 9[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 52 13.4 Ans. 13.5 Ans. 13.7 Ans. 3" band is orange No of zeros 000 4" band is silver = Which shows tolerance = +10% So the actual resistance = 49000 10% Tolerance Tolerance means the possible variation from the marked value. For example. 1500Q resistance with a tolerance of £5% will have an actual value of resistance b/w 1425 to 1575, Why does the resistance of a conductor rise with temperature? As we know that resistance offered by a conductor to the flow of current is due to the collisions, of free electrons with atoms of lattice. As temperature of the conductor rises, the amplitude of vibration of the atoms in the lattice increases and hence the probability of their collisions with free electrons also increases. Hence resistance of conductor rise with temperature What are the difficulties in te ting whether the filament of a lighted bulb obeys Ohm’s law? According to Ohm’s law current is directly proportional to applied potential difference providing physical state of conductor must remain constant therefore when current passes through the filament of bulb, initially the temperature of filament is low and its resi hence filament Obey’s Ohm’s law but with the passage of time, its temperature increases, so resistance of filament increases therefore Ohms law is not valid due to increase in temperature Is the filament resistance lower or higher in a 500W, 220 V light bulb than in a 100W, 220V bulb? \ce remains constant As we know that V Pos As P R = . R x For I“ case P f v — Consta Re en Ir Constant 1 For 2" case Rox>p 2207 500 wa as less resistance tha R= 2 - agin (00 watt bulb has less resistance than 100 W So the resistance of $00 watt bulb is less than the resistance of 100 watt, But 500 watt bulb will draw more current as compared to 100 watt bulb. Describe a circuit, which will give a continuously varying potenti: For continuously varying potential, we ean use (i) Rheostat as potential divider. Gi) Potentiometer as potential divider. He e we describe rheostat as potential divider. A potential difference V is applied across the ends A and B of the theostat as shown in figure.[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 53 13.8 Ans. 13.9 Ans. The current I passing through R is A 1 = WR The potential difference between B and C is Vac = Ir R Putting values of v Va @ Vac = Xt I 8 ry “R R= Resistance of wire AB ' Resistance of portion BC of wire uit shown can provide its output potential difference varying from zero to full potential nce of battery depending on position of sliding contact C. From the equation we sce that as we move from B to A the potential difference will change from zero to V. Explain why the terminal potential drawn from it is increased? ference of a battery decreases when the current We know that the relation between terminal potential difference and emf is Vv, = E-h Here ris the internal resistance of cell. It is clear that when current 1 is large, the factor Ir becomes large and V, becomes small. Thus the potential difference of a battery decreases when current drawn from it increases. What is Weatstone bridge? How can it be used to determine an unknown resistance? Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit which is used to find unknown resistance of a wire. Whenever bridge is balanced that is, galvanometer shows no deflection then following condition is satistied. R _R Ra Ry ~ Ro, Ry are known. If Ry is unknown then[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 54 PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS PROBLEM 13.1 How many electrons pass through an electric bulb in one passing through it? inute if the 300 mA current is Data Electric current 1 = 300mA 300* 107A Time t | min, 60 sec. To Find Number of electrons = N = ? SOLUTION) By formula Ne Q (i) But © = 16*10"C Q Ixt = 300* 10° « 60 18000 « 10° Q = 18C Putting in eq. (i) So N ee 1.6* 10 11.25 « 10°” 1.125 = 107° electrons Result Number of electrons = N = 1.125 = 10°[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 55 PROBLEM 13.2) A charge of 90 C passes through a wire in 1 hour and 15 minutes. What is the current in the wire? Data Charge Q- 9 Time = = t = Thour 1S min. = 75 min, = 75 60 4500 sec. To Find Current in the wire = 1 = ? SOLUTION By formula 90 4500 1 = 0.02 amp 20 5 , ~ ooo > 20% 10 = 20mA Result Current in the wire= 1 = 20mA PROBL. 13.3 Find the equivalent of the circuit (Fig. P 13.3), total current drawn from th resistor. source and the current through each Data Resista —R = 62 Resistance =R = 60 Resistance R 30, Voltage of battery = V = 6 volts[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 56 To Find (i) Equivalent resistance =R=? (ii) Total current through its circuit, — 1 — 2 (iii) Current through resistance R, = 1) = Current through resistanee Ry = Ip =? Current through resistance Ry =? SOLUTION (i For equivalent resistance Since the resistar R, and R; are connected in parallel so in parallel combination boa R 7 R Loli R 6 '6 1 2 R 6 1 R 3 R= 30 Since the resistance R and R; are connected in series as shown so in series combination (ii) Ro = RRs R . 62 So the equivalent resistance = Re 6 For total current drawn from the circuit is Vo = IR. 1 Lamp Roe» apn te Fe ree? = "ev Rar Ra WW WAN R ie Ont[CHAPTER 13] (ii) Current from each resistance Now from the circuit (i), the potential between A and B is Van = IR] = 1x3 Van = 3 volt So the current from r CURRENT ELECTRICITY stance Ry is is ho= R= The current from resistance Rs b= OSA The current from resistance Ry bh cess R 6 ho 1A Result (i) Equivalent resistance Gi) Total current from the circuit (iii) Current from resistance Ry Current from resistanee Ry Current from resistance Rs PROBLEM 13.4 Data Areca of cross-section = A > Length of iron bar = L = Resistivity of iron = 11 To Find Resistance of iron bar = R = - 62 = 1 = 1.0 Amp = b= 0.5 Amp - 0.5 Amp = 1 = LOAmp dom’ 4< 104% mr 40 cm 04m 10 *Qm 57 n and 40 cm long. Calculate its[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 58 SOLUTIO: By formula =k re ou pe 04 = 11x10 84 R = 11x107Q Result Resistance of iron bar= R = 1.1 * 10 70 PROBL, 1. The resistance of an iron wire at 0°C is 1x 10'Q. What is the resistance at 500°C if the temperature coefficient of resistance of iron is 5.2 x 107 K7!? Data Temperature of iron wire = t) = OPC + 273 = 23K Resistance at °C = Ro= 1 10'Q Temperature = & = 00°C +273 =7BK Change in temperature. = t = ty = 713-273 = 300K Temperature coefficient of resistance = a = 5.2* 10° K! To Find Resistance at 00°C = R,= ? SOLUTION, As we know that Ri Ry oF Rt = aRgt = RotaRgt[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 59 Putting the values R= 1* 10h +5.2x 10% x 500) 1» 10' (1 +2.6) = 1x 10" 3.6 R= 3.6*10°Q Result Resistance at 500°C = Ri = 3.6 10° (PROBLEM 13.6) Calculate terminal potential difference of each of cells in circuit of as shown. Data Potential of cell E) = Vi = 24 volt Resistance of cell Ey = ry = 0.100 Potential of cell = V) = 6.0volt Resistance of cell Ey = ty = 0.92 Resistance in circuit — R_ — 800 To Find (i) Potential difference of cell Ey = Vi= ? i < " (ii) Potential difference of cell E: According to circuit, all the three resistances r, R and ry are connected in series so in series combination Re = m1 +R+ = 0.10 + 8.0 + 0.90 Re = 92 As the two cells opposes each other so the net effective voltage is Vv = 24-6 = 18 volt So the current flowing through the circuit is v= 1 = 2Amp So using the relation EOo=W\-rr[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 60 (i) For Ist cell Ey Y= Er-In = 24-2%0.10 V, = 23.8 volt (ii) For the cell Ex Result (i) Potential difference of cell Ey) = Vi = 23.8 volt (ii) Potential difference of cell Ex = Vy = 7.8 volt PROBLEM 13.7, Find the current which flows in all the resistances of the circuit of figure. Data Voltage of cell = E; = 9volt a0v 3 cov + 20 Resistance = Ri = 182 Voltage of cell = E> = 6 volt Ra Resistance 120 To Find (i) Current from resistanee Ry) = ly) = 2 (ii) Current from resistance Ry = I> = ? SOLUTI Let I) and Ip are the cu rents flowing through the loops ABEFA and BCDEB respectively in clockwise direction. Applying Kirchhoff's second rule, the potential changes from the loop ABEFA are —() — 1)Ri — Ey (hh b)18-9 Divide by 9 -2() =) = 1 2+ 2-1 21 + 2h 0 1 ° H e 0)[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 61 Applying Kirchhoff’s 2nd rule on loop BCDEB Ey = hR3~ (1s —1)R) = 0 —6— 12h ~ (hh = 118 0 Divide by 6 1-2h-3h-1) - 0 0 -31p+3h 3- Sh = 1 (ii) Multiply eq (i) by 3 and eq (ii) by 2 and add 61) +61 = 1 = RO | b Putting in eq. (i) 2h +2(-1.25) = 1 -21-2.50 = 1 Current through Ry = Current through Ry = Result Current through Ry ~~ 0.S0A Current through Ry = Lb = ~1.25A[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 62 PROBLEM 13.8) Find the current and power dissipated in each resistance of the circuit, shown in figure. Data emf of the first cell= E, = 6V emf of second cell = E = 10V Resistance =R = 100 Resistance =R: = 209 Resistance =R; = 100 Resistance = Ry = 100 Resistance =Rs = 200 Resistance = Re = 100 To Find (i) Current through resistance Ri = Current through resistance Ry = Current through resistance Ry = Current through resistance Ry = Current through resistance Rs = Current through resistance Rg (ii) Power dissipation in each resistance = P = ? SOLUTION) (Let 1) and 1; are the currents flowing from the loop ABCDA and BEFCB respectively in clockwise direction. Applying Kirchhoff’s second rule on the loop ABCDA therefore the potential changes are “Ri - (l= b)R2- Rs +E, = 0 =I) = (y= b)2- (1.0) +6 = 0 -I-2h+2h-h+6 = 0 4 +2h +6 = 0 eee) Applying Kirchhoff’s 2nd rule on loop BEFCD =DRy = bRs = E2- bRy- (1b h)R2 = 0 =I(1.0) = 12(2.0) - 10 - 13(1.0) = (p= 1)2.0 = 0 2h-10-h- 2h +21 = 0 -61, +21, = 10 wee Ci)[CHAPTER 13] CURRENT ELECTRICITY 63 (ii) Multiply eq (ii) by 2 and Add in eq (i) 12h +41, = 20 2-4 +6 = 0 loh+6 = 20 10 = 20-6 -10h = 14 =14 t 10 = 08A R2 -h = 0.8-(-14) = O8 +14 =22A For power dissipat As we know that Po FR The power dissipation from resistances Ry and R P= ER, = HRs = (0.8) * 1.0 = 0.64 watt The power dissipation from resistance Ry is P= (= by Re yx 2.0 9.68 watt and similarly the power dissipation from resistances Ry and Ry is