HYDRAULIC TOOLBOX 2
February 03, 2025
THE LAW ON CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Energy may be neither created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one guise to
another, but none is actually lost.
Energy is the capacity of water to do useful work and water can possess energy in three
ways: pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy.
▪ Kinetic energy – When water flows it possesses energy because of this movement;
this is known as kinetic energy or sometimes velocity energy.
= velocity energy
𝟏
𝐊𝐄 = 𝐦𝐕 𝟐
𝟐
▪ Pressure energy – also called flow energy. It is the amount of work required to
force the element of fluid across a certain distance against the pressure.
= flow work done by the fluid
𝐖 = 𝐩𝐀𝐋
▪ Elevation energy (Potential energy) – the energy possessed by the fluid by virtue
of its position or elevation with respect to a datum plane.
= potential energy
𝐏𝐄 = 𝐖𝐳
Let E1 = total energy at section 1
E2 = total energy at section 2
Conservation of Energy:
Assumption 1 (STEADY FLOW):
Assumption 2 (INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW):
From the density formula:
From the weight formula:
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION (BEE)
PROBLEM NO. 01
TERMINOLOGIES
Turbomachines
- These are mechanical devices that either extract energy from a fluid or add energy
to a fluid as a result of dynamic interactions between the device and the fluid.
Pumps and Turbines
Pumps: Add energy to the fluid– they do work on the fluid.
Turbines: Extract energy from the fluid – the fluid does work on them.
Pump
- A pump is a device that is used for lifting the liquid from ground sources to the
upper top surface or from one place to another place. Pumps are operated by the
mechanism that is rotary, reciprocating and it consumes energy while performing
mechanical work which is moving fluid from one place to another.
Main Purposes of Pumps
▪ Transfer of liquid from one place to another place (e.g. water from an
underground into a water storage tank).
▪ Circulate liquid around a system (e.g. cooling water or lubricants through
machines and equipment).
Turbine
- A rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it
into useful work or energy. The work produced by a turbine is used in generating
electrical power when combined with a generator.
Head Loss
- The head loss is a measure of the reduction in the total head of the fluid as it moves
through a pipeline or an open channel.
- Head loss refers to a measurement of the energy dissipated in a fluid system due
to friction along the length of a pipe or hydraulic system, and those due to fittings,
valves and other system structures.
Head loss in a water system can be due to
▪ Friction
▪ Pipe fittings
▪ Change in the dimensions of areas of flow
▪ Change in flow direction
▪ Length of pipe or open channel
MODIFIED BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION
▪ WITH HEAD LOSS, hL
▪ WITH PUMP (to raise the water from lower to higher elevation)
▪ WITH PUMP AND HEAD LOSS
▪ WITH TURBINE (extracts energy from water)
▪ WITH TURBINE AND HEAD LOSS
▪ WITH PUMP, TURBINE, AND HEAD LOSS
▪ WITH PUMP, TURBINE, AND HEAD LOSS
POWER (PUMP OR TURBINE)
▪ Energy is the capacity to do work Power is the rate at which work is done.
𝐏 = 𝛄𝐐𝐡
▪ Efficiency - The ratio between the output power, PO by the motor to the input power,
PI supplied to the motor
𝐏𝐎
𝛈 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐏𝐈
PROBLEM NO. O2
PROBLEM NO. 03
PROBLEM NO. 04
PROBLEM NO. 05