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Consonants

Subject: Learning experiences:

English Phonetics and Phonology Contrastive Analysis

Unit 1: Vowels and consonants

Este compendio recoge textualmente documentos e información de varias fuentes debidamente

citadas, como referencias elaboradas por el autor para conectar los diferentes temas.

Se lo utilizará únicamente con fines educativos.

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TABLA DE CONTENIDO

TOPIC 2: Consonants
Subtopic 1: Fricatives and affricates. ................................................................................... 5

Subtopic 2: Liquids and Glides .......................................................................................... 10

Subtopic 3: Stop and Nasals ............................................................................................... 14

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DESARROLLO DEL CONTENIDO DEL TEMA 2

TEMA 2 Consonants

TOPIC 2
Consonants

Subtopic 1 Subtopic 2 Subtopic 3

Fricatives and affricates Liquids and Glides. Stops and Nasals..

Objetivo
The objective of this topic is to introduce the process of how sounds are made and
developed in the human language, getting to know linguist terms that refer to the human
anatomy and also the International Phonetic Alphabet in order to transcribe linguistic data
including the sound system of language to pronounce properly individual and mixed
sounds.
Introducción
Like many other languages, English is also very different in pronunciation, which not only
shows the difference with other languages, but also shows that there are differences
between native English speakers. It seems that the local people use different accents, tones
and syllables. And non-native English speakers. According to the use of phonemes and
dialects, the differences in the practice and elocution of every syllable in English have
converted into something more understandable.

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DESARROLLO DE LOS SUBTEMAS DEL TEMA 1

Subtopic 1: Fricatives and affricates

In the English language, the diction of vowels can differ from the pronunciation of the
consonants, but of course it will depend on how they are used. It should be noted that the
change in pronunciation when speaking in English is the main feature of the language.
Generally speaking, English pronunciation is not always predictable due to spelling reasons.
This also varies by region and culture, in the same way as British and American English are.
When the pace and syllables alter, the pronunciation changes, making it harder for students
to understand each word independently. However, utilizing vowels differs greatly from using
consonants.

The pronunciation of consonants usually changes with the position of the Iraqi speaking. It
is observed that they are as quiet as English speakers. However, the usage of vowels and
consonants in the Iraqi language differs somewhat from that of English. As a result of these
modifications, the meaning of each word shifts as its pronunciation shifts. The study
advanced the usage of consonants and locations, as well as their pronunciation forms. The
following discussion also gives a detailed description of the use of consonants, which
compares the changes related to their use.

Definition of consonants in English

A consonant is the sound made when the airflow is obstructed, or the sound made when the
airflow is obstructed.

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The role of consonants in the pronunciation of English

Consonants have an essential function in English pronunciation, particularly in the
identification of the pronunciation organs. This is to understand the participation of the body.
The participation of organs in vocalization can be an important prerequisite for the
pronunciation of consonants. It should be noted that some consonants and vowels in the
English alphabet have common attributes. Consonants are created by compressing the airflow
of different pronunciation levels.

This produces a distinct collection of distinguishable noises as well as the intended sound
each time it is released. Since consonants are associated with vowels, this can cause confusion
in the pronunciation of consonants. In addition, when two words are pronounced
consecutively, the first word ends with a consonant, the second word ends with a vowel, and
the consonant is pronounced at the beginning of the second word. When typing, a word is
spelt "from," however when two words are spoken consecutively, it is generally pronounced
"from." The consonant "N" of the word "turn" shifts to the beginning of the word "off," which
begins with a vowel. Furthermore, the location of the mouth, lips, and tongue all play various
roles in word pronunciation.

Some consonants are solely uttered with the movement of the mouth, whereas others are
accompanied by the sounds of the three organs. The pronunciation of consonants will alter
as the connections change, producing numerous barriers at the place where the mouth is
pronounced. The letter "L" is a consonant that is produced by pushing the "tip of the tongue"
against the upper jaw. Due to the same phenomenon, any word that starts with the consonant
"L" is . Unlike vowels, consonants usually have relatively open vowel tracks.

The main pronunciation of consonants usually occurs when using dental, palatal, nasal and
velar sounds. Depending on how they are spoken, there are 24 consonants. Differences can
also be categorised based on the form of the neck or any impediments that interfere with the
sound during speech. The sound generated by the narrowing of the lips, i.e. between the lips,

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differs substantially from the sound produced by the alveolar ridge, i.e. between the lips.
Obstruction between the tongue and the alveolar ridge. Consonants, consonants can be
separated in many ways since their sounds do not match, because it generally includes the
phonetics involved in pronunciation production. Consonants must be utilized appropriately
to make the speech simpler to comprehend.

The psychological and cultural influence of pronunciation. English intonation and

pronunciation rhythm are used differently in different departments and different regions. In
different parts of the world where English is the first language, different ways of pronouncing
consonants are utilized. Mobile phone variations make it harder to adjust to new languages
and intonation.

The human brain accepts the familiar and rejects the unfamiliar. , continuing to hinder the
path to fully adapt to change. It has been found that the main difficulties that cause
pronunciation errors are related to psychological factors rather than physical factors. ,
Consonants whose pronunciation patterns are expected to change. The correct pronunciation
can be taught through the correct interpretation of the pronunciation form through the
pronunciation organs.

If you need to improve the perfection of pronunciation, you also need to be familiar with
using the pronunciation organ (Gomez "American English Consonant Pronunciation"). In
fact, cultural differences hinder the correct understanding of the pronunciation system, which
must be taken into account when pronounced consonants. Tend to a certain pronunciation,
and often even hinder the grammatical meaning in the pronunciation. Certain consonants are
also difficult to pronounce, because better intonation must be pronounced and must be
changed without restriction.

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The meaning of consonant features in language.

The consonant plays a very important role in the phonetic structure. Certain vowels and
consonants generate complicated sounds that must be recognized correctly. It has also been
observed that consonants are more difficult to use than consonants. ...Use vowels in speech.
All vowels are pronounced using the open vowel pronunciation.

However, even if the consonants are pronounced the same, the sounds they make are
different, so these characteristics must be considered in the pronunciation of consonants to
improve the clarity of the language.

It can be seen that the consonant under the rubbing is heavier than the pause, and the friction
form of the consonant is also the same. In addition, consonants pass through the lips and the
alveolar part, making it difficult to pronounce them at the same time. In addition, several
speech pathologists have discovered that the pronunciation of consonants is a complicated
planning process. In fact, the presence or absence of loudness plays an important role in
correctly planning the pronunciation of consonants.

Voicing is the basic term used in voice classification. This will affect the auditory effect of
vocal cord vibration. The sound made when the vocal cords vibrates is called a ringing tone;
those who arise without this vibration are called deaf or deaf. A voice that is normally
expressed, but reproduced in a specific voice setting with less or no voice than other places
is called piety.

Fricative Consonants
Fricatives are the sounds made by restricting the flow of air through the mouth. The term
friction is derived from the word friction. The cavity is similar to the lips, lower teeth, alveolar
ridge, or tongue tip, and it obstructs air movement. This obstruction can produce turbulence
by allowing air to pass through a very tiny hole in the mouth. The following experiment
demonstrates how to pronounce friction words:

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Pronounce the letters / v / and / s / simultaneously, then hear a hiss and then pronounce it.
Hissing is produced by an obstruction on the tip of the tooth or tongue, which allows air to
escape through the alveolar ridge.

Affricatives
The English alphabet contains just two affricated consonants. Affricatives are a mix of
plosive consonants and time slot consonants. These consonants are produced by totally
blocking the mouth airways, for example, by halting, and then gradually releasing air as
friction noises.

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Subtopic 2: Liquids and Glides

The division of sounds into two main categories, consonants and vowels, is hindered by a
series of sounds that exhibit the characteristics of these two categories. Study the
characteristics of distinguishing vowels and consonants.

The phonetic theory has problems due to its fluid (obvious) behavior. . Portamento can be
combined with vowels, and in some languages, it can even alternate with them, and can also
be combined with consonants. This unstable behavior has sparked controversy over whether
there is slippage in the different phonemes that stand out from the vowels.

This part introduces the typology of the vowel sliding system, in which the sliding can exist
as a single phoneme and a variant of the vowel (hereinafter referred to as "phoneme sliding"
or "sliding derivative", ). From a phonemic point of view, they behave like vowels, while
behaves like patterns. Phonemic slip of consonants without vowels (Levi 2004), Elimination
of behavioral variability. Because of these differences in behavior, Herman (1994) and Hume
(1995) advocate the distinction between "consonant conversion" and "vowel conversion".

The pronunciation of consonants

The pronunciation of consonants has great difficulty. If you want to pronounce clearly, you
must correctly judge the intonation, accent and intonation of the word. In addition, it has been
observed that consonants are emitted when you stop breathing completely or partially. The
additional pronunciation must be clear through the vibration of the soundtrack so that the
sound of is clearly different from other sounds. Emphasizing the beginning and end of a
consonant is used to distinguish two consonants.

The pronunciation of consonants is affected by various factors, including the usage of voiced
and unvoiced sounds. Soft and harsh consonants are also distinguished by their

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pronunciation. The correct pronunciation of consonants mainly depends on the type and type
of pronunciation and pronunciation. Wells also helps to improve the quality of quotes.

However, the use of different consonants must be analyzed to effectively distinguish the
pronunciation of consonants. The pronunciation of consonants is also discussed in detail in
the following section As detailed in the next section, the mouth, throat, and lips all play
essential roles in pronunciation in this situation.

Horizontal English letters only have a horizontal "l", because "l" is the only consonant
spoken when the tip of the tongue makes contact with the rear of the tongue This permits air
to travel down the tongue's sides.

Try to say words such as love, light, and obstruction. The air passes over the edge of the
tongue, and the tip of the tongue prevents the air from leaving the mouth. .

Approximate value
Consonants formed by lip movement but not touching the lips are called approximate
consonants. These sound generators are used to reproduce sounds related to the pronunciation
of consonants to produce similar sounds.

Place of Articulation
Vocalization is greatly influenced by the mouth, lips, tongue, and other elements of the facial
cavity. Different regions of the mouth conduct the pronunciation points linked to word
pronunciation.

The following is an explanation of these "joints": The term "lips" is derived from the words
"bi," which means "two," and "lips," which means "lips." As a result, the phrase "lips" refers
to two lips. The bilabial consonant is pronounced as when the lips are together. For example,

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the letters "p," "b," "w," "m," and so on. They are formed by fusing two lips together. When
speaking, the upper lip has a more passive role than the lower lip.

Labialdental sounds
The sounds produced by teeth and lips are classified as labialdental consonants. These words
are usually created with articulators, namely lower lip and teeth.

The lower lip and upper teeth are used to pronounce letters like "f" and "v." When the top
teeth are near to the lower lip, these noises are generated.

When the tip of the tongue lies between the "upper and lower teeth," dental noises are
produced. In other words, the lower teeth and tongue are both active articulators, but
the upper teeth are passive. When pronouncing words like "this" and "thought," for
example, the tip of the tongue travels between the top and lower teeth.

Alveolar
The sounds produced by using the alveolar ridge are referred to as alveolar consonants. These
sentences that are formed by the tongue and delivered near to the "alveolar ridge" are
classified as belonging to this team. The words "den" and "net" are formed by the tongue
near the alveolar ridge. People can even say the words while resting their tongue on the
alveolar ridge.

Post-Alveolar
Post-alveolar consonants are words formed by utilizing the tongue at the rear of the alveolar
ridge. For example, the word "jungle" is created by placing the tongue near the rear of the
alveolar ridge and rolling the tongue tip over the alveolar ridge to produce the sound.

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Palatal
Palatal consonants are the sounds made when the tongue body travels close to the tough
palate. These sentences may be distinguished by the word "yet," which is generated by the
vigorous articulation of the tongue over the hard palate.

Velars
The sounds generated by the movements of the tongue and the velum are referred to as "velar
consonants." For example, the word "kite" is generated by raising the back of the tongue
towards the velar, allowing the velar to function as an active articulator for pronouncing the
word.

Glottal
Glottal consonants are the consonants generated by the exceptional states of glottis. Examples
of this consonant include the creation of sounds linked to the letter "h," which requires the
movement of the vocal chords to produce the sound.

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Subtema 3: Stop and Nasals

Nasal
Nasal consonants are consonants that are uttered by releasing air from the nasal cavity rather
than the mouth cavity. This happens when the tongue stops the alveolar margin, forcing air
out of the nasal cavity (P. Coxhead 113). 1.1 Try something new: When the letters "n" and
"m" were spoken, contacting the tongue totally stopped air from flowing through the mouth.
When you speak the letter, this will drive air past your nose, resulting in a nasal sound.

Stopped Sounds
Certain consonants are produced by way of growing a stop in the airflow and then slowly
releasing the air. These words normally demand desirable motion of places of articulation
growing an effect on the manner the word as produced.

Furthermore, as is commonly noticed, the failure to pronounce words with a “m” at the end,
which necessitates the closure and opening of the lips at the same time, causes a great deal
of difficulty for Iraqi people. This phenomena of blocking the waft of air makes it difficult
for novices to retain the right pronunciation of the phrases. For example, the terms "dream,"
"famous," and "William" are not clearly spoken.

Iraqi rookies must manage their articulation motions appropriately in order to improve their
pronouncing talents. Another major issue encountered by Iraqi people while speaking
English is the usage of the letter "n" at the beginning or middle of a word. Iraqi audio systems
are commonly observed pronouncing the letter "n" with their tongue in between their lips.
This, on the other hand, does not disrupt the sound but causes a delay in announcing the next
syllables, becoming monotonous.

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Similarly, while using the letters "t" and "d," Iraqi newcomers typically pronounce the letters
by placing their tongue between their teeth. This produces a distinct sound for the letters,
making them difficult to say.

However, because of this erroneous habit, it is difficult to say the sentence correctly.
Furthermore, this presents a significant difficulty in announcing the phrases at the start or
end of a word.

This occurs when unskilled Iraqis bring the tongue tip too close to the alveolar ridge, resulting
in a vibrating sound rather than the usual pronunciation of the American “r.” This causes the
pronunciation to be wrong, resulting in a different sound from the one described while
pronouncing "r," as used in American pronunciation.

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PREGUNTAS DE COMPRENSIÓN DE LA UNIDAD

1. What is a consonant?
A consonant is the sound made when the airflow is obstructed, or the sound made when the
airflow is obstructed.

2. Why is it important to learn about consonants?

The consonant is extremely essential in phonetic structure. Certain vowels and consonants
generate complicated sounds that must be recognized correctly.

3. What is a nasal consonant?

Nasal consonants are consonants that are uttered by releasing air from the nasal cavity rather
than the mouth cavity.

4. How are fricative sounds produced?

The sound produced by obstructing the passage of air through the mouth are called fricatives.

5. How is a stopped sound?

Certain consonants are created by creating a pause in the airflow and then gradually releasing
the air.

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MATERIAL COMPLEMENTARIO

Los siguientes recursos complementarios son sugerencias para que se pueda ampliar la
información sobre el tema trabajado, como parte de su proceso de aprendizaje autónomo:

Videos de apoyo:
Video: Fricative Sounds

[Link]

Affricates (tʃ and dʒ)

[Link]

Bibliografía de apoyo:
Katz, W. (2013). Phonetics for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Roach, P. (2009). English phonetics and phonology paperback with audio CDs (2): A
practical course. Cambridge university press.

Links de apoyo:
[Link]

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REFERENCIAS

Baker, A., & Hengeveld, K. (2012). Linguistics. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.

Burridge, K., & Stebbins, T. (2020). For the love of language (2nd ed.). Cambridge.

Curzan, A., & Adams, M. (2011). How English works: A linguistic introduction. Longman.

In Genetti, C. (2014). How languages work: An introduction to language and linguistics.

Kelly, G. (2001). How To Teach Pronunciation (Book with Audio CD). Pearson ESL.

McMahon, A. (2002). An introduction to English phonology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh

University Press.

Rahman, T. (2010). Linguistics for beginners. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Roach, P. (2009). English phonetics and phonology: A practical course. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

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