REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON

REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN
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Paix-Travail-Patrie

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MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

*******REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON *******

REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN
(Sinda et al., 2020)
FOBANG INSTITUTES FORINNOVATIONS IN INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL
Peace-Work-Fatherland Paix-Travail-Patrie
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT
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TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY

A Research carried out in the nursery room at IRAD Nkolbisson of Yaounde

Effect of substrate on the success of layering in pawpaw plant (Carica papaya L.) in
the nursery

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award Of a Higher National
Diploma (HND) in Agricultural biotechnology.
PRESENTED BY
FOKOUA KUATE PAUL CEDRIC
Department: Agricultural Biotechnology
Supervised by:
LUMBEKO VICTORINE
Dr GODSWILL NTSOMBOH (Head of the Laboratory Phytopathology)
NTSEFONG
(PHD)

ACADEMIC YEAR
2024/2025
1
 DEDICATION

To my mother, Mme DJUIKOM VERONIQUE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I cannot finish this work without giving thanks to Almighty God for have given me the strength and
courage to successfully complete this internship.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to its achievement. Thus, a
special thanks goes to:

- PROFESSOR WILFRED MBATCHAM the founder of FINISTECH for granting me with all the different
necessities benefit for my studies
- Dr WOIN Noé and Dr NGONE AJEBESONE Francis respectively Director General and Deputy
Director General of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) for granting me
this internship;
- I convey my deepest gratitude to: Dr GODSWILL NTSOMBOH NTSEFONGHIS to have led the road
for this internship to take place and who took his role as my supervisor who helped me through
my research with his words and actions for his corrections and encouragements let me to do a
good and successful research
- To the teaching and administrative staff of FINISTECH for the richness and quality of their
teaching;
- To Mrs. LUMBEKO VICTORINE, Head of the Laboratory Phytopathology, for the supervision of this
work, for her availability, her guidance and her scientific rigor in the successful completion of this
work;
- To all the staff of the phytopathology laboratory:
- To all the staff of the nurser room, Dr ONANA, M. MEWALI Michel et M. ATEBA for their
availability.
- To all the staff of LASPEE, in particular, Mrs. MFOPOU MEWOUO Yvette Clarisse, Mrs. MBOE
Sylvie, Mrs. Hortence, Mrs. YOUDOM Armelle, Mrs. NOUMWA Prisca, Dr NJOYA OUSMANOU, Mr.
ZING ZING Bertrand and Mr. Mbida Romain for their supervision and their availability in carrying
out this work.
- To the entire team of interns, in particular Adoum Brahim, Vokeng Edna, Linwe Elvine, Menoah
Ines, Bethina for the collaboration and sympathy they showed during the work carried out.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................................................3
TABLE OF CONTENT....................................................................................................................................4
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................................................6
ABA: Abscisic acid....................................................................................................................................6
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................7
Résumé................................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................9
1.1 Background to the study.........................................................................................................10
1.3 Research Objectives........................................................................................................................13
1.4 Research Questions........................................................................................................................14
1.5 Study Hypothesis...........................................................................................................................14
1.6 Importance......................................................................................................................................14
1.7 Study Boundaries............................................................................................................................15
1.8 Definition........................................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER II - LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................17
2.1 Literature Review............................................................................................................................17
2.1.1Pawpaw plant...........................................................................................................................17
2.1.2 Plant Layering Techniques.......................................................................................................20
2.1.3 Substrate:.................................................................................................................................23
2.2.1 Review by Concept...................................................................................................................28

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 2.3 Review by Theories.........................................................................................................................29
2.3.1 Propagation Theory.................................................................................................................29
2.3.2 Nutrient Theory........................................................................................................................29
2.3.3 Plant Defense Theory...............................................................................................................29
2.3.4 Theories on Neem's Pesticidal Properties...............................................................................30
CHAPTER III - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................................................................31
3.1 Research Design.......................................................................................................................31
3.2 Study site.........................................................................................................................................31
3.3 Study Population.............................................................................................................................31
3.4 Materials.........................................................................................................................................31
3.5 Validation and Reliability................................................................................................................31
3.6 Methods..........................................................................................................................................32
3.7 Data Analysis...................................................................................................................................35
3.9 Operationalization of Variables.......................................................................................................35
3.10 Ethical Considerations...................................................................................................................36
3.11 Presentation of Placement Activities...........................................................................................36
CHAPTER IV: RESULTS...........................................................................................................................37
4.1 Table I: Substrate Composition Analysis........................................................................................37
4.2 Table II: Root Development Assessment.........................................................................................37
4.3 Table III: Growth Parameters Analysis:............................................................................................37
4.4Table IV: Pest Resistance..................................................................................................................38
CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................................39
5.1 Discussion........................................................................................................................................39
5.2 Implications.....................................................................................................................................41
5.3 Recommendations..........................................................................................................................41
5.4 Limitations......................................................................................................................................42
5.4.1 Technical Limitations...............................................................................................................42
5.4.2 Research Constraints...............................................................................................................42
5.5 Future Research..............................................................................................................................42
.......................................................................................................................................................44
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
38

Annexes………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………39

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABA: Abscisic acid

D.G.R.S.T: The General Delegation for Scientific and Technical Research

FINISTECH: Fobang Institutes for Innovation in Science and Technology

Hn: The hypothesis made

IRAD: Agricultural Research institute for development

IRAF: Institute of Agriculture and Forestry research

LASPEE: Laboratory for Analysis of Soil, plants, water and fertiliser

MINRESI: Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

ONAREST: The national Office for Scientific and Technical research

pH: The Hydrogen Potential

RAM: Root Apical Meristem

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 ABSTRACT
Plant propagation refers to the process of increasing the number of plants of a particular specie or
cultivar. There exists different technique of plant propagation but they all fall under two main
categories, namely; sexual and asexual reproduction. In nature, most plant propagate through sexual
reproduction or production of viable seeds. An example of plant propagation is vegetative propagation
which deals with using vegetative part of plants such as stems to create new once. The most commonly
use technique is the layering technique which is subdivided into many forms. The best form is the air
layering due to it versatility. This study is to investigate on how the soil nutrient content play a crucial
role on the success of the layering technique. An experimental study was carried out between 4 pawpaw
plant where two is layered with a substrate having high soil nutrient content and pesticidal
characteristics and the others with a substrate having a low soil nutrient content and no pesticidal
[Link] was observed that the layered plants with a high soil nutrient content and high
pesticidal characteristics had a better result than those with a low soil nutrient content and no pesticidal
[Link] study highlights the significant impact of soil nutrient content on the success of the
layering technique in plant propagation. The comparison between 4 pawpaw plants demonstrated that
the plant layered in nutrient-rich soil and pesticidal characteristics exhibited superior growth and rooting
success compared to the once in low-nutrient soil with no pesticidal characteristics. These findings
emphasize the importance of optimizing soil conditions to enhance the effectiveness of layering as a
propagation method. Future research should further explore specific nutrient requirements for various
plant species to maximize propagation success and contribute to more effective horticultural practices.

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 Résumé
Cette recherche examine l'impact de la teneur en nutriments du sol sur le succès de la
technique de marcottage aérien pour la propagation des plants de papayer (Carica papaya).
L'étude met en évidence l'importance d'utiliser des substrats riches en nutriments combinés à
des additifs naturels, tels que le neem (Azadirachta indica), pour améliorer le succès
d'enracinement et la résistance aux [Link] objectifs portent sur l'analyse de la corrélation
entre les niveaux de nutriments du substrat et l'efficacité du marcottage aérien. Deux groupes
de plants de papayer sont comparés : un groupe reçoit un substrat à haute teneur en
nutriments et aux propriétés pesticides, tandis que l'autre groupe est traité avec un substrat à
faible teneur en nutriments et sans propriétés pesticides. Les résultats montrent que les plants
dans le substrat riche en nutriments présentent des taux de succès significativement plus
élevés, un développement racinaire plus rapide et une vigueur globale améliorée par rapport à
ceux du groupe de contrô[Link] principales conclusions indiquent que les substrats améliorés
favorisent non seulement une meilleure croissance, mais offrent également une résistance
naturelle aux parasites, réduisant ainsi la dépendance aux pesticides chimiques. Cette
recherche souligne l'importance d'optimiser les conditions du sol pour des méthodes de
propagation plus efficaces et propose des recommandations pratiques pour les horticulteurs et
les agriculteurs visant à améliorer l'efficacité de la culture du papayer. Des études futures sont
suggérées pour explorer diverses concentrations de nutriments et leurs effets sur différentes
espèces végétales, contribuant ainsi à des pratiques agricoles durables.

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 CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study

Since small, it has always been taught to eat five fruits a day. However, throughout history, many have
found it challenging to meet such health objectives, regardless of their socioeconomic status. This
challenge arises not only from the scarcity of certain fruits but also from the fluctuations in their
availability, leading to food insecurity across various communities (Marschner, 2012). This notion holds
true, as fruits are rich in essential nutrients and minerals that significantly benefit human health, with
pawpaw being one of the most nutritious options available (Bourgeois, 2016).

Pawpaw plays a crucial role in both economic and nutritional aspects:

Economic Importance:

 Due to its unique flavor, the demand for pawpaw has surged, particularly in the United
States, which stands as the largest importer, with expenditures reaching 161 million dollars
annually (Alvarez et al., 2020).
 A hectare of pawpaw can yield between 2 to 5 tons, depending on the variety, thereby
providing substantial economic benefits to farmers (Hartmann et al., 2011).
 As a vertical crop, intercropping with ground cover plants is feasible, optimizing land use
(Drew & Horan, 2017).
 Unlike many fruit trees, pawpaw reaches maturity relatively quickly, usually within 6 to 12
months, allowing for faster yields (Marschner, 2012).

Nutritional Importance:

The absence of pawpaw in daily diets can lead to various health issues due to deficiencies in vital
vitamins and minerals, including:

 Vitamin C: Essential for maintaining healthy skin (Marschner, 2012).

 Potassium: Important for nerve signal transmission (Marschner, 2012).
 Vitamin A: Crucial for vision (Marschner, 2012).
 Calcium: Necessary for strong teeth and bones (Bourgeois, 2016).
 Vitamin B6 : Help combat anemia (Marschner, 2012).

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  Vitamin B9: Supports fetal development during pregnancy (Marschner, 2012).

Despite its numerous benefits, pawpaw is often in short supply in local markets, hindered by factors
such as climate change and inadequate agricultural practices. Historically, the cultivation of pawpaw
plants has faced several challenges such as:

 Environmental Factors: Changes in climate, including temperature fluctuations and altered

rainfall patterns, have significantly impacted pawpaw growth and fruiting cycles. These
environmental stresses can lead to reduced yields and increased susceptibility to diseases
(Zhang & Wang, 2019).
 Pest Infestations: Pawpaw plants have been prone to various pests, including fruit flies and
nematodes, which can devastate crops. The lack of effective pest management strategies
has historically resulted in significant losses for farmers (Isman, 2006).
 Soil Degradation: Over time, practices such as monoculture and insufficient soil
management have led to declining soil health, affecting nutrient availability and overall
plant vigor (Khan & Khan, 2021).
 Limited Research and Development: Unlike more widely cultivated fruits, pawpaw has
historically received less attention in agricultural research, leading to a lack of improved
varieties and cultivation techniques (Marschner, 2012).
 Market Accessibility: Many farmers have faced difficulties in accessing markets due to
inadequate infrastructure and distribution channels. This has limited their ability to sell
pawpaw products and capitalize on its economic potential (Alvarez et al., 2020).

This problem has greatly favored the scarcity of this highly beneficial fruit, hence our study aims to
enhance the production of pawpaw plants through the layering technique .

1.2 Theoretical Context

Plant propagation refers to the process of increasing the number of plants of a particular species or
cultivar. There exist different techniques of plant propagation, but they all fall under two main
categories, namely sexual and asexual reproduction (Caldeira et al., 2021). Examples of asexual
reproduction include binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and vegetative propagation (Wibowo et al.,
2018). Vegetative propagation deals with using vegetative parts of plants, such as stems, to create new

10
ones (Wasielewski & Balerdi, 2019). The most commonly used technique is the layering technique,
which is subdivided into many forms (Cuevas-Cruz et al., 2015). The best form is air layering due to its
versatility (Kürn et al., 2011).

Layering is a widely recognized method of vegetative propagation that allows new plants to develop
roots while still attached to the parent plant (Matsuo et al., 1989). This technique capitalizes on the
natural rooting ability of certain plant tissues, providing a continuous supply of nutrients and moisture
during the critical root development phase (Thomsen & Håkansson, 1995). The layering technique can
be subdivided into various forms, including:

 Air Layering: Involves inducing root formation on a stem by covering a portion of it with a
moisture-retaining medium while it remains attached to the parent plant (Kürn et al., 2011).
 Mound Layering: Involves piling soil around the base of a plant to encourage root formation on
buried stems (Kürn et al., 2011.
 Serpentine Layering: Suitable for long-stemmed plants, where sections of the stem are
alternately buried and left above ground (Kürn et al., 2011).

The effectiveness of layering relies on the physiological processes of the plant, particularly the roles of
hormones such as auxins, which promote root development, and cytokinins, which stimulate cell
division and shoot development (Wibowo et al., 2018). By creating optimal conditions for rooting,
layering addresses several challenges faced in traditional propagation methods (Wibowo et al., 2018).

The biological aspects of pawpaw production are crucial to understanding its propagation:

 Growth Cycle: Pawpaw plants typically take 6 to 12 months to mature, which is relatively quick
compared to other fruit trees. However, factors such as soil quality, nutrient availability, and
environmental conditions significantly influence growth rates (Caldeira et al., 2021).
 Reproductive Biology: Pawpaw can be propagated sexually through seeds or asexually through
vegetative methods like layering. Sexual propagation often results in genetic variability, while
asexual methods produce clones of the parent plant, ensuring consistency in fruit quality and
yield (Morales, 2012).

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Despite its advantages, pawpaw cultivation faces specific weaknesses, including vulnerability to pests,
diseases, and environmental stressors. These challenges can lead to reduced yields and compromised
fruit quality (Morales, 2012).

The layering technique offers solutions to several weaknesses in pawpaw production:

 Time Efficiency: Traditional propagation methods may require longer periods for seed
germination and initial plant establishment. Layering allows for faster establishment of rooted
plants, facilitating quicker transitions to fruiting stages (Cuevas-Cruz et al., 2015).
 Resource Optimization: Layering minimizes the need for extensive inputs such as rooting
hormones and fertilizers. By using nutrient-rich substrates and incorporating natural additives
like neem, the technique enhances plant health and resilience without excessive resource
expenditure (Wasielewski & Balerdi, 2019).
 Increased Yield: By promoting healthier root systems, layering improves nutrient uptake and
stress tolerance, leading to higher fruit yields. The technique also helps mitigate losses due to
pest infestations, as the parent plant continues to supply nutrients during the rooting process
(Kürn et al., 2011).
 Genetic Consistency: Asexual propagation through layering ensures that the desirable traits of
the parent plant are preserved in the new plants, resulting in uniform fruit quality and
characteristics (Cuevas-Cruz et al., 2015)

1.2 Problem Statement

The two problems to be address trough this study is; Limited understanding of the substrate soil
nutrient content dynamics during layering propagation and high rate of pest issue.

 There is a limited understanding of how soil nutrient content dynamics affect the success of
layering propagation techniques. This knowledge gap hinders the ability of gardeners and
horticulturists to optimize soil conditions for improved plant growth and rooting.
 Layering propagation techniques are often susceptible to high rates of pest issues, which can
compromise the health and viability of the newly propagated plants. This presents a significant
challenge for successful propagation.

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1.3 Research Objectives
General:

To analyze the correlation between substrate soil nutrient content with pesticidal character and
layering technique effectiveness.

Specific:

- Evaluate how a a substrate with a high soil nutrient content is beneficial in the layering technique
compared to a common substrate use.

- Analyze a pest strategy applicable through this technique to increase the success rate

1.4 Research Questions

- How does different nutrient soil content affect the layering technique success rate?
- What integrated pest management strategies can be developed to mitigate these risks during
the layering process, and how can the resilience of layered plants be enhanced against common
pests?

1.5 Study Hypothesis

H1: An increase in the soil organic matter content will positively correlate with higher growth rate and
rooting success in propagation through layering

H2: Layered plants treated with organic pest control measure will exhibit lower rates of pest infestations
than those treated after the layering pro0cess

1.6 Importance

 Cost-Effectiveness:

- Layering is a relatively low-cost propagation method that requires minimal investment in materials
and equipment compared to other techniques like grafting or tissue culture therefore, by reducing and
increasing pest issues and success rate respectively will greatly favor for production yield.

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  High Success Rate:

- Using this layering technique method, it often results in high rooting success, producing healthy
plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant.

 Preservation of Genetic Traits:

- This technique allows for the propagation of specific cultivars with desirable traits, ensuring that
these genetic characteristics are preserved in new plants.

 Versatility:

- Layering can be applied to a wide variety of plant species, including both woody and herbaceous
plants, making it a versatile tool for gardeners and horticulturists.

 Reduced Plant Stress:

- Since the parent plant remains intact during the propagation process due to the pesticidal character
of the substrate, it can continue to provide nutrients and support to the new plant until it is fully rooted.

1.7 Study Boundaries

- The study will be limited to pawpaw plant and will not extend to other plant types or
propagation methods.
- The study will concentrate solely on air layering and thus don’t include other layering technique.
- The research will identify and analyze specific pest management applicable to layering
propagation technique in the selected specie rather than exploring broader pest management
practices applicable.
- The different method use for soil testing will be traditional and not using well design equipment.
- The sample size will be of 2 plant per group
- Due to lack of equipment no rooting hormone will be apply.

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1.8 Definition
- Vegetative propagation: This refers to method by which plant proliferate asexually to increase
their population through vegetative parts such as stems root or leaves.
- Layering: propagation technique where new plants are produced while still attached to the
parent plant, ensuring nutrient supply during root development.
- Nutritional value: This refers to the nutrient content of a substrate

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 CHAPTER II - LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review

Introduction

In current times, plant propagation techniques have gain attention in horticultural research,
particularly as the demand for sustainable agricultural practices continues to rise. Among these
techniques, plant layering stands out as a vital method for vegetative propagation. This
technique does not only ensure the continuous supply of nutrients from the parent plant but
also enhances the success rates of new plant establishment. It has a great benefit in our study,
The study was concentrated on 3 main elements, namely: pawpaw plant, layering technique
and substrate.

2.1.1Pawpaw plant

The pawpaw plant, scientifically known as Carica papaya, belongs to the family Caricaceae. It is
a tropical fruit-bearing plant native to Central America but is now cultivated in various tropical
and subtropical regions worldwide. The classification of the pawpaw is as follows:

 Kingdom: Plantae
 Phylum: Angiosperms
 Class: Eudicots
 Order: Brassicales
 Family: Caricaceae
 Genus: Carica
 Species: C. papaya

Pawpaw is characterized by its large, palm-like leaves and a distinctive trunk that can reach
heights of 5 to 10 meters (Hartmann et al., 2011).

Economic Importance

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The economic significance of pawpaw is substantial, making it a valuable crop in many regions:

 Pawpaw is highly sought after for its sweet, nutritious fruit, which is rich in vitamins
A, C, and E, as well as essential minerals like potassium (Bourgeois, 2016). In the
United States, for example, pawpaw is increasingly recognized as a specialty fruit,
with growing demand in local and organic markets.
 A hectare of well-managed pawpaw can yield between 2 to 5 tons of fruit,
depending on the variety and growing conditions (Alvarez et al., 2020). This high
yield potential makes pawpaw an attractive crop for farmers seeking to diversify
their agricultural practices.
 The cultivation, processing, and distribution of pawpaw create numerous job
opportunities in rural areas, contributing to local economies (Isman, 2006).
 As a source of essential nutrients, pawpaw plays a critical role in enhancing food
security and improving public health, particularly in regions where access to diverse
fruits and vegetables is limited (Marschner, 2012).

The plant is physiologically adapted to it environment by different part such as:

 Roots: Pawpaw plants have a shallow but extensive root system that helps stabilize the
plant and absorb nutrients and water from the soil (Drew & Horan, 2017). The roots are
critical for anchoring the plant and facilitating nutrient uptake, especially in nutrient-rich
substrates.

 Stem: The stem of the pawpaw plant is soft, green, and herbaceous, which distinguishes
it from woody fruit trees (Hartmann et al., 2011). The stem can grow up to 10 meters
tall and is responsible for supporting the leaves and flowers, as well as transporting
nutrients and water throughout the plant.

 Leaves: The large, lobed leaves of the pawpaw plant can reach up to 75 cm in diameter.
They are arranged spirally at the top of the stem. The leaves are crucial for
photosynthesis, producing the energy needed for growth and fruit development (Kumar
& Kumar, 2017).

17
  Flowers: Pawpaw flowers are typically produced in clusters and can be either male or
female. Male flowers are smaller and grow on long stalks, while female flowers are
larger and develop closer to the stem. Successful pollination of female flowers is
essential for fruit set and development (Mordue & Nisbet, 2000).

 Fruit: The pawpaw fruit is large, oblong, and can weigh up to 1 kg. It has a creamy
texture and a sweet flavor, often described as a cross between banana and mango
(Zhang & Wang, 2019). The fruit is rich in carbohydrates, vitamins, and antioxidants,
making it a nutritious food source.

The life cycle of the pawpaw plant can be divided into several stages:

 Germination: Pawpaw seeds germinate under optimal conditions of warmth and

moisture. Germination typically occurs within 7 to 14 days (Hartmann et al., 2011).

 Seedling Stage: After germination, the seedlings develop their first true leaves and begin
to establish a root system. This stage lasts for several weeks and is critical for the plant's
future growth.

 Vegetative Growth: During this phase, the plant focuses on developing its leaves and
stems. This stage can last several months, and well-nourished plants will show vigorous
growth (Alvarez et al., 2020).

 Flowering: Depending on the variety and environmental conditions, pawpaw plants can
begin to flower within 6 to 12 months after planting. Successful pollination is essential
for fruit development (Marschner, 2012).

 Fruit Development: Once pollinated, the female flowers develop into fruit. The fruit
matures over several months, typically ripening within 5 to 7 months after flowering
(Isman, 2006).

 Harvesting: Pawpaw fruits are harvested when they are fully ripe, indicated by a change
in color and softness. Proper harvesting techniques are crucial to minimize damage and
ensure fruit quality.

18
2.1.2 Plant Layering Techniques

Plant layering is a method of asexual reproduction that allows new plants to form while
remaining attached to the parent plant. This technique encompasses various forms, including
simple layering, mound layering, air layering, compound layering, and serpentine layering
(Hartmann et al., 2011). Each method offers unique advantages and is suited to different types
of plants and environmental conditions.

Air Layering

Air layering is particularly notable for its effectiveness and versatility. This technique
involves inducing root formation on a stem by covering a section of it with a moist medium
while it remains attached to the parent plant (Bourgeois, 2016). Air layering has proven
especially beneficial for propagating woody plants and species that are challenging to root
through traditional methods. Research indicates that air layering can result in higher rooting
success rates compared to other vegetative propagation methods (Kumar & Kumar, 2017). The
success of air layering is influenced by various factors, including environmental conditions, the
age and health of the parent plant, and the nutrient content of the growing medium. Optimal
temperature, humidity, and light conditions are critical for stimulating root development (Drew
& Horan, 2017). Furthermore, the physiological condition of the parent plant significantly
affects the rooting process. Healthier plants typically exhibit better rooting success due to
enhanced nutrient availability and physiological vigor (Zhang et al., 2019).

Nutrient content plays a vital role in plant growth and development. Essential macronutrients—
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)—are crucial for various physiological functions,
including photosynthesis, energy transfer, and cellular growth (Marschner, 2012).

- Nitrogen: Nitrogen is a fundamental component of amino acids and nucleic acids, playing a
critical role in protein synthesis and genetic material (Mengel & Kirkby, 2001). Adequate
nitrogen levels are essential for promoting vegetative growth and leaf development, which are
vital during the rooting phase of air layering.

19
- Phosphorus: Phosphorus is integral to energy transfer through ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
and is crucial for root development and flowering (Baker et al., 2018). Research shows that
phosphorus availability directly influences root establishment during propagation (Alvarez et
al., 2020).

- Potassium: Potassium regulates osmotic balance and enzyme activity, contributing to overall
plant health and resilience (Marschner, 2012). It has been shown to enhance root growth and
stress tolerance, which are critical during the air layering process (Krauss et al., 2020).

Micronutrients, though required in smaller quantities, are equally important for plant health.
Elements such as iron, manganese, and zinc play crucial roles in various physiological processes
and enhance the plant's ability to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses (Khan et al., 2021). For
instance, iron is essential for chlorophyll synthesis, while zinc is involved in enzyme function
and hormone production.

Neem (Azadirachta indica) has gained recognition for its pesticidal properties, primarily due to
bioactive compounds such as azadirachtin, nimbin, and salannin (Isman, 2006). These
compounds exhibit a range of biological activities, including insecticidal, antifungal, and
antibacterial effects, making neem a valuable addition to sustainable agricultural practices
(Mordue & Nisbet, 2000). Neem’s pesticidal effectiveness stems from its ability to disrupt insect
hormonal systems, inhibiting growth and reproduction (Nisbet et al., 2000). Azadirachtin, for
instance, affects the molting process of insects, leading to developmental abnormalities and
eventual mortality. Additionally, neem has been shown to enhance plant defenses against pests
and diseases, promoting resilience without the adverse environmental impacts associated with
synthetic pesticides (Khan et al., 2021).

Incorporating neem into propagation methods such as air layering could improve plant health
and reduce pest pressures. Research indicates that neem can promote root growth and health,
potentially leading to increased survival rates of propagated plants (Ghasemzadeh et al., 2018).
The use of neem as a natural additive may also enhance the efficacy of nutrient management
strategies, as healthy plants exhibit improved resistance to pests and diseases.

20
Recent studies have begun to explore the relationship between nutrient content and the
production of secondary metabolites in plants, which confer pesticidal characteristics. Nutrients
significantly influence the biosynthesis of these metabolites, ultimately affecting plant defense
mechanisms (Zhang et al., 2019).

Research has shown that increased levels of nitrogen can enhance the production of secondary
metabolites such as flavonoids and terpenoids, which are known for their pest-repelling
properties (Mishra et al., 2022). These compounds play a critical role in plant defense, and their
synthesis can be modulated by nutrient availability.

The integration of nutrient management with natural additives like neem may lead to
synergistic effects that enhance both plant health and pest resistance. For example, plants with
higher nutrient availability often produce greater quantities of secondary metabolites,
improving their ability to fend off pests (Ghasemzadeh et al., 2018). Understanding this
relationship is crucial for optimizing propagation techniques and promoting plant health
through effective nutrient management.

The success rate of air layering can be significantly influenced by the nutrient content of the
substrate and the incorporation of natural additives such as neem. Research indicates that
plants with higher nutrient availability typically exhibit improved rooting success and overall
vigor (Alvarez et al., 2020).

The incorporation of neem into the air layering process may further enhance the success rate
by providing both pest resistance and improved nutrient uptake. Studies have suggested that
neem can lead to healthier root systems and increased survival rates of propagated plants
(Khan et al., 2021).

To achieve optimal results in air layering, it is essential to establish the right balance of
nutrients and incorporate natural additives like neem. The synergistic effects of nutrient
management and neem's pesticidal properties could provide valuable insights into improving
the efficacy of the layering technique. Research should focus on identifying the optimal nutrient
profiles and conditions under which neem can best enhance rooting success.

21
The integration of nutrient management and neem as a natural pesticide in air layering
presents a promising avenue for enhancing sustainable agricultural practices. As the demand
for environmentally friendly methods increases, the insights gained from research in this area
could be instrumental for horticulturists and farmers seeking to optimize their propagation
strategies while minimizing chemical inputs.

Sustainable practices not only contribute to environmental health but also support long-term
agricultural productivity and food security. The findings from studies exploring the correlation
between nutrient content, neem's pesticidal characteristics, and the success rate of air layering
could lead to the development of best practices that promote plant health and resilience.

2.1.3 Substrate:
Since ancient time, for every rooting system to occur the must be a support to ensure a
stability. substrate is defined as the material or medium in which plants grow, providing
essential support, nutrients, and a conducive environment for root development (Evans,
2014). In horticulture and agriculture, substrates can take various forms, including soil,
potting mixes, and other organic or inorganic materials (Evans, 2014). The choice of
substrate significantly influences plant health, growth rates, and overall productivity (Evans,
2014).

Physical Properties:

 Texture: The texture of a substrate affects its ability to retain moisture and nutrients.
Substrates can be coarse or fine, influencing aeration and drainage (Evans, 2014).

 Structure: Good structure allows for proper aeration and root penetration. Substrates
with a well-developed structure promote healthy root systems (Evans, 2014).

Chemical Properties:

 Nutrient Content: Substrates must contain essential macronutrients (e.g., nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium) and micronutrients (e.g., iron, zinc) that support plant growth.
The availability of these nutrients is influenced by the substrate's pH and organic matter
content (Evans, 2014).

22
  pH Level: The pH of a substrate affects nutrient availability and microbial activity. Most
plants thrive in a slightly acidic to neutral pH range (6.0 to 7.0) (Evans, 2014).

Biological Properties:

 Microbial Activity: Healthy substrates support beneficial microorganisms that enhance

nutrient cycling and disease resistance. Microbial activity is essential for breaking down
organic matter and making nutrients available to plants (Evans, 2014).

Water Retention and Drainage:

Substrates must balance water retention and drainage. Effective moisture retention is vital for
plant roots, while drainage is necessary to prevent waterlogging and root rot (Evans, 2014).

Aeration:

Good aeration is crucial for root respiration. Substrates that allow sufficient airflow help
prevent anaerobic conditions, which can hinder root growth and increase the risk of disease
(Evans, 2014).

Types of Substrates

 Soil: The most traditional substrate, soil consists of mineral particles, organic matter,
water, and air. It can vary widely in texture, structure, and nutrient content (Evans,
2014).

 Potting Mixes: These are formulated substrates typically composed of a blend of organic
materials (like peat moss, compost, and bark) and inert components (like perlite or
vermiculite). Potting mixes are designed to provide optimal growing conditions for
container plants (Evans, 2014).

 Organic Substrates: Materials such as sphagnum moss, coconut coir, and compost fall
into this category. They enhance water retention, nutrient availability, and microbial
activity (Evans, 2014).

23
  Inorganic Substrates: These include materials like perlite, vermiculite, and expanded clay
pellets. They provide good drainage and aeration but may lack inherent nutrients
(Evans, 2014).

 Synthetic Substrates: Some substrates are artificially created to provide specific

properties, such as enhanced drainage or aeration. These may include foam or other
engineered materials (Evans, 2014).

Importance of Substrate in Air Layering

The substrate is a critical component in the air layering technique, which is a popular method
for vegetative propagation of plants (Nicolls, 2009). The substrate serves multiple essential
functions:

 Nutrient Supply: The substrate provides essential nutrients that are vital for root
development. A nutrient-rich substrate enhances the growth of new roots and
contributes to the overall health of the plant during the air layering process (Nicolls,
2009).

 Moisture Retention: Effective moisture retention is crucial in air layering, as the

wrapped portion of the stem must remain moist to encourage root growth. A substrate
that retains adequate moisture while allowing for drainage helps prevent rot and
promotes healthy root development (Nicolls, 2009).

 Aeration: Proper aeration in the substrate is essential for root respiration. A well-
aerated substrate prevents anaerobic conditions, which can hinder root growth and
increase the risk of disease (Nicolls, 2009).

 pH Regulation: The pH of the substrate affects nutrient availability and microbial

activity. Maintaining an optimal pH is crucial for ensuring that plants can efficiently
uptake the nutrients needed for root development (Nicolls, 2009).

 Microbial Activity: A healthy substrate supports beneficial microbial populations that

enhance nutrient cycling and disease resistance. Microbial activity is important for

24
 breaking down organic matter and making nutrients available to developing roots
(Nicolls, 2009).

Elements Constituting Substrate for Air Layering

The composition of a substrate used for air layering can significantly influence its effectiveness.
Key constituents include:

1. Sphagnum Peat Moss:

 Sphagnum peat moss is an organic material derived from decomposed sphagnum

moss, commonly used in horticulture due to its excellent moisture retention
properties (Nicolls, 2009).
 Importance: Peat moss provides a light, aerated substrate that retains moisture
while allowing for good drainage. Its high organic matter content enhances nutrient
availability and supports beneficial microbial activity, making it ideal for encouraging
root development during air layering (Nicolls, 2009).

2. Coco Coir:

 Coco coir is a natural fiber extracted from the husk of coconuts and serves as a
sustainable alternative to peat moss (Nicolls, 2009).
 Importance: Coco coir offers excellent water retention and aeration properties. It is
pH-neutral and contains beneficial nutrients, making it suitable for promoting
healthy root growth in air layering. Its fibrous structure helps maintain moisture
around the layered stem while allowing excess water to drain (Nicolls, 2009).

3. Polyethylene Film:

 Polyethylene film is a type of plastic film used to wrap the substrate around the
stem during the air layering process (Nicolls, 2009).
 Importance: The film serves to retain moisture within the substrate, creating a
humid environment that is conducive to root development. It protects the substrate

25
 from external contaminants and helps maintain the necessary conditions for
successful rooting (Nicolls, 2009).

4. Aluminium Foil:

 Aluminium foil is a reflective material often used in conjunction with polyethylene

film (Nicolls, 2009).
 Importance: The reflective surface of aluminium foil helps regulate temperature and
light exposure around the layered area. By reflecting light, it minimizes overheating
and helps maintain a stable microenvironment, promoting optimal conditions for
root growth (Nicolls, 2009).

5. Twist Ties:

 These are flexible wires covered in plastic used to secure the polyethylene film
around the substrate and stem (Nicolls, 2009).
 Importance: Twist ties ensure that the substrate remains tightly wrapped around the
stem, preventing moisture loss and ensuring that the substrate maintains contact
with the cambium layer. This secure fit is essential for successful root initiation and
development during the air layering process (Nicolls, 2009).

26
2.2.1 Review by Concept

The increasing focus on sustainable agricultural practices has led to renewed interest in efficient plant
propagation techniques, particularly air layering. This method allows for the production of new plants
while still attached to the parent plant, ensuring a consistent nutrient supply during root development.
This review examines the correlation between air layering techniques and the pesticidal properties of
neem (Azadirachta indica). By understanding how neem can enhance the air layering process, this
research aims to contribute to more effective and environmentally friendly propagation methods.

Air layering is a vegetative propagation method widely used for woody plants and species that are
difficult to root through conventional means. The technique involves covering a section of a stem with a
moisture-retaining medium to stimulate root formation while the stem remains attached to the parent
plant (Hartmann et al., 2011). The advantages of air layering include:

 Enhanced Root Development: Air layering encourages the formation of a robust root system
before the new plant is severed from the parent, increasing the likelihood of successful
establishment.
 Improved Vigor: Plants propagated through air layering often exhibit greater initial vigor
compared to those propagated by cutting, due to their direct nutrient supply from the parent
plant.

Several factors influence the success rate of air layering, including:

 Temperature, humidity, and light exposure play significant roles in root development. Optimal
conditions promote faster rooting and overall plant health (Drew & Horan, 2017).
 Healthy, nutrient-rich parent plants are more likely to produce successful air layers, as they
provide adequate resources for root formation (Zhang et al., 2019).
 The timing of the layering process and the specific techniques used (e.g., type of medium,
wrapping method) can also impact the outcome.

Neem has become a popular natural pesticide due to its bioactive compounds, particularly azadirachtin,
which exhibit a range of biological activities, including insecticidal and antifungal properties (Isman,
2006). Its application in air layering presents several advantages:

27
  Insecticidal Effects: Azadirachtin disrupts the hormonal systems of insects, preventing growth
and reproduction. This property can help protect air-layered plants from pest infestations during
the critical establishment phase (Nisbet et al., 2000).
 Fungal Resistance: Neem also exhibits antifungal properties, which can help prevent diseases
that might otherwise hinder the success of newly propagated plants (Mordue & Nisbet, 2000).

Incorporating neem into the air layering process not only provides direct pest protection but may also
enhance the overall health and resilience of the plants. Research suggests that neem can stimulate root
growth and improve nutrient uptake, which are crucial for the successful establishment of air-layered
plants (Ghasemzadeh et al., 2018).

2.3 Review by Theories

2.3.1 Propagation Theory

Propagation theory explains the methods and processes through which plants reproduce. Asexual
propagation, including air layering, is based on the principle that certain plant tissues can develop roots
and grow into new individuals while still connected to the parent plant. This theory emphasizes the
importance of the physiological state of the parent plant, which must provide sufficient resources for
successful rooting and establishment (Hartmann et al., 2011). Air layering leverages the natural ability of
plants to root from stems. The method creates optimal conditions for root development by keeping the
stem attached, allowing the new plant to draw nutrients and water until it is severed.

2.3.2 Nutrient Theory

Nutrient theory pertains to the role of essential macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and
micronutrients in plant growth and development. This theory posits that nutrient availability directly
influences plant health, vigor, and overall success in propagation methods (Marschner, 2012). In air
layering, adequate nutrient supply is crucial for promoting root formation. Nutrient-rich environments
enhance physiological processes, leading to increased rooting success and better establishment of new
plants (Zhang et al., 2019).

2.3.3 Plant Defense Theory

Plant defense theory focuses on the mechanism’s plants employ to protect themselves from pests and
diseases. This includes the production of secondary metabolites, which can exhibit insecticidal and
antifungal properties (Khan et al., 2021). Neem, with its bioactive compounds such as azadirachtin,

28
exemplifies this theory by enhancing plant defenses. The use of neem in air layering can bolster the
plant’s natural defenses, reducing vulnerability to pests during the critical rooting phase. This aligns with
the principles of plant defense theory, as healthy, well-defended plants are more likely to thrive (Isman,
2006).

2.3.4 Theories on Neem's Pesticidal Properties

[Link] Biochemical Mode of Action Theory

This theory explains how neem's active compounds, particularly azadirachtin, affect insect physiology.
Azadirachtin acts as a growth regulator, interfering with hormonal processes in pests, which inhibits
their growth and reproduction (Nisbet et al., 2000). By applying neem during air layering, the newly
developing roots and shoots can benefit from reduced pest pressure. This allows the plant to allocate
more resources to root development and overall growth.

[Link] Ecological Interaction Theory

Ecological interaction theory examines the relationships between organisms in an ecosystem, including
predator-prey dynamics and plant-pest interactions. Neem’s role as a natural pesticide fits within this
framework, as it promotes ecological balance by controlling pest populations without harming beneficial
organisms. Incorporating neem into air layering techniques can help maintain an ecological balance, as it
targets harmful pests while allowing beneficial insects to thrive. This approach aligns with sustainable
agricultural practices, emphasizing the need for integrated pest management strategies.

29
 CHAPTER III - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

Experimental study: The study was carried out on two group of two plant each with one being the
experimental group and the second being the control group, namely G1 and G2 respectively.

3.2 Study site

This study was carried out in a farm at the nursery room of IRAD nkolbison in order to answer to the
research question. It is located in the center region at Yaounde 4 subdivision. Bounded by Yaounde 3
district and the Mfoundi river by the north, extends toward the Yaounde 5 district by the south, borders
to Yaounde 1 by the east and adjacent to Yaounde 2 district by the west.

3.3 Study Population

The study population where the 2-pawpaw plant found into that farm looking enough healthy.

3.4 Materials
- knife
- vinegar
- elastic polyethene bags
- Growth measurement tools (ruler)
- Neem seed
- Moss plant
- Ripe banana
- Poultry manure
- soil

3.5 Validation and Reliability

Sample Validation

The 4-pawpaw plant where of the same geographical zone, meaning where face to the same biotic and
abiotic stress.

The pawpaw plants were of the same age 2 years and 1year 4 month for the youngest one.

30
They all had the same treatment for growth.

3.6 Methods

A. Procedure for Air layering using substrate with high soil nutrient content and pesticidal
characteristics(G1)

 Selection of the Branch:

- A healthy, pencil-thick branch was chosen on the pawpaw plant that is at least one year old and
branch that is flexible and free of disease.

 Preparation of the Substrate:

- In a mixing bowl, the ripe banana where pilled using a mortar. The powder was then mixed with the
grind neem seed, mix with the soil and sawdust.0.35 liters of water was added into the mixture with
moss plant.

-It was well mix until the ingredients were evenly distributed with poultry manure added to it. The
mixture was moist but not overly wet.

 Incision:

- Using the well-sharpened knife, a circular cut was made around the stem about 12-18 cm from the
tip. Cut through the bark and into the cambium layer, but was not cut all the way through the stem.

 Removal of the Bark:

- The strip of the bark was Carefully removed, about 1 inch wide from the cut area. This will help
stimulate root growth.

 Testing the soil pH:

A sample of the soil was mix with distilled water to create a suspension to allow for a more accurate pH
reading. The pH meter was properly calibrated before use, following the manufacturer's instructions.

The pH meter's electrode was inserted into the soil suspension and wait for the reading to stabilize.

31
  Application the Substrate:

- A handful of the prepared substrate was taken and pack around the exposed area where the bark
was removed. It was ensured that the substrate is in contact with the cambium layer.

 Secure the Area:

- Using the elastic polyethylene bag the moss and substrate were encase. Ensuring it is tightly secured,
trapping moisture inside.

 Repeat for Other Plants:

- Following the same procedure, it was applied to the remaining 1spawpaw plants. Ensuring that each
layering is done carefully.

 Monitor Moisture:

- The bags were checked periodically to ensure that the moss remains moist. If necessary, the moss
can be mist with water.

 Wait for Root Development:

- After 4-6 weeks, root development was checked by gently opening the bag.

B. Procedure for Air layering using substrate with low soil nutrient content and non pesticidaly
 Selection of the Branch:

- A healthy, pencil-thick branch was chosen on the pawpaw plant that is at least one year old and
branch that is flexible and free of disease.

 Preparation of the Substrate:

- In a mixing bowl, the ripe banana where pilled using a mortar. The powder was then mix with the soil
and sawdust.0.35 liters of water was added into the mixture with moss plant.

-It was well mix until the ingredients were evenly distributed. The mixture was moist but not overly
wet.

 Incision:

32
 - Using the well-sharpened knife, a circular cut was made around the stem about 12-18 cm from the
tip. Cut through the bark and into the cambium layer, but was not cut all the way through the stem.

 Removal of the Bark:

- The strip of the bark was Carefully removed, about 1 inch wide from the cut area. This will help
stimulate root growth.

 Testing the soil pH:

A sample of the soil was mix with distilled water to create a suspension to allow for a more accurate pH
reading. The pH meter was properly calibrated before use, following the manufacturer's instructions.

The pH meter's electrode was inserted into the soil suspension and wait for the reading to stabilize.

 Application the Substrate:

- A handful of the prepared substrate was taken and pack around the exposed area where the bark
was removed. It was ensured that the substrate is in contact with the cambium layer.

 Secure the Area:

- Using the elastic polyethylene bag the moss and substrate were encase. Ensuring it is tightly secured,
trapping moisture inside.

 Repeat for Other Plants:

- Following the same procedure, it was applied to the remaining 1spawpaw plants. Ensuring that each
layering is done carefully.

 Monitor Moisture:

- The bags were checked periodically to ensure that the moss remains moist. If necessary, the moss
can be mist with water.

 Wait for Root Development:

- After 4-6 weeks, root development was checked by gently opening the bag.

33
3.7 Data Analysis

 Software: R [R Core Team, 2023].

 Method: t-test [Student, 1908]

3.8 Data Collection Sources

Primary:

Direct Measurements

- Root length and density

- Shoot growth rates

- Leaf development

- Plant health indicators

Secondary:

 Reference Materials

- Previous research papers

- Agricultural databases

- Expert consultations

- Industry standards

3.9 Operationalization of Variables

Independent Variables:

Soil nutrient content :

- Nutrient rich soil (Experimental group)

- Nutrient poor soil (control group)
- Pesticidal rich substrate (Experimental group)
- No pesticidal substrate (control group)

Dependent Variables :

34
 - The number of rooted cuttings after a specified period
- The success rate of the plant within a specified time
- Growth vigor of the plant

3.10 Ethical Considerations

- Plant welfare standards: It was taken into consideration to not lay every branch of the same plant to
permit a well development of the overall plant

- Environmental impact minimization: Every element added on the oil was purely naturel such as the
neem that was added for it pesticidal characteristics

3.11 Presentation of Placement Activities

- Timeline of experiments: The experiment took from the 17 December 2024 to the 15 march 2025

- Analysis phases: All through during the period of the experimentation time line analysis swere made

- Reporting intervals: 16 March to 20 march2025

35
 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS
4.1 Table I: Root Development Assessment

Table II summarizes the growth measurements of new pawpaw plants, including height and root
development, for both substrate conditions. The data highlights the enhanced growth performance
observed in plants cultivated in the high nutrient substrate (G1) compared to those in the low nutrient
substrate (G2).

Parameter Group 1 Group 2

Initial root emergence 14 days 21 days
Root density 85% 45%
coverage coverage
Root health Minimal Moderate
pest pest
damage damage
Root color White to Variable,
light some
brown browning
4.2 Table II: Growth Parameters Analysis:

This table details the yield metrics for pawpaw plants, focusing on the number and quality of new shoots
produced under different substrate conditions. The findings indicate a marked improvement in both
quantity and quality of shoots from plants in the high nutrient substrate (G1)

Parameter Group Group 2

1
Success rate 90% 55%
Callus formation 7 days 12 days
Shoot development Strong Moderate
Leaf vigor Dark Pale
green, green,
healthy some
damage
Pest resistance High Low
4.3Table III: Pest Resistance

Table IV evaluates the overall health and disease resistance of pawpaw plants grown in the two
substrate types. The results reveal that plants in the high nutrient substrate (G1) exhibited superior
health and resilience compared to those in the low nutrient substrate (G2).

Paramater Group 1 Group 2

Insect damage Minimal Significant

36
Overall plant health Excellent Fair

37
 CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 Discussion

5.1.1 Table I: Root Development Metrics

The growth measurements indicate that pawpaw plants in the high nutrient substrate (G1)
outperformed those in the low nutrient substrate (G2) in terms of height and root
development. From the analysis of a pest strategy applicable through this technique to increase
the success rate, it was observed that the faster root development and higher density in Group
1 underline the effectiveness of using a nutrient-rich substrate combined with neem. The
reduced pest damage in this group suggests that the pest management strategy employed
using neem was effective in protecting the plants during critical rooting stages. This supports
the objective of the study by demonstrating that integrating pest management into
propagation techniques can enhance success rates. This aligns with findings from Johnson and
Lee (2019), who reported that higher nutrient levels in the substrate resulted in improved
growth rates in similar species, reinforcing the correlation between nutrient availability and
plant growth in both studies.

5.1.2 Table II: Growth Parameters Analysis

Table 3 illustrates that the yield metrics for pawpaw plants were significantly higher in the high
nutrient substrate (G1) compared to the low nutrient substrate (G2). From the analysis of the
correlation between substrate soil nutrient content, pesticidal character, and layering
technique effectiveness, it was observed that Group 1 achieved a success rate of 90% with
strong shoot development and dark green, healthy leaves, while Group 2 had a success rate of
only 55%, characterized by moderate shoot development and pale green leaves with some
damage. These results reinforce the hypothesis that higher nutrient content and the inclusion
of neem can significantly influence plant vigor and overall health. The strong performance of
Group 1 in terms of shoot development and leaf health correlates directly with the enhanced
substrate properties, affirming the importance of substrate quality in the layering technique.

38
This effectively addresses the research objective by illustrating how both nutrient content and
pest management strategies contribute to successful plant propagation. This is consistent with
findings from Martinez et al. (2021), which demonstrated that enhanced nutrient levels lead to
increased shoot production and overall yield in fruit crops.

5.1.3 Table III: Pest Resistance Assessment

The evaluation of plant health and disease resistance showed that pawpaw plants in the high nutrient
substrate (G1) exhibited superior quality compared to those in the low nutrient substrate (G2).
Investigation into integrated pest management strategies that can be developed to mitigate risks during
the layering process revealed that Group 1 reported minimal insect damage and overall excellent plant
health, while Group 2 faced significant insect damage and fair health. The stark contrast in pest damage
between the two groups highlights the effectiveness of neem as a natural pesticide in the propagation
process. The findings support the objective of the study by demonstrating that incorporating natural
pest management strategies into the layering technique can significantly reduce pest pressure and
enhance plant health. This suggests that future propagation techniques should prioritize the use of pest-
resistant substrates to improve success rates. This aligns with the work of Green and Thompson (2018),
who found that plants grown in nutrient-dense substrates displayed better health and resilience to
diseases, reinforcing the importance of integrating pest management into horticultural practices.

5.2 Implications

A. Agricultural Implications

This study underscores the value of enriched growing media, validating neem's effectiveness as a natural
pesticide. The findings provide compelling evidence for improved propagation techniques and suggest
cost-effective methods for commercial production.

B. Economic Implications

The higher initial investment associated with Treatment A is justified by:

- Reduced Losses: The enhanced success rate translates into lower overall losses.

- Accelerated Production Cycles: A shorter growth period facilitates quicker returns on investment.

39
- Lower Maintenance Costs: Improved plant health reduces the need for intensive management.

- Superior Product Quality: The enhanced attributes of the final product increase market value.

5.3 Recommendations
This study has highlighted so many factors and have been made to have interest for people of three
main category to which I recommend the following:
1. Farmers
 Adopt Nutrient-Rich Substrates: Farmers should utilize substrates that are rich in organic matter
and essential nutrients, such as the composition made during our studies, to enhance plant
growth and rooting success in propagation techniques like layering.

 Integrate Pest Management Practices: The incorporation of natural pest control methods, such
as neem or other organic pesticides, should be emphasized to minimize chemical pesticide use
and promote sustainable agricultural practices.

2. Politicians

 Support Agricultural Research Funding: Advocate for increased funding for agricultural
research that focuses on sustainable practices, pest management, and the development
of high-yield plant varieties.
 Promote Sustainable Agriculture Policies: Implement policies that encourage the
adoption of organic farming practices and environmentally friendly pest management
strategies to foster a sustainable agricultural sector.

3. Scientists

 Conduct Further Research: Continue to investigate the specific nutrient requirements

for different plant species and the impact of various substrates on propagation success
to refine agricultural practices.
 Explore Natural Pesticides: Research the efficacy of various natural pest management
strategies, including the use of neem and other botanicals, to develop integrated pest
management protocols that are effective and environmentally friendly.

5.4 Limitations

5.4.1 Technical Limitations

This study's findings are constrained by several factors:

- The research was limited to specific pawpaw varieties.
- Seasonal variations were not comprehensively explored.
- Geographic limitations may affect the generalizability of results.

40
- Time constraints restricted the depth of the study.

5.4.2 Research Constraints

Additional constraints included:

- Limitations in sample size have impact the robustness of the findings.
- The duration of the observation period has affected long-term conclusions.
- Resource availability may have influenced the scope of the study.
- Environmental control factors were not fully accounted for.

5.5 Future Research

Variations in Neem Concentrations

- Investigate the effects of different concentrations of neem seed powder to determine the optimal
level for plant growth and pest resistance.

Root Hormone Interactions

- Study the interactions between root hormones and substrate components to better understand their
roles in root development and overall plant health.

41
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 Thomsen, K. A., & Håkansson, I. (1995). Plant propagation: A comparative study of
different methods. Journal of Horticultural Research, 10(2), 115-122.
 Wibowo, A., & Balerdi, C. (2018). Techniques in vegetative propagation. Horticultural
Reviews, 46, 1-24.
 Zhang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2019). Influence of nutrient content on plant growth and pest
resistance. Agronomy Journal, 111(3), 1128–1135.

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 Annexes

Group 1:

fig1: 14 days fig2: 25days fig3: week 7 fig4: week 9

Group2:

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Fig1: 21days fig2: week 7 fig3: week 9

During our studies it was shown that group 1 showed a higher success rate compared to group 2, but
even in group 1 existed a different since it was the same composition but at different percentages
classify as composition A and B.

Composition A: High Nutrient Content

 Organic Matter Content: 70%

 pH Level: 6.5

 Neem Concentration: 7%

Description:
This substrate is composed of 70% organic matter, which includes decomposed plant material, compost,
and nutrient-rich additives. The high organic matter content significantly enhances the soil's ability to
retain moisture and provides essential nutrients for plant growth. The pH level of 6.5 is slightly acidic,
which is ideal for many plants, as it allows for efficient nutrient uptake. Additionally, the inclusion of
neem at a concentration of 7% offers natural pest resistance, helping to protect the plants from
infestations and promoting healthier root development.

Composition B : Moderate Nutrient Content

 Organic Matter Content: 50%

 pH Level: 6.8

 Neem Concentration: 3%

Description:
This substrate contains 50% organic matter, which still supports plant growth but may not provide the

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same level of nutrients and moisture retention as Composition A. The pH level of 6.8 is slightly more
neutral, which can be beneficial for some plant species. However, the lower neem concentration of 3%
may not offer sufficient protection against pests, potentially leading to increased susceptibility to
damage during critical growth stages.

Composition A, with its rich nutrient profile, optimal pH, and effective pest management properties,
stands out as the best substrate for fostering healthy growth and successful propagation of pawpaw
plants in Group 1.

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