METHODOLOGY
SAMPLING DESIGN
RESPONDENTS AND PLACE OF THE STUDY
Under this section, the researchers must explain how and where the subjects will be taken/
selected. A brief description of the respondents is presented and how they will be selected. The
research locale or locality – where and when the study will be conducted. Write brief background
about the research location and state reasons of selecting the research location.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
It is mainly used in quantitative research. If you want to produce results that are representative of
the whole population, probability sampling techniques are the most valid choice.
There are two types of sampling methods: Probability sampling involves random selection,
allowing you to make strong statistical inferences about the whole group. Non-probability
sampling involves non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria, allowing you to
easily collect data
SAMPLING SIZE The sample size is a term used in research for defining the number of
subjects included in a sample size. By sample size, we understand a group of subjects that are
selected from the general population and is considered a representative of the real population for
that specific study.
What is G power analysis?
G*Power is a tool to compute statistical power analyses for many different t tests, F tests,
χ2 tests, z tests and some exact tests. G*Power can also be used to compute effect sizes
and to display graphically the results of power analyses.
Note: For qualitative research, minimum of 13 samples
It has previously been recommended that qualitative studies require a minimum sample size of
at least 12 to reach data saturation (Clarke & Braun, 2013; Fugard & Potts, 2014; Guest, Bunce,
& Johnson, 2006) Therefore, a sample of 13 was deemed sufficient for the qualitative analysis
and scale of this study.
RESEARCH DESIGN
NATURE OF RESEARCH DESIGN
The plan of a research study
• The method of research that will be used should be explained and defined briefly.
• The procedural part of the method, its appropriateness to the study and some of its advantages
should be properly and briefly discussed.
• It should be noted that the researcher should carefully choose the appropriate research design
of the study by carefully examining the research problem.
Three Basic Research Design:
1. Descriptive Research – it is a research design wherein events are recorded, described,
interpreted, analyzed, and compared. Its objective is to describe systematically a situation,
condition, or area of interest factually and accurately. It includes observation, survey,
interviews, standardized tests, and case studies.
Correlational Research is commonly employed - the aim is to describe the strength of
relationship between two or more events, variables, or characteristics.
2. Historical Research – a research design wherein past events are studied and related
to the present or in the future time. Its purpose is to reconstruct the past objectively and
accurately.
3. Experimental Research – a research design wherein the cause-and-effect relationship
of a treatment or condition is being tested.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
A Research Instrument is a tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to your
research interests.
Most common example: survey questionnaires, interview guide, scales/tests
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
PRIMARY DATA. Data that come from an original source, and are intended to answer specific
research questions, can be taken by interview, mail-in questionnaire, survey or experimentation.
SECONDARY DATA. Data that are taken from previously recorded data, such as information in
research conducted, industry financial statements, business periodicals, and government reports.
DATA COLLECTION
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
• Direct or Interview Method. Face to face encounter between the interviewer and the
interviewee.
• INDIRECT or QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD. Utilized questionnaire to obtain information.
Through mail or hand carried to the intended respondents.
• OBSERVATION METHOD. Pertains to behaviors of an individual or group at the time of
occurrence in a given situation.
• EXPERIMENTAL METHOD. Used to determine the cause-and-effect relationship of
certain phenomena under controlled conditions. Based on scientific research
The researcher must narrate, step by step, how the research questionnaires will be distributed
among the respondents, explain the adoption, construction, and validation of research instrument.
Instruments includes tests, questionnaires, interview guidelines.
The narration must begin with the task of asking formal permission to conduct the study in the
selected research locale, the targeted date of administering the questionnaires, tabulation, and
analysis.
For Quantitative Data use SCALES and STATISTICAL TREATMENT
SCALES AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT
Choosing the appropriate statistical test is largely dependent on the kind of data involved in the
study. Statistical treatment of data greatly depends on the kind of experiment and the desired
result from the experiment.
For this analysis, there are five to choose from: mean, standard deviation, regression,
hypothesis testing, and sample size determination.
For Qualitative Data use DATA ANALYSIS
Note: For qualitative research, use thematic analysis/coding and no need for statistical treatment.
Thematic analysis is a method for analyzing qualitative data that entails searching across a
data set to identify, analyze, and report repeated patterns (Braun and Clarke 2006). It is a
method for describing data, but it also involves interpretation in the processes of selecting codes
and constructing themes