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DRIVES THEORY
1) Explain different parts of Electric Drives with neat block diagram
The system which is used for controlling the mo on of an electrical machine, such type of
system is called an electrical drive.
Power Modulator – The power modulator regulates the output power of the source. It
controls the power from the source to the motor in such a manner that motor transmits the
speed-torque characteris c required by the load. During the transient opera ons like
star ng, braking and speed reversing the excessive current drawn from the source. This
excessive current drawn from the source may overload it or may cause a voltage drop. Hence
the power modulator restricts the source and motor current.
Control Unit – The control unit controls the power modulator which operates at small
voltage and power levels. The control unit also operates the power modulator as desired. It
also generates the commands for the protec on of power modulator and motor. An input
command signal which adjusts the opera ng point of the drive, from an input to the control
unit.
Sensing Unit – It senses the certain drive parameter like motor current and speed. It mainly
required either for protec on or for closed loop opera on.
Motor -Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
2) Derive fundamental torque equa on
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3) Explain 4 quadrant opera on of a motor driving a hoist load with neat
diagram
Four Quadrant Opera on of any drives or DC Motor means that the machine operates in four
quadrants. They are Forward Braking, Forward motoring, Reverse motoring and Reverse
braking.
A motor operates in two modes – Motoring and Braking. A motor drive capable of opera ng
in both direc ons of rota on and of producing both motoring and regenera on is called a
Four Quadrant variable speed drive.
In the I quadrant power developed is posi ve and the machine is working as a motor
supplying mechanical energy. The I (first) quadrant opera on is called Forward Motoring. II
(second) quadrant opera on is known as Braking. In this quadrant, the direc on of rota on
is posi ve, and the torque is nega ve, and thus, the machine operates as a generator
developing a nega ve torque, which opposes the mo on.
The kine c energy of the rota ng parts is available as electrical energy which may be
supplied back to the mains. In dynamic braking, the energy is dissipated in the resistance.
The III (third) quadrant opera on is known as the reverse motoring. The motor works, in the
reverse direc on. Both the speed and the torque have nega ve values while the power is
posi ve.
In the IV (fourth) quadrant, the torque is posi ve, and the speed is nega ve. This quadrant
corresponds to the braking in the reverse motoring mode.
4) Explain components ,nature and classifica on of load torque
Classifica on of Load Torques:
Various load torques can be classified into broad categories.
i) Ac ve load torques
ii) Passive load torques
Load torques which has the poten al to drive the motor under equilibrium condi ons are
called ac ve load torques. Such load torques usually retain their sign when the drive rota on
is changed ( reversed)
Eg:
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i) Torque due to force of gravity
ii) Torque due tension
iii) Torque due to compression and torsion etc
Load torques which always oppose the mo on and change their sign on the reversal of
mo on are called passive load torques
Eg: Torque due to fric on, cu ng etc.
Components of Load Torques:
The load torque T1 can be further divided in to following components
ii) Fric on Torque (TF ):
Fric on will be present at the motor sha and also in various parts of the load. TF is the
equivalent value of various fric on torques referred to the motor sha .
iii) Windage Torque (Tw )
When motor runs, wind generates a torque opposing the mo on. This is known as windage
torque.
Torque required to do useful mechanical work
Nature of this torque depends upon par cular applica on. It may be constant and
independent of speed. It may be some func on of speed, it may be me invariant or me
variant, its nature may also change with the load’s mode of opera on
5) Concept of Steady state stability
Equilibrium speed of motor-load system can be obtained when motor torque equals the load
torque. Electric drive system will operate in steady state at this speed, provided it is the
speed of stable state equilibrium.
6) Explain load equaliza on
Load equalisa on is the process of smoothing the fluctua ng load. The fluctuate load draws
heavy current from the supply during the peak interval and also cause a large voltage drop in
the system due to which the equipment may get damage. In load equalisa on, the energy is
stored at light load, and this energy is u lised when the peak load occurs. Thus, the electrical
power from the supply remains constant.
The problem of load fluctua on can be overcome by using the fl[Link] flying wheel is
mounted on a motor sha in non-reversible drives. In variable speed and reversible drive, a
flywheel cannot be mounted on the motor sha as it will increase the transient me of the
drive. If the motor is fed from the motor generator set, then flywheel mounted on the motor
generator sha and hence equalises the load on the source but not load on the motor.
When the load is light, the flywheel accelerated and stored the excess energy drawn from
the supply. During the peak load, the flying wheel decelerates and supply the stored energy
to the load along with the supply energy. Hence the power remains constant, and the load
demand is reduced.
Moment of iner a of the flying wheel required for load equalisa on is calculated as follows.
7) Difference between ac ve load and passive load
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Ac ve Load Torque:
Represents torque that could poten ally drive the motor under certain condi ons.
Maintains its sign even when the direc on of motor rota on is reversed.
Examples:
o Gravity ac ng on a descending load (like a funicular railway)
o Tension in a hois ng cable
Passive Load Torque:
Always acts in opposi on to the motor's rota on.
Changes its sign when the motor rota on direc on is reversed.
Examples:
o Fric on between moving parts
o Wind resistance on a vehicle
o Pumping ac on of a fluid
Here's an analogy to help understand the difference:
Imagine a cyclist riding a bike (the motor).
o An ac ve load would be like riding downhill (gravity assis ng the cyclist).
o A passive load would be like riding uphill (wind resistance opposing the cyclist).
8) Explain phase locked loop scheme with neat diagram
Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is one of the vital blocks in linear systems. It is useful in
communica on systems such as radars, satellites, FMs, etc.
Block Diagram of PLL
A Phase Locked Loop (PLL) mainly consists of the following three blocks −
Phase Detector
Ac ve Low Pass Filter
Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
The block diagram of PLL is shown in the following figure −
The output of a phase detector is applied as an input of ac ve low pass filter. Similarly, the
output of ac ve low pass filter is applied as an input of VCO.
The working of a PLL is as follows −
Phase detector produces a DC voltage, which is propor onal to the phase difference
between the input signal having frequency of fin𝑓𝑖𝑛 and feedback (output) signal having
frequency of fout𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡.
A Phase detector is a mul plier and it produces two frequency components at its output −
sum of the frequencies fin𝑓𝑖𝑛 and fout𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡 and difference of frequencies fin𝑓𝑖𝑛 & fout𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡.
An ac ve low pass filter produces a DC voltage at its output, a er elimina ng high frequency
component present in the output of the phase detector. It also amplifies the signal.
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A VCO produces a signal having a certain frequency, when there is no input applied to it. This
frequency can be shi ed to either side by applying a DC voltage to it. Therefore, the
frequency devia on is directly propor onal to the DC voltage present at the output of a low
pass filter.
The above opera ons take place un l the VCO frequency equals to the input signal
frequency. Based on the type of applica on, we can use either the output of ac ve low pass
filter or output of a VCO. PLLs are used in many applica ons such as FM demodulator, clock
generator etc.
PLL operates in one of the following three modes −
Free running mode
Capture mode
Lock mode
Ini ally, PLL operates in free running mode when no input is applied to it. When an input
signal having some frequency is applied to PLL, then the output signal frequency of VCO will
start change. At this stage, the PLL is said to be opera ng in the capture mode. The output
signal frequency of VCO will change con nuously un l it is equal to the input signal
frequency. Now, it is said to be PLL is opera ng in the lock mode.
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