Simple-Complex-Compound
Definition : †h kã mgwó (a group of words) GKwU c~Y© A_© cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Sentence
e‡j|
Examples :
(i) He is a good man.
(ii) Does he have much money?
Structure Abymv‡i Sentence-Gi cÖKvi‡f`
MVb Abymv‡i Sentence †K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq :
1. Simple Sentence (mij evK¨) : †h Sentence GKwU gvÎ Subject Ges GKwU gvÎ
Finite Verb Øviv MwVZ Zv‡K Simple Sentence e‡j|
Examples :
(i) The boys are playing football in the field.
(ii) The fan moves slowly.
(iii) Keya has done well in the examination.
2. Complex Sentence (RwUj evK¨) : †h Sentence-G GKwU
Principal/Independent Clause QvovI GK ev GKvwaK Sub-ordinate Clause
_v‡K hv Clause marker-Gi gva¨‡g Principal Clause-Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq Zv‡K
Complex Sentence e‡j|
Complex Sentence (†Pbvi Dcvq) : When, who, where, which, how, if, as
if, unless, so that, so ...... that, why, where, what, as, because, since,
though, although, till, until, before, after cÖf…wZ Clause Marker Øviv
Complex Sentence †Pbv hvq|
Examples :
(i) When he came here, I decided to go.
Sub-ordinate Principal clause
(ii) I bought a pen which was read.
Principal Sub-ordinate clause
3. Compound Sentence (†hŠwMK evK¨): GKvwaK Co-ordinate Clause Øviv hy³
Sentence- †K Compound Sentence e‡j| GB ai‡bi Senctence-G cÖwZ Clause-
B Independent n‡q _v‡K|
Compound Sentence (†Pbvi Dcvq) : And, but, or, as well as, either......
or, nor, yet, so, therefore, neither..... nor cÖf…wZ Co-ordinating
Conjunction Øviv Compound Sentence n‡q _v‡K|
Examples :
(i) He came here and I decided to go.
(ii) He went to the station and bought a ticket.
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Rules of Transformations
Rule-1
But hy³ compound sentence-†K Though ev Although Øviv Complex Ges
Inspite of I Despite Øviv Simple sentence-G iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
i) Cd : He is poor but he is honest.
Cx : Though he is poor, he is honest.
Sim : Inspite of his (subject-Gi possessive form) being poor
(possessive-Gi ci verb _vK‡j adjective), he is honest.
Or, Inspite of his poverty (possessive-Gi ci verb bv _vK‡j noun), he is
honest.
(ii) Cd : He was terribly unhappy but he did not blame anybody.
Cx : Although he was terribly unhappy, he did not blame anybody.
Sim : Inspite of his being terribly unhappy, he did not blame anybody.
Rule-2
Or hy³ compound sentence-†K If you do not.... hy³ (negative), sub + ........
Øviv Complex Ges Without + (v + ing) ...... sub + ..... Øviv Simple
sentence-Gi iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
(i) Cd : Study hard or fail.
Cx : If you do not study hard, you will fail.
Sim : Without studying hard, you will fail.
(ii) Cd : Leave this room or I will compel you to do so.
Cx : If you do not leave this room, I will compel you to do so.
Sim : Without leaving this room, I will compel you to do so.
Rule-3
Verb ....... and hy³ compound sentence -†K If you do/ did ...... hy³
(affirmative), sub + ..... Øviv Complex Ges (By + v + ing) .... sub +
..... Øviv Simple sentence-Gi iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
i) Cd : Do the work and I shall pay you a handsome amount.
Cx : If you do the work, I shall pay you a handsome amount.
Sim : By doing the work, I shall pay you a handsome amount.
ii) Cd: Follow my example and he will feel better.
Cx: If he follows my example, he will feel better.
Sim: By following my example, he will feel better.
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Rule-4
Subject GKB Ges 'and' Øviv hy³ compound sentence-†K When/ as/ since
hy³ K‡i Complex (v + ing) .... sub + .... Øviv Simple sentence G iƒcvšÍi
Kiv nq|
i) Cd : We went to his office and we found him absent.
Cx : When we went to his office, we found him absent.
Sim : Going to his office, we found him absent.
ii) Cd : He heard the news and wrote to me.
Cx : When he heard the news, he wrote to me.
Sim : Hearing the news, he wrote to me.
Rule-5
Subject Avjv`v Ges and Øviv hy³ sentence-†K When as/ since hy³ K‡i
Complex Ges At the time of + possessive hy³ K‡i Simple sentence G
iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
i) Cd : He woke up and it was raining.
Cx : When he woke up, it was raining.
Sim : At the time of his waking up, it was raining.
ii) Cd : The marriage ceremony was over and the guests were all going
to the feast.
Cx : When the marriage ceremony was over, the guests were all going
to the feast.
Sim : At the marriage ceremony's being over, the guests were all
going the feast.
Rule-6:
Very .... and hy³ compound sentence-†K so ..... that + sub + any tense
.... Øviv Complex Ges too ..... to + v. Simple sentence G iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
i) Cd : He is very honest and he will not accept bribe.
Cx : He is so honest that he will not accept bribe.
Sim : He is too honest to accept bribe.
ii) Cd : The news is very good and it cannot be true.
Cx : The news is so good that it cannot be true.
Sim : The news is too good to be true.
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Rule-7
And + sub + want/ wanted .... hy³ compound sentence-†K so that + sub
+ can/ could Complex Ges to/ in order to + v .... Øviv Simple sentence
G iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
i) Cd : He studied hard and he wanted to pass.
Cx : He studied hard so that he could pass.
Sim : He studied hard to pass.
ii) Cd : The officer left the job and he wanted to avoid punisment.
Cx : The officer left the job so that he could avoid punishment.
Sim: The officer left the job to avoid punishment.
Rule-8
That hy³ Complex sentence-†K and Øviv compound Ges to + v ...... Øviv
Simple sentence G iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
i) Cx : It was much regretted that she was absent.
Cd : It was much regretted and she was absent.
Sim : It was much regretted to be absent.
ii) Cd : I have changed my decision and I shall go to the cinema to night.
Cx : I have changed my decision that I shall go to the cinema to night.
Sim : I have changed my decision to go to the cinema to night.
Rule-9
and hy³ Compound sentence-†K Beside + (v + ing) ......., hy³ K‡i Simple
sentence Ges not only ....... but also hy³ K‡i Complex sentence G
iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
i) Cd : I gave him money and I gave him good advice.
Cx : I gave him not only money but also good advice.
Sim : Besides giving him money, I gave good advice.
ii) Cd : He not only robbed the passenger but also murdered him.
Cx : besides robbing the passenger, he murdered him.
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Rule-10
As soon as......, /No sooner had ..... than/ Hardly ..... when/ Scarcely
....when hy³ Complex sentence-†K and Øviv compound Ges (v + ing) .....
/At the time of + possessive + v + ing ..... Øviv Simple sentence G iƒcvšÍi
Kiv nq|
i) Cd: The police arrived and the crowd dispersed.
Cx : As soon as the police arrived, the crowd dispersed.
Sim : At the time of the police's arriving, the crowd dispersed.
ii) Cd : He heard the news and he wrote to me.
Cx : Hardly had he heard the news when he wrote to me.
Sim : Hearing the news, he wrote to me.
Rule-11
Noun/ pronoun + Relative pronoun ...... = Complex sentence. e¯‘, wkï
BZ¨vw`i †ÿ‡Î What/ which/ that e‡m|
e¨w³i †ÿ‡Î Who/Whom e‡m| ¯’v‡bi †ÿ‡Î where e‡m|
i) Sim : A drowning man catches at a straw.
Cx : A man who is drowning catches at a straw.
ii) Sim : The reported woman is a spy.
Cx : The woman who is reported is a spy.
Rule-12
hw` As/ Since/ Because Øviv Complex Sentence _v‡K Z‡e Simple Kivi wbqg
i. Main clause wVK _vK‡e| Gi †Kv‡bv iƒc cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e bv|
ii. As/ Since/ Because _vK‡j Zv D‡V Because of em‡e|
iii. †h Clause-Gi mvg‡b Because of em‡e †mLv‡b wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z n‡e|
a. Subject-Gi Possessive form Ki‡Z n‡e|
b. H Clause-Gi mvnvh¨Kvix verb D‡V hv‡e Ges g~j Verb-Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
c. hw` Adjective-†K Noun-G iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq|
Examples :
i. Complex : I was saved because I had shown a true love for all living
thing.
Simple : I was saved because of my having shown a true love for all
living things.
Or, I was saved because of my showing a true love for all living things.
ii. Complex : Since the water was salty, the sailors could not drink it.
Simple : Because of the water being salty, the sailors could not drink it.
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Rule-13
hw` Who/ Which/ That BZ¨vw` Øviv Complex sentence _v‡K Z‡e
Compound sentence Kivi wbqg:
i. Who/ Which/ That-Gi c~e© ch©šÍ wVK _vK‡e|
ii. Who/ Which/ That-Gi c~‡e© and _vK‡e|
iii. Who/ Which/ That D‡V G‡`i cwie‡Z© mvaviY Pronoun em‡e|
iv. hw` cÖ_g Clause-Gi Subject Ges and-Gi c‡ii 2q Clause-Gi Subject GK nq
Z‡e 2q Clause-Gi Subject D‡V hv‡e|
Examples :
i. Complex : The albatross is a big sea bird that brings good luck to the
sailors.
Compound : The albatross is a big sea bird and brings good luck to
the sailors.
ii. Complex : Jerry was an orphan boy who lived in an orphanage.
Compound : Jerry was an orphan boy and lived in an orphanage.
Rule-14
hw` When/ While/ As/ Before/After BZ¨vw` Øviv Complex sentence _v‡K Z‡e
Compound Kivi wbqg :
i. When/ While/ before/ after/ As Øviv MwVZ Clause wU‡K mevi cÖ_‡g When/
While/ before/after/As G‡b BZ¨vw` Zz‡j w`‡Z n‡e| (hw` wcQ‡b _v‡K)|
ii. `y‡Uv Clause-Gi gv‡S and em‡e|
iii. Zvici Main Clause em‡e|
iv. hw` 1g Clause-Gi subject Ges 2q Clause-Gi GKB e¨w³, e¯‘ ev cÖvYx‡K eySvq
Z‡e 2q Clause-Gi subjectwU D‡V hv‡e| GK bv n‡j AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
Example :
i. Complex : When I was a boy, my ankles were sick.
Compound : I was a boy and my ankles were sick.
ii. Complex : My mouth often watered when I saw them.
Compound : I saw them and my mouth had often watered.
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Rule-15
hw` As/ Since/ Because Øviv Complex Sentence _v‡K Z‡e Compound Kivi
wbqg :
i. As, Since, Because Øviv MwVZ ClausewU‡K mevi cÖ_‡g Avb‡Z n‡e| (hw` Zv
wcQ‡b _v‡K)|
ii. As, Since, Because D‡V hv‡e Ges `y‡Uv Clause-Gi gv‡S and em‡e|
iii. 1g Clause-Gi Subject Ges 2q Clause-Gi Subject D‡V hv‡e|
Examples :
i. Complex : As the set of combs is costly, I cannot buy it.
Compound : The set of combs is costly and I cannot buy it.
ii. Complex : Since the water was salty, the sailors could not drink it.
Compound : The water was salty and the sailors could not drink it.
Rule-16
hw` †Kv‡bv Simple Sentence-†K compound Ki‡Z ejv nq Z‡e Zv‡K cÖ_‡g-
Complex-G iƒcvšÍi K‡i wb‡q Zvici Zv‡K compound Ki‡Z n‡e|
Example :
i. Simple : But one day, the sailors saw an albatross flying towards in ship.
Complex : But one day, the sailors saw an albatross which flew
towards the ship.
Compound : But one day, the sailors saw an albatross and it flew
towards the ship.
ii. Simple : The old sailor killed an innocent bird.
Complex : The old sailor killed a bird which was innocent.
Compound : The old sailor killed a bird and it was innocent.
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Simple- Complex- Compound (Practice)
01. The class being over, I talked to my teacher.
Complex: When the class was over, I talked to my teacher.
Or, I talked to my teacher when the class was over.
Compound: The class was over and I talked to my teacher.
02. Seeing the police, the thief ran away.
Cx: When the thief saw the police, he ran away.
Cp: The thief saw the police and (he) ran away
03. The water being salty, I could not drink it.
Cx: Because/As/Since the water was salty, I could not drink it.
Cp: The water was salty and I could not drink it.
04. Having heard the news, he began to weep.
Cx: When he heard the news, he began to weep.
Or, He began to weep when he had heard the news.
Or, he began to weep after he had heard the news.
Cp: He heard the news and (he) began to weep.
Or, He had heard the news and he began to weep.
05. He shut the door and went away.
Sm: Shutting the door, he went away06. The man said this and went
away.
Sm: Saying this, the man went away.
07. I had done the work and went home.
Sm: Doing the work/ Having done the work, I went home.
08. Because of my illness, I could not attend the class.
Cx: Because/As/Since I was ill, I could not attend the class.
Cp: I was ill and (I) could not attend the class.
09. Despite/ In spite of his poverty, he is happy.
Cx: Though he is poor, he is happy.
Cp: He is poor but (he) (is) happy.
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10. Though he tried hard, he failed.
Cp: He tried hard but (he) failed
Sm: In spite of/ Despite his trying hard, he failed.
11. In spite of his being old, he was young at heart.
Cx: Though he was old, he was young at heart.
12. He was too weak to do the work.
Cx: He was so weak that he couldn’t do the work.
Cp: He was very weak and (he) couldn’t do the work.
13. He is so dishonest that he cannot speak the truth.
Sm: He is too dishonest to speak the truth.
14. The grass was so wet that we could not sit on it.
Sm: The grass was too wet for us to sit on it.
15. By taking physical exercise, you may be healthy.
Cx: If you take physical exercise, you may be healthy.
Cp: Take physical exercise and you may be healthy. [Take
physical exercise and be healthy.]
16. Without working hard, you cannot succeed in life.
Cx: If you don’t work hard, you cannot succeed in life.
Cp: Work hard or you cannot succeed in life.
17. By moving, he will die.
Cx: If he moves, he will die.
Cp: Let him move and he will die.
18. Study well or you will fail.
Sm: Without studying well, you will fail.
19. He works hard to prosper in life.
Cx: He works hard so that/in order that he can prosper in life.
Cp: He wants to prosper in life and (he) works hard.
20. In spring, the cuckoo sings.
Or, At the time of spring, the cuckoo sings.
Or, During spring, the cuckoo sings.
Cx: When spring comes, the cuckoo sings.
Or, When it is spring, the cuckoo sings.
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21. I know his living place/ his address.
Cx: I know the place where he lives.
Or, I know what his address is.
22. I know her name.
Cx: I know what her name is. [not- what is her name]
23. I don’t know his father’s name.
Cx: I don’t know what his father’s name is.
24. He died in his native village.
Cx: He died in the village where he was born.
25. He is a meritorious boy.
Cx: He is a boy who is meritorious.
Or. It is he who is a meritorious boy.
26. Money is power.
Cx: It is money which/that is power.
Cp: It is money and it is power.
27. I lost this pen yesterday.
Cx: It is the pen that I lost yesterday.
28. Honesty is the best policy.
Cx: Honesty is the policy that is the best.
Or, It is honesty that is the best policy.
29. It is man who is the maker of his own fortune.
Sm: Man is the maker of his own fortune.
Or, Man makes his own fortune.
30. Health is wealth.
Cx: It is health which is wealth.
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