(Chapter 2: Cell as the Basic Unit of Life)
1. Define what a cell is and explain its role in living organisms.
定义什么是细胞，并解释它在生物体中的作用。
2. Describe how Robert Hooke discovered the cell.
描述罗伯特·胡克是如何发现细胞的。
3. Differentiate between unicellular and multicellular organisms. Give one example for
each.
区分单细胞生物和多细胞生物，并各举一个例子。
4. List three similarities between plant cells and animal cells.
列出植物细胞和动物细胞的三个相似之处。
5. State three differences between plant cells and animal cells.
写出植物细胞和动物细胞的三个不同点。
6. What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
细胞核在细胞中有什么功能？
7. Describe the function of the cell membrane.
描述细胞膜的功能。
8. Explain the role of mitochondria in cells.
解释线粒体在细胞中的作用。
9. Why is the cell wall important in plant cells?
为什么细胞壁在植物细胞中很重要？
10. What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
叶绿体在植物细胞中的功能是什么？
11. What does the cytoplasm do in a cell?
细胞质在细胞中有什么作用？
12. Describe the structure and function of a root hair cell.
描述根毛细胞的结构和功能。
13. Explain the function of guard cells and the stoma.
解释保卫细胞和气孔的功能。
14. What is cell respiration and why is it important?
什么是细胞呼吸？为什么它很重要？
15. Write the word equation for cell respiration.
写出细胞呼吸的文字方程式。
16. What is photosynthesis? State its word equation.
什么是光合作用？写出它的文字方程式。
17. Identify the four conditions required for photosynthesis to take place.
指出进行光合作用所需的四个条件。
18. How do the processes of photosynthesis and cell respiration complement each other?
光合作用和细胞呼吸这两个过程是如何相辅相成的？
19. Arrange the levels of cell organisation in order, starting from the simplest.
请按从最简单到最复杂的顺序排列细胞的组织结构层级。
20. Describe what happens to a cell when it becomes cancerous.
当一个细胞变成癌细胞时会发生什么？
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide,
water, and chlorophyll to produce glucose and oxygen.
(Word equation: Carbon dioxide + Water —(light + chlorophyll)—> Glucose + Oxygen)
2. The nucleus controls all cell activities and contains genetic material (DNA).
3. A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life. All living things are made
up of cells.
4. The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where chemical reactions take place.
5. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are responsible for photosynthesis in plant
cells.
6. Robert Hooke used a simple microscope to observe cork and saw small box-like
structures, which he called "cells".
7. Guard cells control the opening and closing of the stoma to regulate gas exchange
and water loss.
8. Unicellular organisms have only one cell (e.g., Amoeba); multicellular organisms
have many cells (e.g., Human).
9. Three differences: Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole;
animal cells do not.
10. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they produce energy
through cell respiration.
11. A root hair cell absorbs water and nutrients from the soil and has a long extension
to increase surface area.
12. The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
13. The stoma is a small pore between guard cells that allows gas exchange in plants.
14. Multicellular organisms have a higher level of organisation and can perform more
complex functions.
15. Photosynthesis produces oxygen, which is used in respiration, and respiration
produces carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis.
16. Red blood cells transport oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide; they are
shaped like a biconcave disc and have no nucleus.
17. Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism
18. A cancerous cell divides uncontrollably and can form tumors that damage
surrounding tissues.
19. Three similarities: both have nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria.
20. Cell respiration is the process of breaking down glucose using oxygen to release
energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
(Word equation: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy)