External Parts of a Fish
● 1st dorsal fin: The harder fin on the upper side of the body that lends stability in
swimming.
● 2nd dorsal fin: The softer fin on the upper side of the body lends stability in
swimming.
● Pelvic fin: Each of the paired fins on the lower side of the body near the head.
● Anal fin: The fin on the lower side of the body near the tail that lends stability in
swimming.
● Caudal fin: In most fish the caudal, or tail fin, is the main propelling fin.
● Pectoral fin: Each of the paired fins on either side of the body near the head that
allows side to side movement.
● Eyes: Sight organs located on the head.
● Operculum (gill cover): Is a flexible, bony plate that protects the sensitive gills.
● Lateral line: A series of sensory pores (small openings) that are located along the
sides of fish that sense vibrations in the water. It can be easily seen in fish as a band
of darker looking scales running along the side.
● Mouth: The part of the body which the fish uses to catch food.
● Nostril: Paired nostrils, or nares, in fish are used to detect odors in water.
Characteristics of a fish
● Fish absorb oxygen from the water through their gills
● Most fish have scales
● Mucus covers their body to protect against infection
● Move by means of fins
● Ectothermic
● Spawning
Three classes of fish
● Bony
○ Skeleton made of bone
○ Teeth are fixed onto the upper jaw
○ Swim bladder: air filled sac that helps them with buoyancy
○ Do not have to swim to breathe (can move gill covers to force water over
gills.)
● Cartilaginous Fish
○ Swim constantly to force oxygen into their gills
○ Caudal fin (tail) is large/strong
○ Skeleton made of cartilage
○ 5-7 gill slits located on each side of the body
○ Examples: Sharks and rays
● Jawless Fish
○ No jaws
○ Skeleton made of cartilage
○ Soft skin (no scales)
○ 7 gills
○ Lack a swim bladder
○ Examples: Lampreys and hagfish
Reproduction
● Most reproduce sexually, and fertilize their eggs externally
● Sharks/rays fertilize internally
● Some keep their eggs in their uterus
● Others will lay the eggs
● Spawning is the process of fertilizing eggs
Fish Respiration
● Water flows over gills as fish opens mouth and swims
● Water flows opposite direction of blood flow
● O2 diffuses from the water into the blood
● Gills are made of thousands of gill filaments
● Gills are covered by the operculum (gill cover)
Main Characteristics of Amphibians
● Most live on land but reproduce in or near
● Have 4 limbs
● Soft skin covered in mucus
● Ectothermic
● Lay eggs
● Metamorphosis: When the body changes completely from a juvenile to an adult
● Orders of amphibians
○ Caudata
○ Anura
○ Apoda
Caudata
● Adults have tails
● No scales
● Elongated body
● 4 limbs equal size
● Smooth granular skin
● Carnivores or predators
● Example: Axolotl
Anura
● Most adults lack tail
● No scales
● Have 4 limbs usually of unequal size
● Hind limbs for jumping
● Example: Frogs
Apoda
● Scales
● Wormlike body
● Pair of tentacles on head
● Example: Caecilian
Characteristics of a Reptile
● Scales
● Cold blooded
● Produce shelled eggs or bear live young
● Fertilize eggs internally
● At least one lung
● Boa constrictors bear live young
Chelonia
● Shell made up of plate-covered bone (can be either hard or soft)
● Shell in two parts
○ Carapace top part
○ Plastron belly side
○ Plates are called scutes
How to tell the difference
● Turtles spend most of their lives in water and have webbed feet
● Sea turtles spend most of their lives in water and have flippers
● Tortoises are land dwellers
● Terrapins spend time on land and water
Characteristics of Mammals
● Endotherms: a warm blooded animal
● Hair on their bodies at some point
● A single lower jaw bone
● Mammary gland for females
● Middle ear bones
● Three major classes: Prototheria, Metatheria & Eutheria
Prototheria
● Monotremes: Mammals that lay eggs
● Only live in Australia and New Guinea
Metatheria
● Marsupials
● Marsupium: a pouch of skin on the abdomen of a female
● A newborn joey is about the size of a jelly bean.
Eutheria
● Placental: An organ that grows along the wall of the uterus of the female during
pregnancy
● Umbilical cord
● Long period of development
Gestation period
● Elephants: 95 weeks
● Virginian opossum: about twelve days
Characteristics of a bird
● Feathers
● High metabolism
● A four chambered heart
● A beak with no teeth
● A lightweight but strong skeleton
● Production of hard-shelled eggs
Contour feathers
● Color
● Shape
● Protection
● Flight feathers
Down feathers
● Lack Barbules
● Insulation
Semiplume feathers
● Insulation
● Halfway between down and contour feathers
Filoplume feathers
● Unusually small
● May have sensory purposes
● Only a few barbs, usually at the tip
How can birds fly
● Have light or hollow bones
● Feathers provide lift and steering
● Air sacs provide them the extra oxygen they need for power
● Nine air sacs in most birds
Innate behavior
● Set of inborn actions in response to a stimulus
● Does not have to learn, it’s inherited
Learned behavior
● Sensitization
● Animal learns to react more often or more strongly to a repeated stimulus
Associative learning
● More complex learning that occurs when an animal learns to associate different
stimuli and events
Communication
● Courtship
● Used to find a mate
● Movement
● Sounds
● Display
Protecting territory
● Smells to mark their territories, spraying urine, leaving droppings, or rubbing scent
glands around the territories’ borders.
● Sounds
Pheromones
● Chemicals produced by one species that affects the physiology or
behavior of animals of the same species
Asexual reproduction
● Regeneration: a damaged or lost piece of an organism can be regrown.
● Fragmentation:
Sexual reproduction plants
● Plants
● Male parts
● Stamen that produce sperm (Pollen)
● Female parts
Methods of Pollination
● Pollination by wind
● Pollination by insects
● Artificial pollination
Sexual Maturity
● Adolescence: stage of development during which children become adults
● 8-13 girls
● 9-15 boys
Puberty
● Is the time in your life when your body develops sexually
● Boys body produces sperm
● Girls starts the process of producing eggs
Hormones
● Testosterone (males) - development of sex organs and productions of sperm
● Secondary sex characteristics like voice change, facial and body hair.
● Estrogen (females) - development of sex organs & production of eggs
● Secondary sex characteristics
Changes
● Growth spurts
● Smell
● Mood swings
● Skin changes
● Females
○ Ovulation occurs
○ Menstruation begins
○ Uterus and vagina grow
○ Breasts develop
○ Growth of pubic and armpit hair
○ Body changes- hips widen and waist narrows
● Physiological Changes
○ Moody
○ More sensitive about self image
○ How you are perceived
● Steps in decision making
○ Explore alternatives
○ Choose from among the alternatives
○ Choose after considering the consequences
○ Choose after considering what God says
○ Affirm your decision by speaking to others about it, when appropriate
○ Act on your decision
● Bullying
○ Verbal
○ Cyber
○ Threats
○ Non verbal
○ Physical threats
○ Blackmail
○ Extorsion
● Physical Abuse
○ Striking
○ Kicking
○ Burning
○ Biting
● Psychological Abuse
○ The regular and deliberate use of a range of words and non-
physical actions used with the purpose to manipulate, hurt,
weaken, or frighten a person mentally and emotionally.
● Sexual Abuse
○ Sexual behavior or a sexual act forced upon a woman, man,
or child without their consent.
● Incest
○ When the abused is a family member
● Warning Signs of Potential Sexual Abuse
○ Emotional or verbal abuse
○ Taking control, such as demanding to stop seeing certain friends
○ Excessive jealousy
● Protective Steps Against Sexual Abuse
○ Avoid being alone with anyone who makes unwanted sexual advances
○ Do not make friends with those who use alcohol and drugs
○ Avoid dangerous areas
○ Be home at a reasonable time
○ Contact your local social services if you are targeted sexual abuse or harassment
● Sexual Harassment
○ Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal
or physical conduct or a sexual nature
● Finding Real Friends
○ What qualities do you look for in friends?
○ Common interest
● Balancing Life
○ Simplifying your goals so that changes in your life are minimized
● Sexual Feelings
○ Attraction to another person
○ Completely natural
● Sexual Abstinence
○ A decision to not have sex outside of marriage
● Benefits of Choosing Sexual Abstinence
○ You will never worry about getting pregnant or getting someone pregnant
○ You won’t worry about the struggles of being a parent
○ You won’t be infected by STD
○ You won’t feel guilt or regret
○ You won’t have something to hide
○ You won’t have limited choices in life due to childcare or marrying too soon
○ You won’t have to face difficult decisions you might regret the rest of your life like giving
up your child to adoption
● Premarital sex
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● Unprotected Sex
○ Partners do not use any method of protection
● Birth control
○ A way to reduce the chance of pregnancy
○ Condom
■ A barrier method of birth control
■ Not 100% of preventing pregnancy and STD
● Sexuality
○ Heterosexual
■ Men and women are attracted to each other
○ Homosexual
■ Men attracted to men or women attracted to women
● Abortion
○ The termination of a woman’s pregnancy
● Prostitution
○ Selling one’s body for sexual activity
○ Illegal
● Infectious Diseases
○ Pathogens that get into the body
○ Bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites
○ Caught from other people, the environment, from animal contact, or from insect bites
● Communicable Diseases
○ From one person to another person
○ Examples:
○ Chicken pox
○ STD’s
○ Common cold
○ Diphtheria
○ Strep throat
○ Measles
○ Pneumonia
○ Lyme disease
○ Mumps
○ Malaria
○ Influenza
○ HIV/AIDs
○ Tuberculosis
○ Whooping cough
● Viruses
○ An infectious agent that can only replicate within a host organism
○ Examples:
○ Polio
○ Measles
○ Mumps
○ Chicken pox
○ Rabies
○ AIDs
● Common cold
○ Over 200 different viruses
○ Irritation and swelling of the respiratory tract
● Hepatitis
○ Spread through contact with bodily fluids, blood, from an infected person
○ Contaminated water or food
○ Can cause liver damage
● Bacteria
○ Single cell organisms that live everywhere on the earth
○ Examples:
○ E. Coli
○ Food poisoning
○ Strep throat
○ Pneumonia
○ Tetanus
● Protists
○ Malaria
○ Carried by mosquitoes
○ Africa, Asia, South and Central America
○ Prevention medication
○ Amoebic dysentery
○ Parasite lives only in humans and is passed in the feces of an infected person
○ Symptoms of amoebic dysentery
■ Fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, watery diarrhea, which can contain blood,
mucus or pus
○ Putting anything in their mouth that has touched infected feces or by eating
or drinking food or water contaminated with the parasite
● Fungai, mold, yeast, mushrooms
○ Athletes’ foot
○ Excessive moisture
○ Direct contact sharing shoes or socks
○ Shower floors, swimming pools, pets
○ Skin is thick and scaly
● Ringworm
○ Itchy, red, circular sores
○ Not a worm but a fungus
○ Get it the same way as athlete's foot
● Pasteurization
○ Process of heating a substance to destroy or slow the growth of microorganisms
○ Examples:
○ Butter
○ Cheese
○ Cream cheese
○ Sour cream
○ Yogurt
○ Ice cream
○ Nuts
○ Eggs
○ Crab meat
○ Lobster meat
○ Milk
○ Honey
○ Vinegar
○ Fruit juices
○ Cider
● Antibiotics
○ A chemical that kills bacteria
● STDs facts
○ STDs are on the rise
○ Are spread through sexual contact with an infected person
○ Teens are more sexually active
○ Multiple partners
○ Drugs and alcohol use
○ Unprotected measures
○ Old people get it often
● STDs and babies
○ Can be passed down from birth
○ Can lead to death
○ Low birth weight
○ Blindness
○ Brain damage
● Chlamydia
○ Fastest spreading STD in the US, bacterial infection
○ Cause damage to the reproductive organs or sterility
○ Males produces inflammation in the urethra, burning sensation while peeing,
mucus discharge or no symptoms
○ Ladies no symptoms may occur till the late stages
○ Can be passed on from mother to baby during birth, can cause blindness
○ Treated with antibiotics
● Herpes Virus
○ Once infected you have it for life, comes and goes
○ Red, tender skin in the genital area, may burn or itch
○ Flu like symptoms
○ Infected mothers can pass to baby, can cause severe brain fever or death
○ No cure, treated with antiviral drugs
● Genital warts
○ Human Papillomavirus, which can cause cancer in the cervix
○ Can be in other parts on the body beside genitals and anus
○ Treated with cryotherapy, lasers, electrocautery, antiviral drugs
○ Vaccine for human Papillomavirus to present certain forms of the virus
● Gonorrhea
○ Bacterial infection
○ Females vaginal discharge, abdominal pain, fever, pelvic, inflammatory disease,
sterile, may not appear at first
○ Males discharge from penis, painful urination
● Syphilis
○ Bacterial
○ 3 stages
○ 1st stage painful sores on genitals or mouth
○ 2nd stage rash, fever, headache, weight loss
○ 3rd stage damage to the cardiovascular and nervous system
○ Treated and cured with antibiotics in the early stages
● Vaginitis
○ Only in women
○ Not all forms are sexually transmitted
○ Trichomoniasis (protist) yellow discharge, itching and burning
○ Candidiasis (fungal yeast infection) cottage cheese like discharge, itching
○ Gardnerella (bacteria) watery strong-smelling discharge
○ Treated with medications, good hygiene, proper undergarment to promote air flow
● Pubic Lice = Crabs
○ Pubic lice are called “crabs” because they look like crabs.
○ Found under arms, eyelashes, and mustaches.
○ Crabs are frequently the color and size of small freckles. These very small lice
(crabs) usually attack the sexual (pubic) areas of the body.
● HIV and AIDS
○ Human Immunodeficiency virus
○ Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
○ Which the body’s immune system can not longer fight off pathogens
○ HIV takes over the body replicating itself
○ It can take years to notice to have HIV or AIDS
○ Opportunistic infections
○ Pathogens are able to take advantage in a person with a compromised immune system
● Transmission of HIV
○ YES
○ Sexual intercourse
○ Sexual Activity
○ Blood transfusion
○ Organ transplant
○ IV drug use
○ Mother to child
○ Exposure to blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pus
○ Occupational exposure
○ Open sores, bleeding gums
○ NO
○ Touching hands
○ Mosquitoes
○ Hugging
○ Food
○ Dishes
○ Clothing
○ Toilet seat
○ Sneezing
○ Coughing
○ Saliva
○ Tears
● Treatment
○ No cure
○ Must take a “cocktail” of drugs
○ Drugs are expensive
● Preventing STDs
○ Wait till marriage (God’s plan) Abstinence
○ Refrain from any sexual activity
○ Find a faithful partner
○ No drugs or alcohol
○ Condoms (not 100% guaranteed)
● Obtaining current information
○ Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC)
○ World Health Organization (WHO)
○ Reliable magazines, newspapers, educational programs
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