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Is Islam Against Science & Technology?
Article in Indian Journal of Science and Technology · March 2020
DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2020/v13i10/149741
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INDIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846 March 2020, Vol 13(10), 1148 – 1159
ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645 DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2020/v13i10/149741,
Is Islam Against Science & Technology?
Saifullah Bhutto1,*, Abdul Rehman Kaloi2 and Hameedullah Bhutto3
1Quaid-e-Awam University, Nawabshah, Pakistan
2University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
3University of Sindh, Mirpurkhas Campus, Pakistan
Article Type: Article Abstract
Article Citation: Saifullah Bhutto,
Objectives: There is a common misunderstanding that religion
Abdul Rehman Kaloi, Hameedullah
Bhutto. Is Islam against science & and science are contradictory to one another and hence religion
technology? Indian Journal of Science is hindrance in progress and development. This study emphasizes
and Technology. 2020; 13(10), the importance of acquiring the knowledge of science & technology
1148-1159. DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2020/
from an Islamic perspective and tries to remove the misconception
v013i10/149741
about prohibition of adopting the science & technology in religion.
Received date: December 19, 2019
Researchers have tried their best to establish the fact that there is
Accepted date: January 22, 2020 no contradiction between religion & science. Methods: Interpretive
*Author for correspondence: method of research has been used in this study. The researchers have
Saifullah Bhutto bhuttosaifullah@
@
used historical facts for demonstrating the role played by ancient
[Link] Quaid-e-Awam and current scholars in the development of science & technology.
University, Nawabshah, Pakistan
Data from several past & present research materials have been
collected and theory of compatibility of religion with science &
technology has been established from the observed data. Findings:
Islamic civilization is based on knowledge and awareness. The first
revelation was about the reading. In Quran and Hadith, whenever
and wherever the word knowledge is mentioned, it does not refer
to religious knowledge only but in fact the word knowledge refers
to any science which may benefit human beings from material
and spiritual perspective. Application/improvements: There is
a common perception that religion obstructs the involvement of
people in science & technology. Authors have proved in this study
that the situation is contrary. This is only a small glimpse of wide
picture of role played by Islam in encouraging active participation in
the advancement of science & technology.
Keywords: Quran, Science, Knowledge, Technology, Hadith.
1. Introduction
The Quran is full of verses focusing on the importance of knowledge, encouraging the
act of thinking and meditation to bring the peace and harmony within self and society.
The Quran taught prophet to pray for increase in knowledge (Al-Quran 20:114) and it
announced that those who know and those who do not know are not equal (Al-Quran
© 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are credited.
Saifullah Bhutto, Abdul Rehman Kaloi and Hameedullah Bhutto
39:09). Those who know have privilege over those who do not know (Al-Quran 58:11). We
are living in the age of science and technology and scientific tools and systems have become
inevitable part of life. Technological developments in the world today have brought a lot
of changes to human life. Besides helping with daily life and facilities, the advancement of
technology has also an impact on the dissemination of information & knowledge. This is
because the use of technology greatly helps the public to access information far more easily
and quickly than earlier times. In [1] this article, we have expressed Islamic perspective
regarding the science & technology by shedding light on the significance of knowledge in
Quran & Hadith and contribution of early & contemporary Muslim scholars in the fields
of science & technology.
2. Significance of Knowledge in Quran
Islam gives utmost importance to knowledge, and it is evident from the fact that the first
revelation to prophet Muhammad was about reading (Al-Quran 96:1–5). Not only this
but the Quran contains verses in abundance which depict the significance of knowledge.
For example, in verse no. 11 of chapter no. 58 Allah says: “Allah will exalt in degree those
of you who believe and those who have been granted knowledge.” Furthermore, he says
in verse no. 9 of chapter no. 39 “Are those who know equal to those who know not?”
[2]. Prophet Muhammad S.A.W was taught to pray for increase in knowledge (Quran
20:114). The word Knowledge ( )ملعhas appeared in its various forms of verb, adjective,
noun, etc. for 777 times in Quran. While the word Qara ( )أرقwhich means “reading with
understanding” has appeared in different forms for 88 times in Quran. The word Fakar
( )ركفmeaning “giving thought/considering/reflecting upon/pondering” has appeared in
different forms for 18 times in Quran. The word Aql ( )لقعmeaning “understanding/using
sense” has appeared in different forms for 49 times in Quran. The word Tala ( )التmeaning
“recitation/reading” has appeared in different forms 63 times in Quran [3]. This reflects to
immense importance given to knowledge and awareness in Islam.
It is pertinent to mention that wherever in Quran, knowledge is mentioned it does not
refer to religious knowledge only but there is a great deal of Quranic verses which talk
about the scientific facts. The scholars have worked a lot on it, and they have found that
there are almost one thousand verses which deal with scientific facts [4]. These verses
belong to various fields of science, for example, Astrology, Physics, Geology, Oceanology,
Botany, Zoology, Medicine, Genetics, and Anatomy, etc.
We must admit that Quran is not the book of science, but it is a book of guidance
primarily and it guides by showing signs of the presence of Allah in the universe. The
diversity of scientific dimensions present in Quran shows that Islam never opposes
involvement in scientific activities, rather it appreciates and encourages to be scientific in
approach.
3. Significance of Knowledge in Hadith
Countless sayings of the prophet about encouragement of seeking knowledge have been
reported to the extent that chapters in books have been specified to elucidate the topic or
Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol 13(10), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2020/v13i10/149741, March 2020 1149/1159
Is Islam Against Science & Technology?
the whole books have been written on the issue. We quote some of the Prophet’s sayings
which promote the scientific activity below:
The Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) said: “God, His angels and all those in Heavens
and on Earth, even ants in their hills and fish in the water, pray for those who are busy in
seeking knowledge, a scholar has privilege over a worshipper like moon has privilege over
all stars, scholars are the heirs of prophets as the prophets never leave dinar and dirham
but they leave knowledge in heritance” [5].
Prophet not only encouraged people of his time to seek knowledge, but he interceded in
anticipation for the people of future who would engage themselves in scientific activities
by saying: “When people come to you to seek knowledge, greet them on behalf of me and
teach them” [6].
He also categorized the knowledge into beneficial & harmful and instilled into his
followers a determination and zeal for acquiring beneficial knowledge: “Seek from Allah
useful knowledge and seek refuge in Him from the knowledge which does not benefit”.
He announced that knowledge is beyond the boundaries of countries and cultures and
travelling for the purpose of acquiring knowledge is a desirable act: “Whoever walks a path
in which he seeks knowledge, Allah will ease his way to paradise”. “Whoever goes out to
seek knowledge is in the way of Allah until he returns” [7].
And above all, he considered seeking of knowledge as obligation by saying: “Seeking
knowledge is compulsory on every Muslim, male or female”. That means education is basic
right of everyone and no one should be deprived of it irrespective of gender and race.
4. S
ignificance of Acquiring Scientific and
Technological Knowledge in Islam
As we have mentioned above that in Quran there are many verses that are purely scientific
in nature and hence indicate the tendency and proneness of religion for science and
technology. We will quote some of them as example:
The story of Prophet Solomon is mentioned in detail in different parts of Quran that he
was given the miraculous power over the winds and could make them obey his orders. We
may say the same of airmen of the present day [8].
Exploration of the universe has been clued in verse no. 33 of surah Rahman: “O
assembly of jinns and men! If you have power to pass beyond the zones of the heavens and
the earth, then pass (them)! But you will never be able to pass them, except with authority
(from Allah)!”
Verses like this are probably the inspiration source for earlier Islamic scholarship that
majority of ancient Muslim scientists were interested in Astronomy, Physics, & Cosmology.
Similarly, Prophet Solomon was taught to make coats of mail as defensive armor. This
points out to the vocational & technical education. We find the traces of establishment of
polytechnic institutes (Dar al-Funun) in the early 19th century in Iran by Europe-educated
elites, and other courtiers educated in Tabriz dar al-saltana [9].
Allah commands the Muslims to travel throughout the world in order to see the fate of
those who rejected the truth (al-Quran, 29:20). The field Archaeology (The least attended
area by Muslims unfortunately) is clued in this verse.
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Saifullah Bhutto, Abdul Rehman Kaloi and Hameedullah Bhutto
Another divine command imposes a permanent obligation upon Muslims to prepare
the maximum possible force and war material so that they could be able to frighten their
enemies (al-Quran 8:60). This teaches Muslims not only to be updated, but eye on future
technologies so that they may not remain behind.
A phrase “Seek knowledge even if you have to go to china” is commonly quoted as
the saying of prophet by scholars. Though some Hadith experts doubt the originality and
authenticity of this Hadith on technical grounds but Dr. Hameedullah considers that
Hadith as authentic & sound on historical grounds. He writes: “An international annual
expo used to be held every year at the place of Daba in Amman, businessmen from
Iran, China, India and Sindh used to participate in that expo and display their products.
Prophet, being the merchant used to visit that expo and he possibly met Chinese people
there and was impressed by their skills in silk products and then he would have said that
statement” [10].
5. C
ontribution of Muslims Towards Science and
Technology
A tremendous cultural and intellectual transformation in the history of human civilization
was brought about in early Muslim societies by the Qur’an. It supplied a new basis for
the early Muslims’ efforts in constructing a new civilization [11]. Muslim scientists were
successful in their contributions to science and civilization when they maintained the
nexus between existential reality and its metaphysical dimension, atheo-centric value
order that guided their scientific enquiry, and their quest for knowledge and truth [12].
Influenced and inspired by Quran’s scientific approach towards human problems, Muslims
have contributed actively in all branches of science in every age. We will discuss their role
briefly.
5.1. Contribution of Early Muslim Scholars
Islam is the religion of knowledge. Knowledge and Islam are synergic with one another
and Islamic civilization without knowledge is simply unimaginable. The interconnectivity
of Islam and knowledge and both being complementary to one another is evident from the
fact that early Muslim scholars were not restricted to Islamic sciences only, but they had
expertise in physical & natural sciences as well. In fact, earlier Muslim Scholars did not
have the concept of Islamic and non-Islamic sciences.
1- Abu Reyhan al-Biruni (973–1048 A.D): Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest schol-
ars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy,
and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist, and
linguist. See Figure 1 [13].
2- Muhammad b. Zakariyya al-Razi (865–925 A.D): Physician and Chemist. Authored
12 books on Chemistry. Author of Kitabul Asrar (Book of Secrets) on Chemistry and
al-Haawi an encyclopaedic book on medicine. He explained different phases of moon
through diagrams. See Figure 2 [14].
Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol 13(10), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2020/v13i10/149741, March 2020 1151/1159
Is Islam Against Science & Technology?
FIGURE 1. Illustration by Al-Biruni of different phases of the moon from kitab al-Tafhim.
Source: [Link] Accessed on 10/07/2019.
FIGURE 2. Al-Razi’s book on medicine. Source: [Link]
Accessed on 10/07/2019.
3- Ibn Sina (980–1037 A.D): Commonly known as Avicenna in Western world. The great
physician, philosopher, and author of famous book “al-Qanun fi al-Tibb”. East Ger-
many in 1952 and Hungry in 1987 issued postage stamp in the recognition of services
to science and technology rendered by Avicenna. See Figures 3 and 4.
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Saifullah Bhutto, Abdul Rehman Kaloi and Hameedullah Bhutto
FIGURE 3. Postage stamp issued by East Germany in 1952 in the recognition of services
to science & technology rendered by Avicenna. Source: [Link]
photo-avivcenna-ibn-sina-n980-1037-muslim-philosopher-and physician. Accessed on
10/07/2019.
FIGURE 4. Postage stamp issued by Hungry in 1987 in the recognition of services to sci-
ence and technology rendered by Avicenna. Source: [Link]
4- Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (780–850 A.D): The father of Algebra. An Iraqi
Astronomer and Mathematician who developed a set of astronomical tables. The
Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol 13(10), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2020/v13i10/149741, March 2020 1153/1159
Is Islam Against Science & Technology?
Russian government issued a postage stamp in 1983 in the recognition of services ren-
dered by al-Khuwarzmi. See Figure 5 [15].
FIGURE 5. Postage stamp issued by the Russian government in 1983 in the recognition
of services rendered by al-Khuwarzmi. Source: [Link]
5- Jabir ibn Hayyan also known as Geber (721–815 A.D): The father of Chemistry and
founder of principles of scientific experiments and studies. See Figure 6.
FIGURE 6. Jabir b. al-Hayyan. Source: [Link]
hayyan-abu-musa-.
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Saifullah Bhutto, Abdul Rehman Kaloi and Hameedullah Bhutto
6- Ibn al-Haytham (960–1038 A.D): He was an Arab Mathematician, Astronomer, and
Physicist of the Islamic Golden Age. Sometimes called “the father of modern optics”,
he made significant contributions to the principles of optics and visual perception. See
Figure 7.
FIGURE 7. Diagram from manuscript on optics by Ibn al-Haytham, using mathematical
methods, 965–1039 A.D. Source: [Link]
optics-ndiagram-from-manuscript-on-optics-by-ibn.
7- Abul Qasim al-Zahrawi (936–1013 A.D): Renowned physician and founder modern
day Surgery. Author of the book “kitab al-Ta’rif ” in which he discussed in detail the
process of surgery. Book was part of syllabus in many universities of Europe for centu-
ries. See Figure 8 [16–17].
FIGURE 8. Al-Zahrawi’s surgical instruments. Source: [Link]
[Link]/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/[Link].
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Is Islam Against Science & Technology?
The list is very long, but we have cut it short because we think mentioning some of early
Muslim scientists serve the purpose. The works of the above scholars were so qualitative,
research-based and authentic that they were included in the syllabus of many European
universities and were taught for centuries [18].
5.2. Contribution of Recent/Contemporary Muslim Scholars
Though, the position of Muslims of Present time is vastly different from the position of
their ancestors and they are no longer in a position to dictate the direction of Science &
Technology as a societal and a national pursuit, living mainly as consumers and borrowers
even at the level of ideas and thoughts [19], but still there are many contemporaneous
Muslim scientists who by following the footsteps of their ancestors, continued the process
of contribution towards scientific development and improvement of human life at
individual level. The irony is that the majority of Muslims are unaware of the contribution
of current Muslim scientists and think that Muslim Ummah is in deep sleep and have
abandoned the creative thinking and scientific approach at large. In the following pages,
we will mention such Muslim contributors of modern times whose contributions are not
lesser than any Western scientists.
1- Dr. Ali Moustafa Mosharafa (Egyptian Arabic: ةفرشمىفطصمىلع) (11 July 1898–16
January 1950) was an Egyptian theoretical physicist. He was professor of applied math-
ematics in the Faculty of Science at Cairo University. He contributed to the develop-
ment of the quantum theory as well as the theory of relativity. In 1924, Mosharafa was
awarded the degree of Doctor of Science by King’s College London, the first Egyptian
and 11th scientist in the entire world to obtain such a degree. He was contemporaneous
to Albert Einstein and had correspondence with him [20].
2- Sameera Moussa (Egyptian Arabic: ىسومةريمس) (March 3, 1917–August 5, 1952) was
an Egyptian nuclear physicist who held a doctorate in atomic radiation and worked to
make the medical use of nuclear technology affordable to all. She was given the title of
Mother of Atomic Energy [21].
3- Rammal Hassan Rammal (Arabic: لامرنسحلامر) (September 30, 1951–May 31, 1991)
was a Lebanese condensed matter physicist. Dr. Rammal research has contributed to
build the basics and origins of modern physics and development. The Rammal Award
for scientists from Mediterranean countries was created in his honor by the Euro Sci-
ence organization and has been awarded annually since 1993 [22].
4- Hassan Al Sabbah: Born in Nabatieh, Lebanon, in 1894, Hassan Al Sabbah was an
electrical and electronic engineer. His inventions were vastly known and praised,
including a pressure monitor that allows one to check the amount of electricity needed
for a device to work, and a battery that works on solar energy.
5- Jawed Karim (1979): A Bangladeshi young entrepreneur and co-founder of You Tube
[23].
6- Aziz Sancar, (born 8 September 1946): Turkish biochemist, the first Muslim biologist
awarded the Nobel Prize. In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along
1156/ 1159 Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol 13(10), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2020/v13i10/149741, March 2020
Saifullah Bhutto, Abdul Rehman Kaloi and Hameedullah Bhutto
with Tomas Lindahl and Paul L. Modrich for their mechanistic studies of DNA repair
[24].
7- Kerim Kerimov, founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind first human
spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect of the first space stations (Salyut and Mir)
[25].
8- This may seem strange, but it is true that the founder of Apple Steve jobs had
genes of a Muslim father as he was the son of Abdul Fattah (al-) Jandali (Arabic:
( )يلدنجلاحاتفلادبعb. 1931), grew up in Homs, Syria, and was born into an Arab
Muslim household. The biological parents of Steve Jobs put him up for adoption and
he was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs.
These are not fairytales, but the established fact and many non-Muslim intellectuals
have admitted the rich contribution of Muslims and their influence on western nations.
For example, Gustave Le Bon writes in his book La Civilisation des Arabes that in Europe
Some inclination to science did not occur until the eleventh and twelfth century when some
people realized that they should lift their heavy paws of ignorance, so they got attention of
Arabs who were leader’s alone [26]. He quotes Monsieur Leprey as “if the Arabs did not
appear on stage of History; Europe’s renaissance in literature would have been delayed for
several centuries”. No doubt that there has been an ambivalence or resistance to technology
in the view of some Islamic figures. But that ambivalence can be attributed to factors above
or beyond technology. An objection to technology for some religious figures, for example,
has been objection to an entity called “the West.” Another factor could be the arrival of
science in the form of secular education and curriculum. However, the figures approving
and accepting scientific and technological advancement have been in the majority [9].
Muslims already have a rich tradition of their involvement in and contribution to science
and technology throughout the history, only thing they require now to regain their lost
place is the process of social and economic liberalization that can provide a natural driver
for innovation and competition [27].
6. Conclusion
The above discussion suggests that Islam has never ever been against the advancement
of science and technology rather it encourages its followers to actively participate in the
scientific activities and ultimately play a role in the social and spiritual development
and wellbeing of humans. The earlier and contemporary followers of Islamic doctrine
have proven it to be true by contributing in the multidimensional fields of science and
technology. The role of Muslims in the fields of science and technology cannot be ignored
and overlooked as the history is witness of it. The youth of today should come forward as
the heirs of golden history of Muslims in science and technology and make the world feel
their presence through their contribution in various fields of science and technology. That
is the only way by which Muslims can regain their lost dignity and prestige among the
nations of the world.
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Is Islam Against Science & Technology?
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