1

2


3


4


5


6


 y x dA   y
3 2 3 2
x dxdy
R R
2 1
  y
3 2
x dxdy
1 0
2 2
1 3 1 3
 y x 3 1
|0 dy   3 y dy
1
3 1

1 4 2 5
 y | 
12 1 4 7
2. Find  ysinxydA , where R  [0,2]  [0,  ]
R
2 
Ans :  ysinxydA    ysinxydydx ?
0 0
R

 2  2
But   ysinxydxdy   (-cosxy) dy
0 0 0 0

  (1 - cos2y)dy
0

1 
  - ( sin2y )
2 0
 -0 
8
 Exercise 1
1. Calculate the double integral
(i)  (2y 2 - 3xy 3 )dA, R  (x, y)1  x  2, 0  y  3
R

 
(ii)  xcos(x  y)dA,R  [0, ]  [0, ]
R
6 3
1 x
(iii)  dA, R  {(x, y) | -1  x  2, 0  y  1}
R
2 y
(iv)  xye x 2y2
dA, R  [0,1]  [0,1]
R

(v)  xy 1  x 2 dA, R  {(x, y) | 0  x  3 ,1  y  2}

R
9


b g2 ( x) b  g2 ( x) 
  f ( x, y )dydx     f x, y dy dx

a  g1 ( x )

a g1 ( x ) 
10
Is an iterated integral of f over R
.

11
Similarly if f is a continuous function over R of
type II as shown below:
d h2 ( y ) d  h2 ( y ) 
  f ( x, y )dxdy     f x, y dx dy

c  h1 ( y )

c h1 ( y ) 

12
 Theorem
Let f be a continuous function on a region R
i) If R is of type I, then
b g2 ( x)

 f ( x, y)dA   f ( x, y)dydx
R a g1 ( x )

ii) If R is of type II, then

d h2 ( y )

 f ( x, y)dA    f ( x, y)dxdy
R c h1 ( y )

13
Examp le :
1. Evaluate  (x  3y)dA
D

Where D  {(x, y ) | -1  x  1, 2x 2  y  1  x 2 }
Soln :
1 1 x 2
 (x  3y)dA   
D
-1 2x2
(x  3y)dydx

1 3
  x(1  x - 2x )  ((1  x 2 ) 2 - (2x 2 ) 2 )dx
2 2
-1 2
1 3 3 4
  x  x - 2x   3x  x - 4x 4 dx
3 3 2
-1 2 2
1 2 1 4 3 1 5 1 3 1
 ( x - x  x  x - x )  1-  2
3

2 4 2 2 -1 2 2

14
2. Evaluate  xydA where D is the region bounded by
D

the line y  x - 1 and the parabola y 2  2x  6

15
Sol :
y2 - 6
R  {(x, y) |  x  y  1, - 2  y  4}
2
4 y 1
 xydA   
D
-2
y 2 -6
2
xydxdy

4
1 2 y 1
  x y | y 2 6 dy
2
2 2
4
1
  ( y 5  16 y 3  8 y 2  32 y )dy
8 2
 36
16


1

   ( x  2 y)dy dx
1 x 2

2 x2

   xy  y 
1 y 1 x 2
2
1 y 2 x 2
dx
   x(1  x )  (1  x )  2 x  4 x dx
1 2 2 2 3 4
1

   3x  x  2 x  x  1dx
1 4 3 2
1

1
 
5 4 3
x x x x
  3   2   x
 5 4 3 2 1
32

15 17
1.  xcosydA where D is the region bounded by
D

the line y  0 , x  1, and the parabola y  x 2

2.  (x  y)dA whereD is the region bounded by
D

y  x and y  x 2

 dA where D is the triangula r region wit h vertices

3
3. y
D

0,2 , 1,1, and 3,2

4.  (2x -1)dA where D is the region bounded by
D

the lines y  x  5 , y  -x  7, and x  10.

 ydA whereD is the region bounded by

2
5. x
D

the lines y  x , y   x on the interval [-1,2]. 18

 Double integrals share many properties of
single integrals.
Theorem : Let f and g be continuous over a closed , bounded
plane region D , and let c be a cons tan t.
1.  cf x, y dA c  f x, y dA
D D

2.  [ f x, y   g x, y ]dA   f x, y dA   g x, y dA

D D D

3.  f x, y dA  0 , if f x, y   0

D

4.  f x, y dA   g x, y dA  0 , if f x, y   g x, y 

D D
19
5. If D = D1  D2, where D1 and D2 don’t overlap
except perhaps on their boundaries, then

 f  x, y  dA   f  x, y  dA   f  x, y  dA
D D1 D2

20


21
 1 1 0 1

 x dA   x dydx   x
2 2 2
dydx
D 0 1 x 1 x 1
1 x 1 0  x 1
 x
2
dydx   x
2
dydx
0 1 1 1
1 1
 4 x
2
dydx
0 1 x
1
 4  x dx  x
3 4 1
| 1
0
0 22


23
 0 1 x 2 1 1 x 2 1  x

 xydA    xydydx    xydydx    xydydx

D 1 1 0 0 1
x
0 1 1
1 2 1 x 2 1 2 1 x 2 1 2  x
  xy | dx   xy | dx   xy | dx
2 1 2 x 2 1
1 0 0
0 1
1 5 1 5
  ( x  x )dx   ( x  2 x 3  x 2  x)dx
3

1
2 0
2
1
1 2
  ( x  x)dx
0
2
1 4 1 6 0 11 6 1 4 1 3 1 21
 x  x |   x  x  x  x |
4 12 1 26 2 3 2 0
11 3 1 2 1
  x  x |
23 2 0
1 5 1
   0
3 12 12 24
 Sometimes the evaluation of an iterated integral can
be simplified by reversing the order of integration.
The next examples illustrate how this is done.
Example 1 1
1. Evaluate
 sin 
y 2
dydx
0 x

Soln:
If we try to evaluate the integral as it stands, we are
faced with the task of first evaluating 
2
sin( y )dy
However, it’s impossible to do so in finite terms
since  sin( y 2 )dy is not an elementary function
25
 Hence, we must change the order of integration
we have:

   
1 1

  
2 2
sin y dydx sin y dA
0 x D

where D  {( x, y ) | 0  x  1, x  y  1}
We sketch that region D here.

26
 Then, from this figure, we see that an alternative
description of D is:
D = {(x, y) | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ y}

27
 sin  y  dy dx   sin  y  dA
1 1

2 2
0 x
D

sin  y  dx dy
1 y
 
2
0 0

   x sin  y   x 0 dy
1
2 x y

  y sin  y  dy
1
2
0

  cos  y   0 2 1
1
2

 2 (1  cos1)
1
28
 1 3

 e
x2
2. Evaluate dxdy
0 3y

Soln:
If we try to evaluate the integral as it stands, we are
faced with the task of first evaluating
 e dx
x2

However, it’s impossible to do so in finite terms


since e dx is not an elementary function
2
x

Hence, we must change the order of integration.

29
So,

x
1 3 3 3 3 x

    
2 2 2
e x
dxdy e dydx x
e y | dx x 3
0
0 3y 0 0 0

 x x e 1
3 9
1 x
   e dx  e
3
|0  6
2 2

0 
3 6
30
 Evaluate the integral by reversing the order of
integration

  y cosx dxdy
3 9 1 1

 x  1dxdy
2 3
1. 2.
0 y2 0 y

 
1 1 1 1
3
x   1  y 3 dydx
3 3
3. sin y dydx 4.
0 x2 0 x
1 3

  3xe
x3
5. dydx
0 y
31
 Sometimes evaluating double integral by
usual way might be difficult. In this case
changing the rectangular coordinate system
to polar coordinates may make the
evaluation easier.
Suppose evaluating  f ( x, y)dA by usual way
is found to be difficult, where R is a plane
R

region in xy plane.
32
Now by transforming from RCS to the PCs we
evaluate as follows:
Let R’ be the corresponding region in the r
plane i.e.
R  {(r, ) : 1    2 , h1 ( )  r  h2 ( )}
'

Where h1 and h2 are continuous function on

and suppose f is continuous on the polar
region R’: then

33
i.  f ( x, y)dxdy   f (r cos  , r sin  )rdrd
R R'

ii. a( R' )   rdrd

R'

34
we convert from rectangular to polar
coordinates in a double integral by:

 Writing x = r cosθ and y = r sinθ

 Using the appropriate limits of integration
for r and θ
 Replacing dA by rdrdθ
Example
1. Evaluate 3x  4 y 2 dA where R is the region in
R

the upper half-plane bounded by the circles

x2 + y2 =1 and x2 + y2 = 4.
35
Soln:
 The region R can be described as:

R = {(x, y) | y ≥ 0, 1 ≤ x2 + y2 ≤ 4}
 In polar coordinates, it is given by:
1 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π

36
Hence,
 2

 3x  4 y dA    3r cos   4r sin 2  rdrd 

2 2

R 0 1


  r cos   r sin  | d
3 4 2
 2

1
0


  7 cos   15 sin 2  d 
0

 
   7 cos   1  cos 2 d
15
0 
2
15 15  15
 (7 sin    sin 2 ) | 
2 4 0 2
37
2. By changing to polar coordinate evaluate
1 1 x 2

 e
x2  y2
dydx
0 0
Soln:

1 1 x 2 2 1

 e dydx    e rdrd
x2  y2 r2

0 0 0 0
 

1 r  1 
2 2
   e | d    (e  1) d
2 1

0  2  0
0
2 

  e  1
1
4 38
1. Evaluate the following double integrals using
polar coordinate

4 y 2 1 y 2

 
2 1

  y dxdy   
2 2 2 2
i. x ii. sin x y dxdy
0  4 y 2 0 0

2 2 x x2 2 x
iii .   x 2  y 2 dydx iv.   x 2  y 2 dydx
0 0 2 4 x 2

39
2. Evaluate  (x  y)dA , where D is the
D

region in the first quadrant bounded by

the line x  0 , y  3 x, and the circle x  y  4
2 2

3. Evaluate  xdA ,
D
where D is the

region in the first quadrant that lies between

the circle x  y  4 and x  y  2 x
2 2 2 2

40


41


1 x
a ( D)   dA    dydx
D 0 x4
1
  y | 4dx
x

x
0
1
  ( x  x )dx
4

1 2 1 5 1 3
 ( x  x )| 
2 5 0 10 42
2. Find the volume of the solid that lies under
the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 and above
the region D in the xy–plane bounded by
the line y = 2x and the parabola y = x2.
Soln:
From the figure, we see that D is a type I region
and D = {(x, y) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, x2 ≤ y ≤ 2x}

43
Thus,

   
2 2x
V   x 2  y 2 dA    x 2  y 2 dydx
D 0 x2
2 3
y 2x
  ( x y  ) | 2 dx
2

0
3 x

2 6 3
x 14 x
  (  x 
4
)dx
0
3 3
7 5 4
x x 7 x 2 216
 (   )| 
21 5 6 0 35
44
3. Find the volume of the solid bounded
by the plane z = 0 and the paraboloid
z = 1 – x2 – y2
Soln:

 If we put z = 0 in the equation of

the paraboloid, we get x2 + y2 = 1

 This means that the plane intersects

the paraboloid in the circle x2 + y2 = 1.

45
 So, the solid lies under the paraboloid
and above the circular disk D given by
x2 + y2 ≤ 1.

46
 In polar coordinates, D is given by
0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
As 1 – x2 – y2 = 1 – r2, the volume is:
2 1
 
V   1  x 2  y 2 dA    1  r rdrd
2

D 0 0
2 4 2
1 2 r 1 1
  ( r  ) | d  0 4d
0
2 4 0

1 2 
 | 
4 0 2

47
4. Find the volume of the solid that
lies under the paraboloid z = x2 + y2,
above the xy-plane, and inside the
cylinder x2 + y2 = 2x

Soln:
The solid lies above the disk D whose
boundary circle has equation
x2 + y2 = 2x.

48
 After completing the square, that is:
(x – 1)2 + y2 = 1

49
 In polar coordinates, we have:
x2 + y2 = r2 and x = r cos θ

So, the boundary circle becomes:

r2 = 2r cos θ
r = 2 cos θ

 Thus, the disk D is given by:

D ={(r, θ) | –π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2 , 0≤r ≤2cos θ}

50
  So, we have:
 
2 2 cos
 
2 4
r 2 cos
V   x  y dA 
2 2
 0 r rdrd   4 |0 d
2

D  
2 2
 
2 2
 4  cos 4d  8 cos 4d
 0

2
 

 1  cos 2 
2
 
2 2
 d  2  1  2 cos 2  1  cos 4 d
1
 8 
0  0 
2 2

3 1  2 3
 2   sin 2  sin 4  
2 8 0 2 51
 Definition of surface area
Let R be type I or type II region and let f have
continuous partial derivatives on R. Then the
surface area is defined by

S   [ f x ( x, y)]  [ f y ( x, y)]  1dA

2 2

52


53


54
 We have

S  T
[ f x ( x, y )]2  [ f y ( x, y )]2  1dA

  [ 2 x]2  [ 2]2  1dA

T
1 x
  4 x  5dydx
2

0 0
1
  x 4 x  5dx
2

0
1
1  
 
3
1
 ( 4 x  5)  
2 2
27  5 5
12   0 12 55


56
S   [ f x ( x, y )]2  [ f y ( x, y )]2  1dA
D

  [ 2 x]2  [ 2 y ]2  1dA
D
1 x
   4( x 2  y 2 )  1dydx
0 0

converting to polar coordinate s , we obtain

2 3
S 
0 0
4r 2  1rdrd

2 3

 
1

3 2
4r  1  d
2

0  0
12

   
2
1 
  37 37  1 d  37 37  1
0
12 6 57
1. Calculate by double integratio n the area
of the region R which lie between y  x 3
and y  x
2. Find the volume under the surface z  e  x e y
and above the triangle with vertices
(0,0), (1,0) and (0,1)
3. Evaluate the area of R, where R is the region
in the first quadrant that lies under the curve
y  1/x and is bounded by this curve and the
line y  x, y  0 and x  2
58
4. Find the volume of the solid region bounded
above by thesurface z  xy, below by the xy - plane
and on the sides by theplane y  x and the surface
yx 3

5. Find the volume inside the paraboloid

z  9 - x - y and below by the xy plane
2 2

6. Find the volume of solid region above

the xy plane bounded on the sides by
the cylinder x 2  y 2 - 4x  0 and above
the cone z 2  x 2  y 2
59
7. Find the surface area of the portion of the sphere
x  y  z  16 that is inside the cylinder
2 2 2

x - 4x  y  0
2 2

8. Find the surface area of the portion of the

paraboloid z  9 - x - y above the plane
2 2

z 5

60
The notion of double integral generalizes to
integrals of functions of three, four, or more
variables. These are called triple, quadruple,
. . . integrals.

In general, one terms them multiple integrals,

the double integral being the simplest multiple
integral.
For the triple integral, let’s first deal with the
simplest case where is defined on a
rectangular box:

61
D   x, y, z  : a  x  b, c  y  d , r  z  s... 1

62
The first step is to divide D into sub-boxes.
We do this by dividing the interval  a, b into
l subintervals  xi 1 , xi  of equal width x,
dividing  c, d  into m subintervals of width
y, and dividing  r , s  into n subintervals of
width z.

63
The planes through the endpoints of these
subintervals parallel to the coordinate planes
divide the box D into lmn sub-boxes
Dijk   xi 1 , xi    y j 1 , y j    zk 1 , zk ... (2)

which are shown in Figure 1. Each sub-box

has volume, V=xyz. Then we form the
triple Riemann sum:

  ijk ijk ijk V , where the sample

l m n
* * *
f x , y , z
i 1 j 1 k 1

point x *
ijk ,y *
ijk ,z *
ijk  is in D ijk .

64
Definition The triple integral of f over
 ijk ijk V
l m n
the box D is:  f  x, y , z dv  lim
l ,m,n

i 1 j 1 k 1
f x *
ijk , y *
, z *

D
if this limit exists.
We can choose the sample point to be any
point in the sub-box, but if we choose it to
be the point  x , y , z  , we get:
i j k

 f  x , y , z V
l m n

 f  x, y, z dv 
D
lim
l , m , n 
i 1 j 1 k 1
i j k    (3)

65
Just as for double integrals, the practical method
for evaluating triple integrals is to express
them as iterated integrals as follows.
Fubini’s Theorem for Triple Integrals:
If f is continuous on the rectangular box
D   a, b  c, d    r , s  ,
s d b
then  f  x, y, z dv     f  x, y, z  dxdydz
D r c a

66
The iterated integral on the right side
of Fubini’s Theorem means that we
integrate first with respect to x
(keeping y and z fixed), then we
integrate with respect to y (keeping z
fixed), and finally we integrate with
respect to z .
There are five other possible orders in
which we can integrate, all of which
give the same value.
67
Properties of Triple Integrals

68
Example: 1 If D is described by the
inequalities 0  x  1, 0 y x &
2

0  z  x  y and f = 2x - y - z, one
has:
1 x2 x y

 f  x, y, z dxdydz      2 x  y  z  dzdydx

D 0 0 0

1 x2 1
 6

    x  y dydx    x  dx 
3 2 2 3 4 x 8
20 0 2 0 3 35

69
Example: 2 Evaluate the triple integral
where is D the

2
xyz dv ,
D rectangular box given
by: D   x, y, z  : 0  x  1,  1  y  2, 0  z  3
Solution: We could use any of the six
possible orders of integration. If we
choose to integrate with respect to x,
then y, and then z, we obtain

70
 x 1
3 2 1
 x yz 
3 2 2 2

 xyz dv 
2
 xyz dxdydz     2  dydz
2

0 1   x 0
D 0 1 0
x2
 yz  y z 

3 2 3
 3z 2 
2 2 2 3 3 27
  dydz     dz     dz  
0
 2   4  x 1 4  0 4
.0 1 0

Definition 1: a) A solid region E is

said to be of type 1 if it is of the form

E   x, y, z  :  x, y   B, u1  x, y   z  u2  x, y 
where B is the projection of E onto the
xy-plane & the upper boundary of

71
the solid E is the surface with
equation z  u2 x, y .  
while the lower boundary is the
surface z  u1  x, y  . see Figure 2.
b) A solid region E is of type
2 if it is of the form
E   x, y, z  :  y, z   B, u1  y, z   x  u2  y, z 

where the back & the front surfaces

are: x  u  y, z  & x  u  y, z 
1 2

72
respectively. See Figure 5.

Figure 5

Next we will consider how triple

integrals can be evaluated over

73
a general bounded solid region E that
is not rectangular box, by much the
same procedure that we used for
double integrals.
We enclose E in a box D of the type
given by Equation 1.
Then we define f so that it agrees
with F on E but is 0 for points in D
that are outside E.

74
By definition,
 f  x, y, z dv   F  x, y, z dv
E D
....  5

This integral exists if f is continuous

and the boundary of E is “reasonably
smooth.”
The triple integral has essentially the same
properties as the double integral.
If E is a type 1 region given by.

75
Definition 1a, then
 u2  x , y  
 f  x, y, z dv     f  x, y, z  dz  dA ...  6 
E B 
 u1  x , y  
In particular, if the projection B of E onto
the xy-plane is a type I plane region (as in
Figure 3), then
E   x, y, z  : a  x  b, g  x   y  g  x  , u  x, y   z  u  x, y 
1 2 1 2

and Equation 6 becomes:

b g 2  x  u2  x , y 

 f  x, y, z dv    
E a g1  x  u1  x , y 
f  x, y, z  dzdydx ...  7 

76
 If, on the other hand, B is a type II plane
region (as in Figure 4), then
E   x, y, z  : c  y  d , h1  x   x  h2  x  , u1  x, y   z  u2  x, y 
and Equation 6 becomes
d h2  y  u2  x , y 

 f  x, y, z dv    
E c h1  y  u1  x , y 
f  x, y, z  dzdxdy ... 8 

One would expect the triple integral to be

interpreted as "hyper volume:” or volume
in a C dimensional pace. Although such
an interpretation has some value, it is
simpler to think of mass, volume,….
77
For example,
 f  x, y, z  dxdydz =Mass of solid of density f .
R

 dv= dxdydz  is volume of the solid R

R R

Ix    y 2  z 2  f  x, y, z  dxdydz =Themoment of inertia of a solid about Ox

R

where f is density &  y  z  is the

2 2

distance from of the solid to the line Ox.

Example 1:
Let D be the wedge in the first
octant cut from the cylindrical solid
78
y  z 1
2 2
by the
planes y=x & x=0.
Evaluate  zdv
D

Solution.
The solid D and its
projection B on the
xy-plane are shown
in Figure 6.

79
The upper surface of the solid is
formed by the cylinder and the lower
surface by the xy-plane.
Since the portion of the cylinder that
lies y 2  z 2  1 above the xy-plane
has the equation z  1  y 2 & the
xy-plane has the
equation z  0 , it follows from (6) that
 1 y 2 
 zdv     zdz  dA ...  9 
B  
D
 0

80
For the double integral over B, the
x- and y-integrations can be performed
in either order, since B is both a type I
and type II region. We will integrate
with respect to x first. With this choice,
(9) yields
1 y 1 y
2
1 y
1 2 1 y2
 zdv    
D 0 0 0
zdzdxdy    z ]z 0 dxdy
0 0
2

81
 1 y 1
   1  y  dxdy   1  y  x]x 0 dy
1 2 1 2 y

0 0
2 20
1
1 1 2 1 4  1
1
   y  y  dy   y  y  
1 3

20 2 2 4 0 8
Example 2:
Use a triple integral to find the volume
of the solid within the cylinder
x  y  9 and between the planes
2 2

z =1 and x+z=5.

82
Solution:
The solid D and its
projection B on the
xy-plane are shown
in Figure 7.
The lower surface
of the solid is the
plane z=1 and the
upper surface is the
plane x+z=5

83
 or equivalently, z=5-x.
 5 x 
 Volume of D =  dv     dz  dA ... 10 
D B  1 

For the double integral over B, we will

integrate with respect to y first.
Thus,(10) yields

84
Exercise 1: Evaluate 
E
x 2  z 2 dv,

where E is the region bounded by the

paraboloid y  x2  z 2 and the plane y=4.

85
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical &
Spherical Coordinates

Some triple integrals are easier to

evaluate in cylindrical or spherical
coordinates than in rectangular
coordinates.
Triple integrals in cylindrical and
spherical coordinates are defined
similarly as in rectangular coordinates,
,
86
except that the region D is divided not
in to rectangular parallelepipeds but
into regions more appropriate to these
coordinate systems.

Triple Integrals in
Cylindrical Coordinates
In the cylindrical coordinate system, a
point P in three-dimensional space is
87
represented by the ordered triple
(r , , z ), where
r & are polar
coordinates of the
projection of P onto
the xy-plane and z is
the directed distance
from the xy-plane
to P. (See Figure 1).
Figure 1: The cylindrical
coordinate of a point.
88
To convert from cylindrical to
rectangular coordinates, we use the
equations, x  r cos , y  r sin  , z  z
where as to convert from
rectangular to cylindrical
coordinates, we use
y
r  x  y , tan   , z  z
2 2 2

89
Example 1: Find cylindrical
coordinates of the point with
rectangular coordinates (3,-3,-7).

Solution:

r  x  y  3  (3)  3 2
2 2 2 2

3 7
tan    1. So    2n
3 4
z  7
90
Therefore one set of cylindrical
coordinates is  3 2, 7 , 7  .
 4 

Another is  3 2,  , 7  . As with polar

 
coordinates, there are infinitely
4

many choices.
Exercise 1: Describe the surface
whose equation in cylindrical
coordinates is z  r.
( Answer : z 2  x2  y 2 )

91
Evaluating Triple Integrals with
Cylindrical Coordinates
Suppose that E
is a type 1 region
whose projection
B onto the
xy-plane is
conveniently
described in
polar coordinates
(see Figure 2). Figure 2
92
In particular, suppose that f is
continuous and
E   x, y, z  :  y, z   B, u1  x, y   z  u2  x, y 

where B is given in polar

coordinates by
B   r ,  :      , h1    r  h1  
Hence, from
 u2  x , y  
 f  x, y, z dv     f  x, y, z  dz  dA,
E B 
 u1  x , y  
: 93
 we can obtain
 h2   u2  r cos , r sin  

 f  x, y, z dv   
h1 
 f  r cos  , r sin  , z  rdzdrd ---(11)
E  u1  r cos , r sin  

Equation 11 is the formula for triple

integration in cylindrical coordinates.

It is worthwhile to use this formula

when E is a solid region easily
described in cylindrical
coordinates.
94
Theorem. Let E be simple xy-solid
whose upper surface has the equation
z  g2  r ,  and whose lower surface has
the equation z  g1  r ,  in cylindrical
coordinates. If B is the projection of the
solid on the xy-plane, and if f  r , , z  is
continuous on E, then
 g2  r ,  
 f  r , , z dv     f  r ,  , z  dz  dA ---(12)
E B 
 g1  r ,  

95
where the double integral over B is
evaluated in polar
coordinates. In
particular, if the
projection B is as
shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3

96
then (12) can be written as
2 r2   g2  r ,  

 f  r, , z dv      f  r, , z  rdzdrd --- (13)

E 1 r1   g1  r , 

Example 1:
A solid E lies within the cylinder
x  y  1, below the plane z=4, and
2 2

above the paraboloid 1  x2  y 2 .

(See Figure 4).
97
The density at any point is proportional to
its distance from
the axis of
the cylinder
. Find the mass
of E.

98
Solution:
In cylindrical coordinates the cylinder is
and the paraboloid is , so we can write

Since the density at f  x, y, z  is

proportional to the distance from the
z-axis, the density function is

99
 where
K is the proportionality constant.

Therefore, the mass of E is

10
0
 Example 2:
2  4 x 
2
2
Evaluate     x 2
 y 2
 dzdydx
2 
 4 x   x
2 2
 y2 
Solution:
This iterated integral is a triple
integral over the solid region
E   x, y, z  :  2  x  2,   4  x   y  4  x ,  x
2 2 2
 y 2   z  2

and the projection of E onto the

10
1
xy-plane is the disk
The lower surface
x  y  1 of E is
2 2

the cone z  x 2  y 2
and its upper
surface is the
plane z  2.
(See Figure 9.)
This region has a much simpler
description in cylindrical coordinates:
10
2
Therefore we have

10
3
Exercise 1.
Find the volume and the centroid of the solid D
that is bounded above by the hemisphere
below by the  25  x2  y 2  , xy -plane, and
laterally by the cylinder x 2  y 2  9.
Exercise 2. Use cylindrical coordinates to
evaluate: 3 9 x 
2
9 x2  y 2

  
2
x dzdydx
3 
9 x 
2 0

10
4
Triple Integrals in Spherical
Coordinates

The spherical
coordinates   , ,  
of a point P in
space are shown 
in Figure 1,
where   OP

10
5
is the distance from the origin to P,
 is the same angle as in
Cylindrical coordinates, and  is
the angle between the positive z –
axis and the line segment OP.
Note that   0, 0    
The spherical coordinate system is
especially useful in problems where
there is symmetry about a point, and
the origin is placed at this point.
10
6
.

The sphere with center the origin and radius

c has the simple equation   c (see figure
2), this is the reason for the name “spherical”
coordinates.

10
7
The graph of the equation   c is a
vertical half-plane (see Figure 3), and
the equation   c represents a half-
cone with the z-axis as its axis (see
Figure 4).

10
8
 The relationship between
rectangular and spherical
coordinates:
z   cos  , r   sin 

But x  r cos , y  r sin 

 x   sin  cos ,
y   sin  sin  ,
z   cos  ,
 x y z
2 2 2 2

10
9
Example 1
The point  0, 2 3, 2  is given in
rectangular coordinates.
Find spherical coordinates for this
point.
Solution:
we have

and so the above Equations give

11
0
Evaluating Triple Integrals with
Spherical Coordinates

In the spherical coordinate system the

counterpart of a rectangular box is a
11
1
 spherical wedge,
E    , ,   : a    b,      , c    d 
where a  0 &     2 & d  c   .
Consequently, we have arrived at the
following formula for triple integration
in spherical coordinates.

 f  x, y, z dv
E

d  b
    f   sin  cos  ,  sin  sin  ,  cos    2 sin  d  d d ...(14)
c a

11
2
 where E is a spherical wedge given by
E    , ,   : a    b,      , c    d 
This formula can be extended to include
more general spherical regions such as

E    , ,   :      , c    d , g1  ,     g2  , 

Usually, spherical coordinates are used

in triple integrals when surfaces such
as cones and spheres form the
boundary of the region of integration.

11
3
Example 1: 2 2 2 32
x  y z 
Evaluate  e dv where B is the
B

unit ball: E   x, y, z  : x 2
 y  z  1
2 2

Solution:
Since the boundary of E is a sphere, we
use spherical coordinates:
E    , ,   : 0    1, 0    2 , 0    
In addition, spherical coordinates are

11
4
appropriate because x y z  .
2 2 2 2
Thus,

Example 2:
Use spherical coordinates to find the

11
5
volume and the centroid of the solid G
bounded above by the sphere
x  y  z  16 and below by the
2 2 2

cone,
z x y
2 2

Solution:
The solid D is sketched in Figure 6.
In spherical coordinates, the equation
of the sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  16 is   4
and the equation of the cone z  x 2  y 2

11
6
is

which simplifies to

or, on dividing both

sides by
 cos  , tan   1.

Thus tan   .
4
So the volume of D is

11
7
Example 3:
Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of
the solid that lies above the cone  
2 2
z x y
and below the sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  z (Figure 7).

11
8
Notice that the sphere passes through
 1
the origin and has center,  2  .
0, 0,

We write the equation of the sphere in

spherical coordinates as
   sin  or   cos 
2

The equation of the cone can be written

as  cos    2 sin 2  cos2    2 sin 2  sin 2 
This gives sin   cos  , or    .
4
Therefore the description of the solid E in
spherical coordinates is

11
9
The volume of E is

Exercise 1:
Use spherical coordinates to evaluate

2  4 x   4 x
2 2
 y2 
   z2  x 2
 y 2
 z 2
dzdydx
2 
 4 x 
2 0

12
0
Change of Variables
in Multiple Integrals.

In Cartesian coordinates, we use the

variables (x, y, z); in cylindrical
coordinates, we use the variables  r , , z 
in spherical coordinates, we use the
variables  r , ,   and we have
established relationships connecting
these systems of variables, permitting us to
transfer from one system to another.
 12
1
Change of Variables in Multiple integrals. In
Cartesian coordinates, we use the variables
(x, y, z); in cylindrical coordinates, we use the
variables ; in spherical coordinates, we use the
variables, and we have established relationships
connecting these systems of variables,
permitting us to transfer from one system
to another.
In one-dimensional calculus we often use a
change of variable (a substitution) to simplify
an integral. By reversing the roles of x and u,
we can write the Substitution Rule as
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In one-dimensional calculus we often use
a change of variable (a substitution) to
simplify an integral. By reversing the roles
of x and u, we can write the Substitution
Rule as

Another way of writing Formula 1 is as follows:

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A change of variables can also be useful
in double integrals. The new variables
r &  are related to the old variables x
and y and the change of variables
formula can be written as

where S is the region in the r -plane

that corresponds to the R region in the
xy-plane.
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More generally, we consider a change
of variables that is given by a
transformation T from the uv-plane
to the xy-plane: T  u, v    x, y  , where
x and y are related to u and v by the
equations or, as we sometimes
write, x  g  u, v  y  h u, v  ... 15
A transformation T is really just a
function whose domain and range
are both subsets of R 2
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If T  u1 , v1    x1 , y1 , then the point
 x1 , y1  is called
the image of
the point  u1 , v1  .
If no two points
have the same
image, T is
called
one-to-one.

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Figure 1 shows the effect of a
transformation T on a region S in the
uv-plane. T transforms S into a region R
in the xy-plane called the image of S,
consisting of the images of all points in S.

If T is a one-to-one transformation,
then it has an inverse transformation T 1
from the xy-plane to the uv -plane and
it may be possible to solve Equations
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15 for u and v in terms of x and y:
u  G  x, y  v  H  x, y 

Example 1:
A transformation is defined by the
equations x  u  v , y  2uv.
2 2

Find the image of the square

S   u, v  : 0  u  1, 0  v  1.
Solution:
The transformation maps the boundary
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of S into the boundary of the image. So we
begin by finding the
images of the sides of S.
The first side, S1 is given
by v=0  0  u  1
(See Figure 2.)
From the given equations
we have, x  u 2
, y0
and so  0  x  1 .
Thus S1 is mapped into
the line segment from
(0,0) to (1,0) in the xy-plane.
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 
The second side, S2 is U=1 0  v  1 
and,
putting u=1 in the given equations, we get
x  1  v , y  2v.
2 Eliminating v, we obtain
y2
x  1  , 0  x  1. ... 1 which is part of
4
a parabola. Similarly S is given by
3
v  1 0  u  1 , whose image is the
parabolic arc y2
x  1,  1  x  0 ...  2 
4
Finally, S4 is given by u  0  0  v  1 whose
image is that is x  v 2 , y  0 that is
1  x  0.
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(Notice that as we move around the
square in the counter clockwise
direction, we also move around the
parabolic region in the counter
clockwise direction.)
The image of S is the region R (shown
in Figure 2) bounded by the x-axis and
the parabolas given by Equations 1 and 2.

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Definition: If T is the transformation
from the uv- plane to the xy-plane
defined by the equations
x  g1  u, v  & y  g2  u, v 

then the Jacobian of T is denoted by J  u, v 

or by   x, y  and is defined by
  u, v 
x x
  x, y  u v x y y x
J  u, v     
  u, v  y y u v u v
u u

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With this notation we can give an
approximation to the area A of R:
  x, y 
A  uv where the
  u, v 
Jacobian is evaluated at
 u0 , v0  .
Change of Variables in
a Double Integral

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Suppose that T is a transformation
whose
  
x  x u, v , y  y u, v 
Jacobian is nonzero and that maps a
region S in the uv-plane onto a region
R in the xy-plane. Suppose that f is
continuous on R and that R and S are
type I or type II plane regions. Suppose
also that T is one-to-one, except
perhaps on the boundary of S. Then
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 We can change from an integral in x and y to
an integral in u and v by expressing x and y
in terms of u and v and writing
  x, y 
dA  dudv.
  u, v  Instead of the
dx
derivative du we have the absolute
value of the Jacobian, that is,   x, y 
  u, v 
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Formula for integration in polar
coordinates, the transformation T from
the r -plane to the xy-plane is given by

x  g  r ,   r cos  , y  h  r ,   r sin 
and the geometry of the transformation is
shown in Figure 3. T maps an ordinary
Rectangle in the r -plane to a polar
rectangle in the xy-plane. The Jacobian of T
is x x
  x, y  r  cos  r sin 
   r cos 2   r sin 2   r  0
  r ,  y y sin  r cos 
r 
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Example 2:
Use the change of variables,
x  u 2  v2 , y  2uv to evaluate the
integral  ydA, where R is the region
R

bounded by the x-axis and the

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parabolas y 2  4  4 x & y 2  4  4 x, y  0.

Solution: The region R is pictured in

Figure 2.
In Example 1 we discovered that
T  S   R, where S is the square

0,1  0,1.
Indeed, the reason for making the
change of variables

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to evaluate the integral is that S is a
much simpler region than R.
First we need to compute the Jacobian:
x x
  x, y  u v 2u 2v
   4u 2  4v 2  0
  u, v  y y 2v 2u
u v
  x, y  1 1

Therefore,  ydA  2uv dA     2uv 4  u 2  v 2  dudv

R S
  u, v  0 0

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Example 3:

14
0
.

14
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Change of Variables in
Triple Integral

Equations of the form

x  g  u, v, w , y  h  u, v, w , z  k u, v, w ... 16 
define a transformation T from
Uvw-space to xyz-space. Just as a
transformation x  g  u, v  & y  g  u, v 
1 2
in two variables maps small rectangles
in the uv-plane into curvilinear
14
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parallelograms in the xy,-plane, so
equation (16) maps
smal1 rectangular
parallelepipeds in
uvw-space into
curvilinear
Parallelepiped s
in xyz space
(Figure 3).

Figure 3
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Definition Let T be a transformation
that maps a region S in uvw-space
onto a region R in xyz-space by means
of equation (11). Then the Jacobian of
T is defined by:
x x x
u v w
  x, y, z  y y y
J  u , v, w   
  u, v, w  u v w
z z z
u v w

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For small values of u, v, and w, the
volume V of the curvilinear parallelepiped in
Figure 3 is related to the volume uvw
of the rectangular parallelepiped by
  x, y , z 
V  uvw
  u, v, w

We have the following formula for triple

integrals:
  x, y, z 
 f  x, y, z  dv   f  x  u, v, w  , y  u, v, w  , z  u, v, w   dudvdw
R S
  u, v, w

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Example 4:
Derive the formula for triple integration in
spherical coordinates.
Solution:
Here the change of variables is given by

We compute the Jacobian as follows:

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.

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Example 5:
Find the volume of the region G enclosed by
the ellipsoid x 2 y 2 z 2
2
 2
 2
1
a b c
Solution:
The volume V is given by the triple integral
V   dV . To evaluate this integral, we make
G
the change of variables
x  au, y  bv, z  cw ... 1
which maps the region S in uvw-space
enclosed by a sphere of radius 1 into the
region G in xyz-space.
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This can be seen from (1) by noting that:
2 2 2
x y z
2
 2  2  1, becoms u  v  w  1
2 2 2

a b c
The Jacobian of (1) is
x x x
u v w a 0 0
  x, y, z  y y y
  0 b 0  abc
  u, v, w  u v w
0 0 c
z z z
u v w

Thus,   x, y, z 
V   dV   dVuvw  abc  dVuvw
G S
  u, v, w S

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The last integral is the volume enclosed by a
sphere of radius 1, which we know to be 4
3
Thus, the volume enclosed by the ellipsoid is
4
V abc
3
Exercise 1:

(Answer: I  8 u v 1  v dudv)

4 2

R
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Exercise 2:

Exercise 3: Evaluate
a) dA, where R is
x y
 x  y
R

the region enclosed by

the lines x  y  1 & x  y  3
x  y  0, x  y  1,
(see Figure 4).
Figure 4
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b) where
 e
xy
dA,
R
R is the region
enclosed by the lines
y  x & y  x and the
1
hyperbolas
2
1 2
y & y
(Figure 5). x x
 x y 
 
c) Where Figure 5
 e  x  y 
dA,
R
R is the trapezoidal region with vertices
1,0 ,  2,0 ,  0, 2 &  0, 1
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Applications of Triple Integrals

Recall that if f  x   0 then the single

b
Integral  f  x dx represents the area under
a

the curve y  f  x  from a to b, an d if

then the double integral  f  x, y  dA
f  x, y   0 D
represents the volume under the surface
z  f  x, y  and above D. The corresponding
interpretation of a triple integral,
 f  x, y, z  dV , where f  x, y, z   0
E
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is not very useful because it would be the
“hyper volume” of a four-dimensional
Object and, of course, that is very difficult
To visualize. (Remember that E is just the
domain of the function f ; the graph of f
lies in four-dimensional space.)
Nonetheless, the triple integral
 f  x, y, z  dV can be interpreted in
E different ways in different physical
situations, depending on the

15
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physical interpretations of x,y,z, and
f  x, y, z  . Let’s begin with the special case
where f  x, y, z   1 for all points in E.
Then the triple integral does represent the
volume of E: V  E    dV ... 17 
E

Example: 5 Use a triple integral to find the

volume of the tetrahedron T bounded by the
planes, x  2 y  z  2, x  2 y, x  0, z  0.

Solution: The tetrahedron T and its

projection D onto the xy-plane are
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shown in Figures 7 a & b.

Figure 7 : a) b)

The lower boundary of T is the plane z=0

and the upper boundary is the plane
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x  2 y  z  2, that is, z  2  x  2 y.

Therefore we have
x
x 1
1 1 2
1 2 2 x  2 y 1
V T    dv     dzdydx     2  x  2 y  dydx 
0 x
3
T 0 x 0
2 2

Example 6:
A triangular lamina with vertices  0,0  ,  0,1 , 1,0 
has density function   x, y   xy. Find its
total mass.

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 Solution: Referring to
Figure 8 , the mass M
of the lamina is
1  x 1
m     x, y dA   xydA    xydydx
R R 0 0
 x 1
1 2  1 3 1 
1 1
   xy  dx    x  x  x dx
2

0  y 0 0
2 2 2 
Figure 8
1
(unit of mass)
24
(Notice that it is not necessary to use triple
integrals to compute volumes.
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They simply give an alternative method for
setting up the calculation.)

Exercise 1:
Find the centroid of the
semicircular region in
Figure 9. Figure 9

Exercise 2: Find the center of mass of a

solid of constant density that is bounded
by the parabolic cylinder
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Note: All the applications of double integrals
can be immediately extended to triple
integrals. For example, If the density function
of a solid object that occupies the region E is
  x, y, z  in units of mass per unit volume, at
any given point , then its mass is
i) m     x, y, z  dV
E
And its moments about the three
coordinate planes are
ii) m   x  x, y, z  dV m   y   x, y, z  dV m   z   x, y, z  dV
yz xz xy

 
E E E

The center of mass is located at the point x, y, z

Where iii) M yz M xz M xy
x , y , z
m m m
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