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Controlled Phased Array Antenna Design

The document outlines the design of a feed-forward system for a 2x2 rectangular patched phased array antenna to estimate directional signals and suppress interference. It presents a signal model that describes how received signals undergo phase shifts and can be represented as inner products of vectors. The goal is to design a beam-steering weight vector and filter to enhance the desired signal while minimizing noise and interference.

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MuhammadAbdullah59
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23 views3 pages

Controlled Phased Array Antenna Design

The document outlines the design of a feed-forward system for a 2x2 rectangular patched phased array antenna to estimate directional signals and suppress interference. It presents a signal model that describes how received signals undergo phase shifts and can be represented as inner products of vectors. The goal is to design a beam-steering weight vector and filter to enhance the desired signal while minimizing noise and interference.

Uploaded by

MuhammadAbdullah59
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Controlled Phased Array Antenna

Problem Definition
Given that
With device containing 2x2 rectangular patched phased array antenna elements for RF reception, we
receive following signal at a particular time instant at antenna grid element (i,j) where i ∈ {0,1}, j ∈ {0,1}
ϕ1
y i , j (t )=x i, j ( t ) + wϕ 2i , j ( t ) +n i , j ( t ) for 0 ≤ t< ∞

Where

x(t) is a directional useful signal with highest gain around ϕ 1 radians (relative to antenna’s bore sight) of
interest e.g. GNSS L1 signal

w(t) is a directional interferer signal with highest gain around ϕ 2 e.g. jamming, spoofing signal

n(t) is omni-directional wideband noise

Problem statement is
Design a feed-forward system that takes in received signal y(t), estimate ϕ 1 and ϕ 2, design beam-
steering weight vector a (ϕ ), and a filter h(t) such that magnitude of w ϕ 2 ( t ) can be suppressed and n(t)
be filtered from y(t).

^y ( t ) =h ( t )∗∑ ∑ a Hi , j y i , j (t)
i j

H
Where a i , j is 2x2 beam steering weight matrix designed such that

^y ( t ) ≈ x ϕ 1i , j ( t )
Signal Model

A complex sinusoidal signal of frequency f (analytical) or signal of superimposed sinusoidal signals


centered frequency f, denoted via x(t) received at linear phased array antenna i ∈ {0,1,…,M-1} from an
angle ϕ radians from bore sight is following

πc d i π di
j2 πf t i j2 . j2
y i ( t ) =x ( t ) e y i ( t ) =x ( t ) e λ c
y i ( t ) =x ( t ) e λ

Form above equations, it is evident that signal x(t) undergoes phase shift proportional to antenna
λ
element distance d i . Further, it can be observed that d i=i sin ⁡(ϕ )
2

πλ
j2 i sin ( ϕ )
2λ
y i ( t ) =x ( t ) e
j πi sin ( ϕ)
y i ( t ) =x ( t ) e

For phased array linear antenna, signal is sum of individual signals received at each antenna element i.

y ( t ) =∑ y i (t )
i

We can represent this in form of inner product of following two vectors

T
a ( ϕ ) =[ 1 e
j π sin ( ϕ )
e
j 2 πi sin ( ϕ )
,…,e
j ( M −1) π sin ( ϕ ) T
] x (t)= [ x0 ( t ) , x 1 ( t ) , x 2 ( t ) … , x M −1 ( t ) ]

We can call a ( ϕ ) beam steering weight vector.

Re-write (1) in inner product form


T
y (t )=a ( ϕ ) x (t)

Now, received power of x(t) at angle ϕ radians is given by

P ( ϕ )=aH ( ϕ ) E { x ( t ) x ( t )H } a ( ϕ )

P ( ϕ )=a R a ( ϕ ) R is called covariance matrix of the signal x(t).


H
Direction of Arrival (DoA) Estimation

Work in progress…

Common questions

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Imprecise design of the beam-steering weight vector can lead to suboptimal performance of a phased array antenna by causing misalignment of the beam direction with the desired signal, resulting in reduced signal gain and insufficient suppression of interference and noise. This misalignment can negatively influence the quality of the received signal and degrade the overall efficacy of direction-specific reception and interference suppression .

The covariance matrix, denoted as R, in phased array signal processing is a critical tool for analyzing the statistical properties of the received signals. It takes into account the correlation between different signals across the antenna elements, enabling the system to effectively implement beam-forming and interference suppression techniques. The matrix facilitates the calculation of received power P(ϕ) through its product with the beam steering vector, quantifying the power of the desired signal direction, thereby optimizing signal reception .

The mathematical representation of the signal sum received by a phased array antenna from a direction ϕ radians is y(t) = a^T(ϕ)x(t), where a(ϕ) is the beam steering weight vector and x(t) is the vector of individual signals received at each antenna element. This expression signifies the combined effect of all elements' signals, weighted appropriately to steer the antenna's response towards the desired direction .

Estimating the angles ϕ1 (for the desired signal) and ϕ2 (for the interference signal) is necessary to effectively employ beam-forming techniques that mitigate interference and enhance the reception of the signal of interest in phased array systems. Accurate angle estimation allows the system to adjust beam steering vectors to reinforce the desired signal direction and suppress the interfering direction, thereby maintaining signal integrity and optimizing performance .

The expression for the received power of a directional signal in a phased array system is P(ϕ) = a^H(ϕ)Ra(ϕ), where a(ϕ) is the beam-steering vector and R is the covariance matrix of the signal x(t). This formula calculates the power of the signal received at an angle ϕ radians, by quantifying the effective power captured by the antenna array after applying the beam-forming weights .

In a linear phased array, the phase shift of a signal is directly proportional to the antenna element distance, di. This relationship is mathematically represented as yi(t) = x(t)e^j2πdi/λ, where λ is the wavelength of the signal, and di is the distance of element i, given by di = iλ/2sin(ϕ). The phase shift increases with the element index i, reflecting the cumulative effect of spatially separated antenna elements on the received signal wavefront .

The method to suppress interference and filter noise involves designing a feed-forward system that estimates the angles of the useful and interfering signals (ϕ1 and ϕ2). The system implements a beam-steering weight vector a(ϕ) and a filter h(t) such that the interference w(t) is suppressed and the noise n(t) is filtered from the composite received signal y(t). This results in a processed signal by(t) that approximates the desired signal without interference and noise .

When designing a filter h(t) to process received signals in a phased array system, factors to consider include the frequency characteristics of the desired and unwanted signals, the level of interference suppression required, and the need for noise filtering without distorting the desired signal. The filter should also complement the beam-steering operation, aligning with the array's directional sensitivity to efficiently isolate the signal of interest from interference and noise .

The inner product form, y(t) = a^T(ϕ)x(t), supports direction-specific reception by applying a beam steering weight vector a(ϕ) to the received signal vector x(t). This operation aligns the array's sensitivity towards the direction ϕ, enhancing the gain of the desired signal while diminishing the reception of signals from other directions. It effectively enables the phased array to focus on a specific angle of arrival, leveraging spatial selectivity to isolate and process the intended signal .

Beam-steering weight matrices in phased array antenna systems are crucial for directing the antenna's sensitivity towards a particular direction, thereby enhancing signal reception of interest. In the problem context, they function by adjusting the weights applied to the signals received from each antenna element, effectively steering the beam to maximize the reception of the desired signal, x(t), at angle ϕ1 radians. This process suppresses undesired signals and interference, such as w(t) corresponding to ϕ2, and filters out background noise n(t), ensuring that the received signal by(t) closely approximates xϕ1i,j(t).

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