1

Often, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry is given to a single person,

such as Richard Martin Willstätter in 1915. But sometimes the
Nobel Committee wants to reward work attributed to two or
three individuals, in which case, the award is given
_______ For instance, in 2020, Jennifer Doudna was among
those awarded for "the development of a method for genome
editing."

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise
word or phrase?

A)​retroactively
B)​ceremoniosly
C)​jointly​
D)​reluctantly
 2

As with other river deltas, the Krishna River delta is ___: it is a

constantly evolving network of channels and strips of land that
change in size and shape as the river deposits new
sedimentary particles where the river meets the waters of the
Bay of Bengal.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise
word or phrase?

A)​sustainable
B)​unrivaled
C)​immutable
D)​dynamic
 3
Many of late nineteenth-century artist James McNeill Whistler's
oil paintings and lithographs depict the streets of European
cities. While his contemporaries' approaches to these subjects
were often sentimental, Whistler's eye seemed ______ In this
way, he anticipated the early twentieth-century photographs of
Walker Evans, which create the illusion of being objective
documentations of life.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise
word or phrase?

A)​tranquil
B)​peculiar
C)​nostalgic
D)​ dispassionate
 4
The following text is adapted from George Eliot's 1857 short
story "The Sad Fortunes of the Rev. Amos Barton." Mr. Ely is a
clergyman in the town of Milby.
By the laity of Milby and its neighbourhood [Mr. Ely] was
regarded as a man of quite remarkable powers and learning,
who must make a considerable sensation in London pulpits
and drawing-rooms on his occasional visit to the metropolis;
and by his brother clergy he was regarded as a discreet and
agreeable fellow. Mr. Ely never got into a warm discussion; he
suggested what might be thought, but rarely said what he
thought himself; he never let either men or women see that he
was laughing at them, and he never gave any one an
opportunity of laughing at him.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A)​It relates how Mr. Ely had initially earned the respect of his
colleagues and then recounts the circumstances under
which their views of him began to change.
B)​It implies that Mr. Ely's neighbors are more naïve in their
estimation of him than people in London are and then
explains why his neighbors have been so easily misled.
C)​It presents the favorable opinion of Mr. Ely that other
people hold and then describes the behaviors of Mr. Ely
that enable him to maintain that favorable opinion.
D)​It highlights the disparity between Mr. Ely's public and
private behavior and then conveys why he labors to
obscure his true self from other people.
 5
Mexican architect Luis Barragán's prolific career, which
spanned the 1920s to the 1980s, evolved through distinct
phases. After traveling to the United States and Europe in the
early 1930s and immersing himself in a broader architectural
discourse, Barragán shifted his style to incorporate principles of
modernism, as seen in the Pizarro Suárez House. The project's
unadorned geometric forms, typical of the modernist aesthetic,
contrasted with the historically inspired architecture seen in his
earlier projects in Guadalajara, such as the house in Calle Pedro
Loza.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A)​It summarizes the career of a particular architect, states

how a journey influenced that architect's career, and then
emphasizes how influential that architect's career has
been.
B)​It presents a general claim about a particular architect's
career, describes the early stages of the architect's career,
and then explains a later shift in that career.
C)​It explains the design aesthetic of a particular architect,
acknowledges the sources of those design choices, and
then contrasts that aesthetic with the designs of earlier
architects.
D)​It provides a general statement about the career of a
particular architect, highlights a transition in that career,
and then expounds on the ways that transition is evident
in the architect's work.
 6

Researchers César A. Hidalgo, Elisa Castañer, and Andres

Sevtsuk created a computer model to predict the mix of hotels,
bicycle stores, and other businesses found in a given
neighborhood. How we define a neighborhood and its
boundaries is subjective, so the team used a clustering
algorithm to locate dense groupings of amenities that
represent human-identified neighborhoods like Boston's North
End. The predictive model, which incorporates this algorithm,
is sure to be invaluable in determining the optimal mix of a
city's amenities.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A)​It describes how an algorithm can predict the success of

certain businesses, discusses an example of a use of that
algorithm, and suggests potential uses of the algorithm in
other fields.
B)​It explains why urban planners are interested in
understanding the locations of certain businesses, details
a study that has addressed this question, and identifies
one key finding.
C)​It summarizes trends in recent urban development,
describes a potential problem for urban planners, and
suggests a computational tool that can be used to solve
that problem.
D)​It introduces a research team's study of urban
neighborhoods, describes an aspect of the study's
methodology, and suggests a potential application of the
team's research.
 7
Text 1

Hycean planets are a class of exoplanets (planets outside our solar

system) with oceans of liquid water-critical to supporting life-and
atmospheres rich in hydrogen. Computer models have determined
that for potential hycean planets, the range of the habitable zone
(HZ), the distance from a star that allows a planet to retain liquid
water on its surface, begins at about 1 astronomical unit (AU). In
2021, Nikku Madhusudhan et al. identified K2-18 b as a hycean
candidate, noting that the planet is located right on the inner edge
of the HZ.

Text 2

In a 2023 paper, Shang-Min Tsai et al. claimed that the

hydrogen-rich atmospheres of K2-18 b and other hycean candidates
admit wavelengths of light that cause elevated surface
temperatures and increased water evaporation. Unlike earlier
assessments, Tsai et al.'s calculations therefore placed the inner
edge for these planets' HZ as far out as 3.85 AU.

Based on the texts, how would Tsai et al. (Text 2) most likely respond
to Madhusudhan et al.'s research, as presented in Text 1?

A)​ By arguing that K2-18 b and other hycean candidates are unlikely to
support life because these planets are located too far from the stars
they orbit
B)​ By maintaining that Madhusudhan et al. relied on a model whose
estimates of surface temperatures on hycean candidates are likely
too high
C)​ By stating that the chemical composition of the atmosphere of the
hycean candidate Madhusudhan et al. identified suggests that this
planet's surface is unlikely to harbor liquid water
D)​By observing that unlike the hycean candidate Madhusudhan et al.
discovered, most other types of planets with hydrogen-rich
atmospheres are likely located within the HZ
 8

When Kenyan writer Ngugi wa Thiong'o, who had previously

published four novels in English, began writing in his native
language, Gikuyu, in the 1970s, several fellow writers and critics
cautioned that doing so might make his works inaccessible
outside his own community. Some noted that Kiswahili-widely
spoken in Kenya and elsewhere in Africa-would be a more
practical choice. Rejecting their arguments, Ngugi went on to
author dozens of acclaimed works in Gikuyu that have been
translated into a total of more than thirty languages.

Which choice best presents the main idea of the text?

A)​ Although Ngugi insisted on publishing his first works in

Gîküyü, they have since been translated into many other
languages.
B)​Although Ngugi's decision to write in Gîküyü was met
with some skepticism, it didn't prevent him from
achieving literary success.
C)​ The reaction to Ngugi's rejection of English illustrates that
some literary experts believe that fame is most easily
gained by writing in a widely understood language, such
as Gîküyü.
D)​In the 1970s, Ngugi became convinced that literature
ought to be written in authors' native languages, and he
proceeded to publish many works in Gikuyu.
 9
In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez, and
colleagues, residents of Quito, Ecuador, and Buenos Aires,
Argentina, were surveyed about parks in their cities. Of the 618
respondents from Quito, 82.9% indicated that they use the
city's parks, and of the 683 respondents from Buenos Aires,
69.9% indicated using city parks. Given that the percentage of
Quito respondents who reported having access to other
desired amenities near parks was much lower than that
reported by Buenos Aires respondents, the difference in park
use can't be explained by Quito residents having more access
to desired nonpark amenities near parks.

Which choice best describes the main idea of the text?

A)​The study's findings suggest that an increase in the

number of amenities near city parks would likely increase
park use in Quito but not in Buenos Aires.
B)​Although the study found that a greater proportion of
residents use parks in Quito than in Buenos Aires, that
difference isn't due to greater access to amenities near
parks in Quito.
C)​Even though the study found that parks in Buenos Aires
are more likely to be close to other amenities than parks
in Quito are, Quito has more amenities overall than
Buenos Aires does.
D)​The study's finding that a greater proportion of residents
use parks in Quito than in Buenos Aires is partly due to
the greater prevalence of parks in Quito.
 10

Chesapeake Bay seagrass meadows constitute crucial habitats for

many aquatic species. Historically, eelgrass has been predominant,
but widgeon grass is proving better suited to recent increases in sea
temperature, tolerating heat better and growing faster than
eelgrass does. Although the increase in widgeon grass has been
associated with a substantial increase in total seagrass coverage

Which statement, if true, would account for data shown in the graph
and would illustrate the point made by the researchers?

A)​In early 2018, a fungal infection that affects widgeon grass and
eelgrass but does not affect other types of seagrass spread
through the bay.
B)​Water temperatures in the bay increased slowly from 2012 to
2018, but in early 2019 there was an unprecedently large
increase in temperatures, which reached levels that can be
tolerated by few seagrass species other than widgeon grass.
C)​Between 2012 and 2017, the total area covered by widgeon
grass and the total area covered by all types of seagrass
increased as water temperatures in the bay increased.
D)​In early 2019, unusually heavy rains washed excessive nutrients
into the bay, leading to algal blooms that prevented sunlight
from reaching many seagrass species.
 11

Piezoelectric harvesters convert kinetic energy (resonance) to

electrical energy, precluding the need for external electrical
sources. The vibration of a spacecraft, for example, can provide
sufficient energy to power many of its sensors piezoelectrically.
A newly designed piezoelectric harvester incorporating a
highly conductive carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)
electrode has been shown to provide steady energy loads
during resonance, an absolute prerequisite for wireless
communication devices to be powered piezoelectrically.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the text's

claim about wireless communication devices?

A)​ The high conductivity of the CFRP is what makes the energy output
from a piezoelectric harvester sufficient for wireless communication
devices.
B)​ The CFRP electrode is incompatible with most wireless
communication devices.
C)​ Intermittent or unpredictable electrical supply undermines the
efficacy of wireless communication devices.
D)​The near-constant kinetic vibration of a spacecraft makes it possible
to power its wireless communication devices using only non-CFRP
piezoelectric harvesters.
 12
Like many other genera of wild bees, bumblebees have in
recent decades experienced population collapse caused by,
among other factors, habitat destruction and climate variation.
Bumblebees are also one of the most researched bee genera,
second only to honeybees. As a result, ecologists have gained
much of their insight about wild bee declines from
bumblebees. In a 2021 paper, zoologist Guillaume Ghisbain
notes that bumblebees are among the relatively few wild-bee
genera that display social behaviors and dietary generalism
(ability to obtain nectar and pollen from a diversity of plant
species). two traits that are associated with increased resilience
to some specific environmental changes. Ghisbain therefore
contends that

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A)​because bumblebees and other bees with generalist diets are

less negatively affected by environmental stress than bees
with specialized diets are, they are less likely to experience
major population changes in the future than bees with
specialized diets are.
B)​although bumblebees have been more extensively studied
than most wild bees, researchers should not use bumblebees
to draw conclusions about the decline of other wild bees, even
ones with feeding patterns and levels of sociability that are
similar to those of bumblebees.
C)​although bumblebees and many other wild bees have
experienced similar population declines in the past, compared
with other wild bees, bumblebees are likely at greater risk of
being harmed by climate variation than by habitat destruction.
D)​because the responses of bumblebees and other wild bees to
environmental threats are not always comparable, researchers
need to exercise caution when extrapolating information
about wild bee population declines from bumblebees.
 13

Microbial fuel cells (MFCS) capitalize on the ability of some species of

bacteria to metabolize metal, liberating electrons. The bacteria form a
dense biofilm on the surface of an electron-collecting anode, but moving
the electrons from the bacterial cytoplasm to an external electrode
requires that the electrons pass through a series of inefficient
oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. Accordingly, MFC power output
rarely exceeds a density of 0.30 milliwatts per square centimeter
(mW/cm2). In an experiment, researchers added silver nanoparticles to
carbon paper covering the anode in an MFC. The resulting power density
was 0.66 mW/cm2. Since metals such as silver exhibit high electrical
conductivity, the researchers hypothesized that.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A)​ silver nanoparticles may increase the metabolic processes of the

bacteria, thereby increasing the number of free electrons available
to transfer to the electrode.
B)​ as the density of the biofilm increases, the series of redox reactions
may accelerate independent of the presence of the silver
nanoparticles.
C)​ silver nanoparticles may allow electrons to bypass the series of
redox reactions and transfer directly to the electrode.
D)​electrons may be conducted directly to the electrode before the
silver nanoparticles catalyze the redox reactions.
 14

The ratio of methane to other atmospheric

constituents-represented by a measure called the methane
mole fraction-influences a variety of meteorological
phenomena, notably precipitation and humidity. For Titan,
Saturn's largest moon, the observational data that exist are too
sparse and discrepant to fully constrain the range of the
methane mole fraction at various atmospheric levels. Juan Lora
and colleagues point out that outputs of the IPSI. atmospheric
model of Titan, which track closely to observations in some
respects, reflect how the model's developers responded to this
challenge: by prescribing a uniform methane mole fraction for
the lowest level of the atmosphere. It is therefore important to
note that

Which choice most logically completes the text?​

A)​some disagreements between the model's simulations of

Titan's precipitation and humidity and the moon's actual
precipitation and humidity are to be expected.
B)​even though the model's outputs sometimes agree with
observational data, Titan's real methane mole fraction is
likely higher than the methane mole fraction used in the
model.
C)​further observations of Titan may clarify the moon's
methane mole fraction sufficiently for the model to
employ a single value rather than a range.
D)​inconsistencies across the model's simulations of Titan's
precipitation and humidity could be attributable to
variations in the moon's methane mole fraction.
 15
Included in What Absence Is Made Of, a 2017 group exhibition
at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in
Washington, DC, was the work of artist Lorna Simpson, who is
best known for her multimedia artworks that juxtapose images
of African American women with text fragments. Her work
challenges conventional notions of race, gender, history, and
_____she is credited with expanding the horizons of conceptual
photographic art.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the

conventions of Standard English?

A)​memory and
B)​memory,
C)​memory, and
D)​memory
 16

The editors of Home Ground: A Guide to the American

Landscape turned to D.J. Waldie, a nonfiction writer, to craft
the entry for "thalweg," a term referring to a line connecting
the lowest points of a valley. For "cape," however, the editors
chose the ______ author of Inheritance.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the

conventions of Standard English?

A)​novelist Lan Samantha Chang,

B)​novelist Lan Samantha Chang
C)​novelist, Lan Samantha Chang,
D)​novelist, Lan Samantha Chang
 17
The Austronesian language family comprises some 1,200
languages–including the ____ Gilbertese and Tongan, which are
spoken by 120,000 and 108,000 speakers, respectively and
accounts for one-fifth of the world's languages, making it of
keen interest to linguists like Marian Klamer.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the

conventions of Standard English?

A)​languages,
B)​languages:
C)​languages
D)​languages-
 18

If you had turned on the radio in the summer of 1961, chances

are you would have heard the hit______ "A Tear" by Gene
McDaniels. The song spent four straight weeks on the Billboard
Hot 100 chart that year.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the

conventions of Standard English?

A)​song:
B)​song;
C)​song,
D)​song
 19
Recent analysis of 1999 OX3-an outer solar system object
orbiting the Sun between Jupiter and Neptune has determined
its color to be red, suggesting a rocky composition. Such
interpretations are ultimately ____ the object's red coloration
may be an incidental effect of radiation, solar wind, or collisions
with other objects rather than evidence of its physical makeup.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the

conventions of Standard English?

A)​speculative; though
B)​speculative, though,
C)​speculative, though
D)​speculative, though;
 20

Mitochondrial genomes reproduce asexually, which should

over time result in an accumulation of harmful mutations and a
decline in mitochondrial functionality. However, nuclear genes
are hypothesized to coevolve with the rate of mitochondrial
decline, eliminating mutational erosion. Such a compensatory
measure _____ the organelle's decline, unlike
enzyme-stabilizing accessory proteins, offers an evolutionary
explanation of mitochondrial reproduction.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the

conventions of Standard English?

A)​counteracting
B)​had counteracted
C)​counteracted
D)​counteracts
 21

In his 2011 book, historian Sebouh David Aslanian quantifies the

reading patterns of early modern Armenian merchants from
New Julfa. Aslanian's macroanalysis ______ nearly 1,000 book
titles published between 1512 and 1800 shows not only the
steady popularity of religious texts but also a broadening
interest in secular books, especially those on history and
geography.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the

conventions of Standard English?

A)​examined
B)​examining
C)​examines
D)​had examined
 22

Despite its great distance from Earth-it is 570 light-years

away-the star Shaula is one of the brightest stars in the sky,
ranking 23rd. Although not as bright as Shaula, the star
Alsephina also ranks among the 50 brightest stars (45th, to be
exact) ____ Alsephina's brightness is likely due to the star's
relative proximity: Alsephina is only 80 light-years from Earth.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical

transition?

A)​Indeed
B)​As a result,
C)​Granted,
D)​Similarly,
 23

In an ekphrastic poem, a poet explores a work of visual art,

such as a drawing, sculpture, or painting. Robert Hayden's 1994
poem "Monet's Waterlilies," for example, meditates on Claude
Monet's 1899 painting Water Lilies; Sasha Pimentel's 2017 poem
"The Kiss," ____ takes a painting as its subject: Gustav Klimt’s
1909 work “The Kiss”

Which choice completes the text with the most logical

transition?

A)​nevertheless,
B)​likewise,
C)​hence,
D)​conversely,
 24
Contemplating the beauty of a natural landscape, the serene
speaker of William Wordsworth's poem "Lines Composed a
Few Miles above Tintern Abbey" (1798) seems wholly insulated
from society. As scholars have argued, however, Wordsworth's
retreat to nature was an aesthetic response to and implicit
critique of England's rapid industrialization and urbanization at
that time. _____despite its idyllic quality, the poem bears the
imprint of the dramatic changes affecting English life.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical

transition?

A)​Nevertheless,
B)​For example,
C)​Moreover,
D)​As such,
 25
●​ The South Sudan Workers Trade Union Federation
(SSWTUF) is a national union federation for the African
nation of South Sudan.
●​ It helps improve conditions for workers in that nation.
●​ ITUC-Africa is a regional union federation that represents
national union federations across Africa.
●​ It represents the SSWTUF.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the

given sentences to explain the purpose of national union
federations?

A)​The SSWTUF is one of the national union federations

represented by ITUC-Africa.
B)​Regional union federations like ITUC Africa represent the
national union federations in a specific area.
C)​National union federations, such as the SSWTUF, work to
improve conditions for workers in their member nations.
D)​The SSWTUF is a national union federation in Africa.
 26
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:

• Emphasis analysis and cultural analysis are two

approaches to art criticism.

• Emphasis analysis examines how visual elements are

weighted in an artwork's composition.

• Such an analysis of Anne Vallayer-Coster's Still Life with

Lobster might consider how the painting's sharply
contrasting colors place primary emphasis on the lobster
in the foreground.

• Cultural analysis considers the cultural trends, beliefs,

and values of an artwork's time.

• Such an analysis of Pablo Picasso's Les Demoiselles

d'Avignon might consider how the painting's portrayal of
fragmented human figureschallenged conventions of
beauty during a time of cultural upheaval (early twentieth
century).

The student wants to present cultural analysis to an audience

unfamiliar with the concept. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A)​An approach to art criticism, cultural analysis considers the

cultural trends, beliefs, and values of an artwork's time.
B)​An emphasis analysis of Still Life with Lobster might consider
how the painting's sharply contrasting colors place primary
emphasis on the lobster in the foreground.
C)​Les Demoiselles d'Avignon's portrayal of fragmented human
figures challenged conventions of beauty during a time of
cultural upheaval (early twentieth century).
D)​Emphasis analysis differs from cultural analysis in that
emphasis analysis examines how visual elements are weighted
in an artwork's composition.
 27

While researching a topic, a student has taken the

following notes:

●​ Modularity of mind is the notion that the mind is at

least partly composed of innate neural structures
(modules) that perform fast, necessary tasks.
●​ 1983: cognitive scientist Jerry A. Fodor hypothesized
that low-level cognitive systems (e.g., perception,
language) are modular.
●​ In Fodorian modularity, high-level systems (e.g.,
reasoning) are not modular.
●​ 2003: cognitive scientist Peter Carruthers proposed
the massive modularity hypothesis (MMH).
●​ MMH expands modularity to include all cognitive
systems.

The student wants to compare Fodor's hypothesis with

Carruthers's. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A)​In considering some but not all cognitive systems modular,

Fodorian modularity is not as expansive in its definition of
modularity as MMH is.
B)​Following Fodor's 1983 hypothesis, Carruthers proposed that
modularity of mind includes all cognitive systems.
C)​The hypotheses of Fodor and Carruthers differ in whether they
consider low-level cognitive systems, such as perception and
language, modular.
D)​In 2003, Carruthers proposed the massive modularity
hypothesis, disagreeing with Fodor's earlier hypothesis that
the mind is composed of innate neural structures.