MEN515-HVAC N.
Zakhia – NDU – SOE – ME Department
Example 5.2
Consider a department store as shown. The store opens 24/24 hrs. The roof is exposed to outdoor air.
Calculate the cooling load then select suitable “Split AC units”. The data available from the store are:
• Inside conditions: DBT = 24°C, RH = 50%.
• Occupancy: 20 persons with light work.
4 single glass windows
• Equipment heat gain is assumed 2000 W
2 single Glass windows
• Lightings: unknown
• 6 fixed single glass windows (3.0 x 1.2 m each) with Ceiling elevation: 3m
drapery Venetian Blind.
12 m
N
• 2 solid wooden doors (1.5 x 2.1 m each).
• The roof is exposed to outdoor air.
• Construction type: medium walls & heavy roof. E
Items U-values
Wooden
door
Outer walls 1.6 W/m2.°C
Roof 1.5 W/m2.°C
Glass window 3.2 W/m2.°C
18 m Wooden
Wooden doors 1.8 W/m2.°C door
The outdoor design air condition is taken for the hottest month (August) at 2% occurrences as:
DBT = 30.8°C, HR = 19.6
Solution: The cooling load is 𝑪𝑪. 𝑳𝑳. = 𝑸𝑸̇𝑻𝑻 + 𝑸𝑸̇𝑺𝑺 + 𝑸𝑸̇𝑶𝑶 + 𝑸𝑸̇𝑳𝑳 + 𝑸𝑸̇𝑬𝑬 + 𝑸𝑸̇𝑽𝑽 (𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑸𝑸̇𝑰𝑰 )
1. Heat Gain through walls, windows, doors, and ceiling: 𝑸𝑸̇𝑻𝑻 = ∑ 𝑼𝑼. 𝑨𝑨. (𝑻𝑻𝒐𝒐 – 𝑻𝑻𝒊𝒊 )
Items Areas, m2 Net area, m2 Item U, W/m2C A, m2 (To – Ti), °C 𝑸𝑸̇, W
wall E (18 x 3) – (1.5 x 2.1) 50.85 wall E 1.6 50.85 (30.8 – 24) 553.25
W (18 x 3) – 4(3 x 1.2) 39.60 W 1.6 39.60 (30.8 – 24) 430.85
S (12 x 3) – (1.5 x 2.1) 32.85 S 1.6 32.85 (30.8 – 24) 357.41
N (12 x 3) – 2(3 x 1.2) 28.80 N 1.6 28.80 (30.8 – 24) 313.34
window W 4(3 x 1.2) 14.4 window W 3.2 14.40 (30.8 – 24) 313.34
N 2(3 x 1.2) 7.20 N 3.2 7.20 (30.8 – 24) 156.67
Door E 1.5 x 2.1 3.15 Door E 1.6 3.15 (30.8 – 24) 38.56
S 1.5 x 2.1 3.15 S 1.6 3.15 (30.8 – 24) 38.56
Roof 12 x 18 216.0 Roof 1.6 216.0 (30.8 – 24) 2,203.2
𝑸𝑸̇𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 4,405.2
2. Solar heat gain: 𝑄𝑄̇𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = (𝑈𝑈 × 𝐴𝐴 × ∆𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 )𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 + (𝑈𝑈 × 𝐴𝐴 × ∆𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 )𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + ∑[𝐴𝐴 × 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 × 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆]𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
Let’s consider 2 cases: (a) based on the peak load, and (b) based on 5 O’clock PM solar time.
Case (a): based on peak load:
Items U, W/m2°C A, m2 ∆Tsun, °C SHGF SC Q, W
N - Wall 1.6 28.80 3 - - 138.24 Thus, the additional sun effect:
N - Window - 7.20 - 116.2 0.50 418.32 The highest in walls & windows + roof.
Sum of N-wall 556.56
𝑸𝑸̇𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝑸𝑸̇𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 + 𝑸𝑸̇𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓
W - Wall 1.6 39.60 23 - - 1457.28
= 𝟔𝟔, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎 + 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟎 𝑾𝑾
W - Window - 14.40 - 688.6 0.50 4,957.92
Sum of W-wall 6,415.20
S - Wall 1.6 32.85 12 - - 630.72
Sum of S-wall 630.72
E - Wall 1.6 50.85 15 - - 1,220.4
Sum of W-wall 1,220.4
Roof 1.5 216.0 16 - - 5,184.0
Case (b): based on 5 o’clock solar time: (the sum of the highest solar effect in walls, windows & roof)
Walls & roof Windows
Direction U A ∆Ts Q, W Direction A W/m2 SC Q, W
North wall 1.6 28.80 2 92.16 North 7.20 116.2 0.50 418.32
West wall 1.6 39.60 17 1077.12 West 14.40 688.6 0.50 4,957.9
East wall 1.6 50.85 8 650.88 Total 5,376.24
South wall 1.6 32.85 11 578.2
Sum 2,400.0
∴ 𝑸𝑸̇𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 2,400.0 + 3888.0 + 5,376.24 = 11,663.0 W
Roof 1.5 216.0 12 3888.0
3. Heat from lightings: 𝑄𝑄̇𝐿𝐿 = (𝑊𝑊 ⁄𝑚𝑚2 ) × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝐷𝐷. 𝐹𝐹. = 18 × (12 × 18) × 1.0 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟎 𝑾𝑾
4. Heat from equipment: It is given → 𝑸𝑸̇𝒆𝒆 = 2000 W (given)
𝑄𝑄̇
5. Heat of occupants: 𝑄𝑄̇𝑂𝑂 = 𝑛𝑛 x � � x 𝐷𝐷. 𝐹𝐹. where 𝐷𝐷. 𝐹𝐹. = 0.80 (see table)
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑄𝑄̇
𝑄𝑄̇𝑠𝑠 = 𝑛𝑛 × � � × 𝐷𝐷. 𝐹𝐹. = 20 × 75 × 0.80 = 1200.0 𝑊𝑊
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑄𝑄̇𝑠𝑠 = 𝑄𝑄̇𝑠𝑠 + 𝑄𝑄̇𝐿𝐿 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 𝑾𝑾
𝑄𝑄̇
𝑄𝑄̇𝐿𝐿 = 𝑛𝑛 × � � × 𝐷𝐷. 𝐹𝐹. = 20 × 55 × 0.80 = 880.0 𝑊𝑊
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝐿𝐿
6. Heat of ventilation: 𝑄𝑄̇𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = 1.2 × 𝑛𝑛 × � �𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝� × (ℎ𝑜𝑜 − ℎ𝑖𝑖 )
𝑠𝑠
At 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 = 30.8℃ & 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 = 0.0196 𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔𝑣𝑣 /𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 → ℎ𝑜𝑜 = 81.1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 & 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = 0.888 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
At 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 = 24℃ & 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 50% → ℎ𝑖𝑖 = 47.8 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 & 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 = 0.0093 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑣𝑣 /𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐿𝐿⁄𝑠𝑠
𝑄𝑄̇s = 1.23 × 𝑛𝑛 × � � (𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 − 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 ) = 1.23 × 20 × 3.5 × (30.8 − 24) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓 𝑾𝑾
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝐿𝐿⁄𝑠𝑠
𝑄𝑄̇L = 3010 × 𝑛𝑛 × � � (𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 − 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ) = 3010 × 20 × 3.5 × (0.0196 − 0.0093) = 𝟐𝟐, 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝑾𝑾
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑄𝑄̇𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = 𝑄𝑄̇s + 𝑄𝑄̇L = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 𝑾𝑾
𝐿𝐿⁄𝑠𝑠 1 1
We may also need 𝑚𝑚̇𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = 𝑛𝑛 × � �× = 20 × 3.5 × = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝑳𝑳/𝒔𝒔
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑣𝑣0 0.888
7. Heat of infiltration: 𝑄𝑄̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0.333 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 (𝑇𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 )
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 0.47 & 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 12 × 18 × 3 = 648 𝑚𝑚3
𝑄𝑄̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0.333 × 0.47 × 648 × (30.8 – 24) = 690.0 𝑊𝑊
As an exercise, redo 𝑄𝑄̇𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 based on the recommended method. What do you conclude?
Since 𝑸𝑸̇𝑽𝑽 > 𝑸𝑸̇𝑰𝑰 → Therefore, 𝑸𝑸̇𝑽𝑽 will be considered in computing the cooling load → 𝑸𝑸̇𝑽𝑽 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 𝑾𝑾
The total cooling load based on the Peak load method becomes:
𝑄𝑄̇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 4,405.2 + 6,415.0 + 3888.0 + 2000 + 1200 + 585.5 = 18,493.7 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵ℎ
𝑄𝑄̇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 880.0 + 2,170.0 = 3050.7
𝑸𝑸̇𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝑸𝑸̇𝑻𝑻 + 𝑸𝑸̇𝑺𝑺 + 𝑸𝑸̇𝑶𝑶 + 𝑸𝑸̇𝑳𝑳 + 𝑸𝑸̇𝑬𝑬 + 𝑸𝑸̇𝑽𝑽
= 4,405.2 + 11,600.0 + 3888.0 + 2000.0 + 2080.0 + 2756.0
= 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐, 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟒𝟒 𝑾𝑾 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗, 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩
Selection of the split unit(s):
I propose to install 6 split units (2 units on north side and 4 units on west side). Hence, the cooling capacity
91,200.0
of a single unit is: = 15,200.0 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵ℎ
6
Note: practice recommends that if you choose to install the splits aside from the windows, then add 10% of
the sensible heat gain.
4 Glass Windows
12 m N 2 Glass
Windows
Door Door
Suppose an AHU is installed. Can you provide the specs of the cooling coils and AHU? RSHR? GSHR?