•

CHAPTER ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Chapte r at A Glance
1. Laws of Oanical Combinatio n: Antoine Laurent are themselves made-up of particles (protons,
Lavoisier, who is also known as 'Father of Modem electrons, neutrons, etc.).
~ t r y ' , put forward the law of conservation (i1) In case of isotopes. of an element, the
of mass, which laid the foundation of chemical assumption that the atoms of the same element
sciences. have same mass does·not hold good.
2. Law of Consavatio n of Mus: It states that, 'mass 6. Atom : It is the smallest particle of an element
is neitha created nor destroyed in 11 chonicJZl reaction.' that maintains its chemical identity throughout all
In other words, the mass of the reactants must be chemical and physical changes.
equal to the mass of products. 7. The smallest unit of a substance which can exist
3. Law of Constant Proportion s or Definite independen tly is called a "!olecule.
Composition : It states that, 'in 11 pure chemic11l 8. Atomicity : It is defined as the number of atoms
substlma, the eIDnmts ,m 11/wiiys present in definite present in a molecule of an element or a compound.
proporlions by miiss.' Monoatomic : Molecule having only one atom is
Dalton's Atomic Theory: called monoatomic, e.g., He, Ne, AI.
(1) Every element is composed of extremely small Diatomic : Molecules made-up of two atoms 1Jt
particles called atoms. called diatomic, t.g., H2, 0 2, 0 2, Nz·
(i1) Atoms of a given element are identical, both Triatomic : Molecules made-up of three atoms 1Jt
in mass and properties. Different chemical called triatomic, e.g., O;y H 20, N02.
elements have different kinds of atoms; in Tetraatom k : Molecules made-up of four atoms,
particular, their atoms have different masses. e.g., P41 NH;y S03.
(iii) Atoms cannot be created, destroyed or Pentaatomic : Molecules made-up of five atoms 1Jt
transformed into atoms of other elements. Pentaatomic, e.g., CH4.
(iii) Compound s are formed when atoms of Polyatomic : Any molecule which is made-up of
different elements combine with each other more than four atoms is called polyatomic, e.g., S..
in small whole number ratios. 9. Relative Atomic Mass : It is defined as the number of
(11) The relative number and kinds of atoms in a times one atom of an element is heavier than 1~ lhof
given compound are constant
Drawbacb ol Dalton'• Atomic Theory: the mass of an atom of Carbon -12.
(~ A«ord1ng to modem theory, atom is not the Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)
ultimate indivisible particle of matter, Today, Mass of an atom of an element
we know that atoms are divisible, i.t., they 1/ th mass of C - 12
• 12

ID

I
 10.
Knowing about•~ of atoms : Atoms are 90 • ~ that we
annot even imagine or compare With. This 51-t of paper
~ould be formed when more than millions of atolJ\S ue
tacked together.
~
P,,m}
........
Ex_,,.

s asured. 10--10 Mom al hydrOg9t'I

Atomic radius is me m nanometres.
1o--9 ll,tolealleal ......
1/109 m - 1 nm
1 m-109JU!\
1o--9 ~a1--....gtot,1n
.
.,

[Link] _
1~ -;~
10-2
10-1

11. [
-Va/MICY
- 1.
,. ..
Nameoflon
Sodium

Potassium
. .
Symbol

Na·
K•
Non---,,___,,
Hydroga,,

Hydride
---Symbol
...
H•
~
--~- -
~- AmmOniUm
Hydtollide
.
~

NH;
~
........ J

Silver Ag·
Chloride er- Nilraa N0i
Copper(!)" eu• 11,0fflide a,- ~~ HNOi
Mercury(!) Hg· Iodide r
- MagMSium Mg2♦ ~~
2. OJCide ()2-- c.t,onale
Calcium eaz• Sulphide sz- Sulphila ~~

Zinc: Zn2• SiJlphMe so,~

Iron (II)" Fe2•
Copper (II)" C,,Z•

Men:ury(II) Hg2•
- Aluminium N3> PO~
3. Nitride N~ ~ •
Iron (111)" Fe30

,:: Some elements shuw more than one valmcy. A Roman numnal shQWs thnr valency in a IJracket.

12. t Symbols for"'".,.,,..,.,. -J

Element Symbol Element Symbol [Link] Symbol
Aluminium Al Copper Cu Nitrogen N

ArgOn Ar Fluorine F Oxygen 0

Barium Ba Gold Au Potassium K

Boron B Hydrogen H Silicon Si

Bromine Br Iodine I Silver Ag

Calcium Ca Iron Fe Sodium Na

Carbon C lead Pb Sulphur s

Chlorine Cl Magnesium Mg Uranium u
Cobalt Co Neon Ne Zinc Zn

r EVERGREEN ~If-Study in Sdence-9

55
a

I
J
t
13. /
.
I
I
n.-.,
__,
••a

Non-ffl9tal
--------
N,pt
Helun
,,. ,_
Monoalomic
Monoatomic
I
f' Hydrogen
Catbon
1
12
1-4
Nitrogen
Oxyge,, DialOmic Oxygen 18
J Dialomic:
H)'dr0gen Sodium 23
Nilrogen DialDmic Magnesium 2-4
Chlorine Diatomic: Sulphur 32
Ptlosphorua (P.) Tetrutom ic Chlorine 35.5
SUiphur (Sa) Polyatomic Calcium 40
Metal Sodium Monoato mic
Iron Monoatomic
[Link] Monoatomic
Copper Monoatomic

15_ 'Jht chemical formula of a molecular compound is written as follows :

that the Jess electronegatr,e
Strp 1 : Write the symbols of the constituent elements side by side, in such a way
the right.
element (cation) is on the left and the more electronegative element (anion) is on
Step 2: Write their numbers over the symbols and aiss-ao ss the valency number to write as subacripll
villency
to the symbols.
C111bon tm11chloriu B11ri11m chloride
Carbon tttrachloridt contains carbon and Barium chloridt contains Ba2• and a-
chlorine. Ollorine is more electronegative
than carbon. Therefore,
Stepl: C 0 Stepl: Ba 0
Step 2: c'• a-t Step 2: 5a2+ a-1

Step3: c; ~orC 04 Step 3: Ba~ 2 or Ba02

1 19. A chemical formul.t of a compound shows its

Atoauc Mus Unit (amu): It is equal to 12 th of the
]6. constituent elements and the number of atoms of
mass of one atom of Carbon-12. each combining element
20. Ousters of atoms that act as an ion are called
.Remember IThese days scientists have started using
'u' in place of amu. polyatomic ions. They cany a fixed charge on them.
Molecuhr Mass: The molecular mass of asubstance 21. The chemicill formul.t of amolecular compound ii
17
• is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a
determined by the valency of each element
fl'IOlecuie of a substance, e.g., molecular mass of 22. In ionic compounds, the charge on each ion ii
water is 18u. used to determine the chemical formula of the
Hz0•2 xH+lx O compound.
• 2 x} +l xt6•2+ 16 23. Scientists use the relitive atomic mass scale lo
compare the masses of different atoms of elemenll.
• 18 amu or u.
Atoms of carbon-12 isotopes are assigned arelaliw
AD\OltcUle is the smallest particle of an element or a atomic mass of12 and the relative masses ofall other
l8. CODIP°und capable of independent existence under atoms are obtained by comparison with the mass«
(lldinarY conditions. It shows all the properties of a carbon-12 atom.
theSQbstarv=e.

EVERGREEN Self-Study In Sclenctf

 - NCERT}"EXTB00K QUESTIONS
Q,l. In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium [Link] rtacted with
6 g of acetic acid. 11,e produc/$ Wffe 2.2 g of carbon Am. (1) Na•l + c,2-
dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2_g ofscdium aatate. Shou, Na•t ()2-
that these obsnvahons are '" agrttment with the law
<>fconsnwtion of mass.
sodium carbonate + acetic acid ➔
X
N~0 (Sodiwn oxide)
sodium acetate + carbon dioxide + water (ir) AJ3 • + Q -
(CBSE-2016) AIJ• a-
JulS. Mass of reactants before experiment •
• Mass of sodium carbonate + Mass of acetic
acid
X
AJO3 (Aluawuam dlloride)
• 5.3 g + 6 g • 11.3 g (iii) Na•l + S2-
Mass of products after experiment Na•t $2-
• Mass of sodium acetate+ Mass of carbon
dioxide+ Mass of water
• 8.2 g + 2.2 g + 0.9 g • 11.3 g
x
N~ (Sodium 1ulplude)
The mass of reactants is equal to the mass of (iv) Mg2• + OH-1
products, therefore, it proves law of conservation Mg2• OH-1
of mass.
Q.2. Hydrogt!fl and oxygen combine in the ratio o/1:8 by
mass to Jom1 willer. Vvhat mass ofoxygen gas would
X .
Mg(OHh (MagnKium hydro,u'd) e
be required to react compleufy with Jg of hydrogm Q.8. Wriu down the names ofcompounds represented by
gas ? (CBSE • 2016)
lhefallowingformulae: (CBSE-2012)
AJIS· 1 gofhydrogenreac tswithoxygen•8g (1) .Mi(S0.)3 (it) CaC/2 (ii,) Ki5(}4
:. 3 g of hydrogen reacts with ox-ygen (iv) KN03 (v) CaC03
•8•3g•24g Am. (1) ,½(50.)3 is aluminium sulphate.
Q.3, W,1ich postulateo/Dalt<>n'satomic IMDry is the result
(ir) Ca02 is calcium chloride.
of the/aw of c<>nservatio11 <>/mass ? (CBSE- 2016)
AJ15. Atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be (ii,) Kz504 is potassium sulphate
created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. (iv) KN03 is potassium nitrate
Q.4. Which postulate of Dalton's al<>mic tl~ry '4n explain (v) CaC03 is calcium carbonate
the law ofdefinite proportions ? (CBSE. 2015) Q.9. Yv'hat is me,mt by the term dimrical jonnula ?
Ans. Atoms combine in the ratio of small numbers to Ans. The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic
form compounds. In a compound, the relative representation of its composition and actual
number and kinds of atoms are constant
number of atoms in one molecule of a pure
QS. Define tire atomic mass unit. (CBSE. 2015) substance, may be an atom or a compound.
Ans. The mass of 1/12 part of C-12 is equivalent to Q.10. How many atoms art present in a:
one atomic mass unit. Previously, it was denoted
by symbol amu but now these days iiis denoted (I) H2S molecule and (i1) PO/- ion ?(CBSE - 2014)
by symbol u. Ans. (1) In H,S, 3 atoms are present
Q.6. Wry is ii not possible to sttan atom with naktd ryes? (i,) In rot , 5 atoms are present.
Ans. Because an atom is too small, i.t., the atomic radii Q.11. Calculate the molecular masstS of H2, Di, Cli, CO2,
of an atom is of the order 10-10m to t0-9m. CH., C2H61 Ci1f., NH;i, CHpH.
Q.7. Write down t/Jt fannulae of : Ans. The molecular masses are :
(i) sodium oxide
fii•1X2•2U
(ii) aluminium d1loridt
(iii) sodium sulphide 02 • 16 " 2 • 32 u

(iv) magnesium hydroxide

G 2 •35.5><2•71u
(CBSE. 2014)

;J EVERGREEN Self-Study In Science-9 c:·7--:::::..._; t --:;" ,.:;;;; ; ::¢:Cr .;;;;~:

 CO2• l IC 12 + 2 IC 16 • 12 ♦ 32 • 44 u Q.12. Calcul1,t11 /1,e formula u,ril maim of Zn 0, N•,.0,
CH4 • 1 IC 12 ♦ 4 IC 1 • 16 u K2COJ, given atomic nuwn ofZn • 65 11, N• • 2J II,
K• 39u, C• 12 u,and O• 1611.
C2l l6 • 2 IC 12 + 6 • l • 30 u
~n•. 11lC formu la unit mus of
If C2114 • 2 IC 12 ♦ 4 • 1 • 28 u ,• ZnO • 65 u + 16 u • 81 u
NH3 • 1 IC 14 ♦ 3 ,c 1 • 17 u • Na20 •(23u 1C2) +16u •46u+ 16u•6 2u
I CH30 H • 12 + 3 ,c 1 + 16 + 1 • 32 u • J<:iC03 • (39 u IC 2) + 12 u + 16 u 11 3
• 78 U + 12 u + 48 U • 138 II
I
EXERCISES I
Q.1. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygm and boron An■. (a) Magnesium chloride
was fmmd by 011alysis to co11tai11 Q096 g of boro11 Mg2• + c1-1 - Mg2• a-1
and 0.144 g of o:rygtn. Colculott tlie percentage
COllll'Osition of tltt compound by Wtight.
x.
MgCl2
(C:/lSJ.:. WIZJ
(b) Calcium oxide
• wt,ofo xygcn
Ans. % ngc of o)(ygcn 11 100 ea2• + 02- - + ea2• 02-
[Link] sample
0,144
• -->< 100• 60%
X
Cao
0·24
[Link] boron >< 100 (c) Copper nitrnte
( 1
% age of boron • 2
Cu2• + N03- 1 - + Cu • N03"
wt.o samp1c

•
0 096
•
0.24
>< 100 • 40% X
Cu(NO.,)2
Q.2. W11en 3.0 g of carbon is b11mt in 8.00 g oxygen, (d) Aluminium chloride
11.00 g ofcarbon dioxide Is produced. W11at mass of Al3+ + 3Cl"1 --+ Al3+ a-
1
carlicm dioxide will be formed 1u/Je11 3.00 g ofcarbo11
is b11rnt in 50.00 g o/oxygc11? W11/d1 law ofchemical X
AIC13
comr,/11atior1 will govcm your a11swcr? (C/ISE. 2012)
Ans. 3 g of cnrbon produce carbon dioxide • 11 g. The (c) Calcium carbonate
2
remaining oxygen 50 g - 8g • 42 g docs not take Cn2• + CO32• -.... Ca2+ C03 •
part In the [Link].
The lnw of definite proportion Is govemt-d by the
X
CaC03
above data.
:W,,,t ort polyatomic i,ms 7 Givt examples. Q.S. Give the 11a111es ofthe tlemmts prcse11t /11 thefollowing
(l'IISI:. 201.1) compo1111ds:
(a) Q11ick lime (b) Hydrogen bromide

~ ...
le Iona : Two or more difforent ntoms
to form a charged particle is called

• Ptiolphatt, (N0,)·1 Nitrate.

(c) 811ki11g powder (d) Po/ass/um sulplrolt.
Ans. (a) Quick lime [CnOJ --+ Elements

(b) Hydrogen bromide [HBr] -+

[Calcium and oxygen)

filhtJ,Uoa,ing: Elements (Hydrogen and bromide)

(c) Baking powder [NnHC03] -+
Elements (Sodium, hydrogen, carbon
and oxygen)
(tf) Potassium sulphate [K~4)--+
Elements [Potassium, sulphur and oxygen)

EVERGREEN Sclf•Study In Selene••

 _, c,,/cu /ate the molar mo,s oft~ following ,ubttoncn :
0 6 (IP) Mow,,._ . ohulphur ~
(a) Etlryne, C1 H1
• II • •tomic m.a,a of S
(I,) Sulplrur molecule, 5 1 •11•32•2 56g
(c) Plro•plror n, molecule, P4 (Atomic man of (c) [Link] mass of phosphoru s (P.J
phosplwru , - 31) • 4 • atornic... ...,ofp
(d) Hydrochloric add, HQ • 4 • 31 • 124 g
(e) Nitric acid, HNO3 (d) Molar mass of hydrochlo ric Kid (HO)
(ClJS£. 2011)
An•• (a) Molar mass of cthyne (<;H:z) • 1 • atotnic rnAM of H + 1 • atomic lT\M8 oi 0
• 1 • 1 + 35.S • 36.5 g
- 2 >< ntomlc m.·us of C + 2 >< atomic mas• of H (e) Molar maM of nitric acid (HNO:,)
- 2 >< 12 + 2 >< 1 • 26 g • 1 • atomic m.1!15 of H + 1 >< atomi<: ,...._ of N
+3>< atomlcm usofO
• 1 • 1 + 1 • 14. + 3 • 16 • 63 g

DOBJECTIVE_ TYPE QUESTIONS (SOLVED)

1 , MULTIP LE CHOICE QUESTI ONS (a) 6.68 • 1023 (b) 6.09 • 1()22
Q.t. Which of the following postulates of Dalton's (c) 6.022 " 1(123 (d) 6.022 • 1<>21
atomic theory Is challenged by tlw next generation Q.6. Which of the following would weigh the
scientists 7 . highest 7 [Link] E.w11rLirl
(a) All matter is made of very tiny particles called (a) 0.2 mole of sucrose (C12H 220 )
11
atoms. (b) 2 moles of CO2
(b) Atoms are i,ndivisible particles, which cannot (c) 2 moles of CaCO3
be created or destroyed In a chemical reaction. (d) 10 mole5 of H20
(c) Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole Q.7. Which of the following has maximum number of
numbers to form compounds. atoms 7 [NO:RT f..u1111•Lir)
(d) Atoms of a given element are Identical In mass
(a) 18 g of H 2O (II) 18 g of Oi
and chemical properties.
(c) 18 g of CO2 (d) 18 g of OI4
Q.2- The symbols of calcium, carbon and copper are:
Q.8. The unit accepted for taking mass of atom and
(a) Ca, C, Co (b) Ca, C, Cu
molecule is :
(c) Ca, C, Cr (d) Ca, Cr, Cu
(a) gram (b) milligram
Q.3. A change in the physical state can be brought
about: (NCERT Exemplar] (c) molecular mass unit (d) atomic mass unit
(a) only when energy is given to the system Q.9. Which of the following contains maximum number
(b) only when energy is taken out from the system of molecules? (NCERT E:xcmplar]
(c) when energy is either given to, or taken out (a) 1 g CO2 (b) 1 g N2
from the system • (c) 1 g H2 (d) 1 g CH4
(d) without any energy change Q.10. The molecule having an atomicity of 4 is :
Q.4. In a compoun d such os w11ter, the ratio of the mass (a) Sulphur molecule (b) Ozone molecule
of hydrogen to the mass of oxygen Is always: (c) Phosphorus molecule (d) Methane molecule
(a) 1 : 8 (b) 2: 8 Q.11. The molecular formula of aluminium sulphate
(c) 1 : 16 (d) 3: 16 is:
Q.5. 3.42 g of sucrose is dissolved in 18 g of water in (a) Al2(SOJ 3
a beaker. The number of oxygen atoms in the (c) Al3(S04h
solution are : [NCERT Exemplar]

:-..::HVERGREEN Self·Studyln Sclence-9 L':i a'h $j ¥1ih359\ff5if ': ,; =1 C i ;: ; ;: 59

\
 lllUIIII
mb ol for nit rog en ga s is
: ing will have DWWnllD
Q.12. Th e ch em ica l sy Q.18. Which of the follow H 0 •
(NCERT Exemplar] (11) 1()22 mo lec ule s ol 2
(b) 1022 mo lec ule s ol NH 3
(b) N2
(R) Ni (c) 2 mo les ol NH3
(d) N
(c) N• (d) 2 mo les of H 20 •
ERs..,.,.···":""f
Q.13. Th e ch em ica l sy
mb ol for so diu m is : r ..,....,,__....,.....-- -- -- ANSW
[NCERT Exemplar] ~
L (d) ' 2. •(l,) 3, (c) · '- {,I)
So (b) Sd 7. (ti) . 8. (b) 9. (c) .
(a) 6. (c)
(d) Na / 12 . (b) U . (d) 1, . (d)
(c) NA ,' 11. (11)
ts 360 g
lowing correctly represenem
Q.14. W hic h of the fol
of wa ter ?
{NCERT Ex plar} L2!.,~....1!: jtl ) 18. (d)
D RE AS O N TYPE
(1) 2 moles of H2o 2. AS SE R TI O N AN
QUESTIONS
{iz) 20 moles of water wi ng qu es tio n,, tw .
(iiz) 6.022 x 1<>23 molec
ules of water Di re cti on s : In th e fo llo IIS ,As,ertion W •
ne labelled
ules of water st11tnnmts are gi vm -o n (R). Select the corrttt ll"[Link]
(iv) 1.2044 x 1()25 molec thL oth n- l11belled 11s Re1 1So
d (,I )•
(b) (1) and (iv) the codes (11), (b) , (c) 11n
(a) (z) to these qu est ion s fro m _ .
(d) (i1) and (iv) gi vm below : as on (R) are tru e" "'
(c) (iz) and (ii,) (a )B oth As se rti on (A ) an d Re
out rre ct ex pl1 ina tio n of
tl,1
ing statements is not true ab Re as on (R ) is th e co
Q.15. Which of the follow (NCE RT Ex emplar]
an atom? As se rti on (A ) e true, ht
to exist independently (b) Bo th As se rti on
(A) an d Re as on (R ) ar n of tM
(a) Atoms are not able ReRson (R ) is no t the
co "e ct expla na tio
its from which molecules
(b) Atoms are the basic un As ser tio n (A) 6e.
and ions are formed e, bu t Reason_ (R) is /al
(c) As ser tio n (A ) is tru
al in nature e.
(c) Atoms are always neutr se, bu t Re as on (R) is tru
(d) As ser tio n (A) is fal l rea ction, the
ge numbers to form the Q.1. Assertion (A ) :
During a chemica
(d) Atoms aggregate in lar reactants and produ cts
matter that we can see, feel
or touch sum of the masses of the
is known as the Law ol
remains unchanged. This
Q.16. One mole of H p
means:
Conservation of Mass.
(1) 18 g of H p chemical compound,
Reason (R) : In a pu re
es en t in a definite
(i1) 6.022 x 1()23 molec
ules of H20 elements ar e alw ay s pr
is known as the Law ol
(ii,) 180 g of H p proportion by mass. This
De fin ite Proportions. neral a
(iv) 1.8 g of 1½0 : A mo lec ul e is in ge
Q.2. As se rti on (A)
(a) Both (1) and (ii) are corre
ct ms that are chemically
group of two or more ato
tightly held together by
(b) Both (i1) and (iii) are co
rrect bonded together, that is,
(c) Only (1) is correct attractive forces.
can be defined as the
Reason (R) : A molecule
(d) Both (ii,) and (iv) are corre
ct ment of a ~ompound
smallest particle of an ele
defined as the: ependent existence and
Q.17. A molecule can be that is capable for an ind
more atoms that ar e tha t substance. Atoms
(a) A group of tw o or shows all the properties of
different elements can
chemically bonded together. of the same element or of
ules.
ment or a compound join together to form molec
(b) Asmallestparticle ofan ele Th e fo rm ul a un it ma ss of
a
dent existence and se rti on (A ) :
that is capable ofan indepen Q.3. As
atomic masses of all
shows all the properties of tha
t substance. substance is a su m of the
a compound.
the combination atoms in a formula unit of
(c) Substance which is formed by or of different mass is calculated in
nt Reason (R) : Formula unit
of atoms of the same eleme lculate the molecular
elements. the same manner as we ca
mass.
(ti) AD ol these are correct.

EVERGREENSelf-Study in Sc
ience-9
:: :J
 Q.4. Assertion (A) : A molecule Is In general a
Mass of 1 mole of a substance is called its molar
group of two or more atoms that are chemically
bonded together, that Is, tightly held together by
attractive forces. Renon (R) : The Avogadro constant 6.022 >< 1023
Is defined as the number of atoms in exactly
Reason (R) : A molecule can be defined as the 12 g of carbon-12.
smallest particle of an element or a compound
that is capable of an independen t elCistence and Q.8. Aasertion (A) : Clusters of atoms that act as an
shows all the properties of that substance. Atoms ion are called polyatomic Ions. They cany a fixed
of the same element or of different elements can charge on them.

.
join together to form molecules. .
Q.5. Assertion (A) : The chemical formula of a
Reason (R) : In ionic compounds , the charge
on each ion is used to determine the chemical
molecular compound is determined by the formula of the compound.
valency of each element. Q.9. Assertion (A) : If 12 grams of A combines with 20
Reason (R) : In ionic compound s, the charge grams of B, the product A formed should weigh
on each ion is used to determine the chemical 32grams.
formula of the compound. Reason (R) : Law of conservatio n of mass.
Q.6. Assertion (A) : The formula unit mass of a Q.10. Assertion (A) : Hydrogen and oxygen combine in
substance is a sum of the atomic masses of all the ratio 1 : 8 by mass to form water.
atoms in a formula unit of a compound. Reason (R) : Hydrogen and oxygen can combine
Reason (R) : Formula unit mass is calculated in in any ratio to form water.
the same manner as we calculate the molecular Q.11. Assertion (A) : All matter is made-up of atoms.
mass. The only difference is that we use the Reason (R) : Atoms are the building blocks of all
word formula unit for those substances whose matter.
constituen t particles are ions. For example,
sodium chloride as discussed above, has a Q.12. Assertion (A) : The chemical formula of ammonia
isNH3 .
formula unit NaO. Its formula unit mass can be
calculated as : 1 x 23 + 1 x 35.5 • 58.5 u. Reason (R) : Ammonia is made-up of nitrogen
and hydrogen atoms.
Q.7. Assertion (A) : The mole is the amount of
substance that contains the same number of ANSWERS
particles (atoms/ ions/ molecules / formula 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) S. (b)
units etc.) as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of
carbon-12.
, 6. (a) . 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) IO. (c)
i 11. (11) 12. (b)
IL------...........~~-~-

QBANK UESTI ON?

■

r. --•-- • - ,....,... • ••...--•-• ...-.----- - - - - ~ - - -r•-• ••••• ..-"'t~•••--•--1r ..,-

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

~ ~ • l
(_ ... . ... - • -· - - - - - ~.. - - - - - - - - - - - · - • ....~ - - - - - , . . - - - - -ih....• ..---.. .... -·-•-·-.~··..• .. ._ ·!
Q.1. (a) Write difference between 0 and 20. Name the anion and cation which constitute tlie
(b)
2
(b) Define polyatomic ion. (A.l.-2016, 2015) molecule ofmagnesium oxide.
Ans. (a) 0 2 indicates one molecule of oxygen while 20 (A.I.-2016, 2015, 2014)
indicates two atoms of oxygen. Ans. (a) (~ Octaatomic, (i1) Tetraatomic.
(b) A group of atoms carrying a charge is known (b) Mg + 0 ----+ MgO
as polyatomic ion.
Cation ----+ Mg2+
Q.2. (a) Write atomidty of the fol/awing :
(i) Sulphur (ii) Phosphorus Anion -+ 02·
[
r Q.5. (a) Write CMmical formulae of sodium sul,,,_i
«.
f Q.3. (a) What is ,_,,.t by atomic ity'! du,lonr fc
(b) Name one elemrnt eadt which forms
(b) A S<Zrnple ofartoin mass ofgos U'<ZS coll«t td and (CBS £-~
tetraatomic molecule.
it was found that 1M n11mlttt of atoms and the
J numbe r of mol«Mlcs in the roll«l ed sample an Ans. (a)Na z504•
1
equal. Yo11 on reqi,ired to slA~ the concl11sion
(/,) Oxygen (O:z), Hyd ro~ (Hi) or Nitrogen
(A.I.-2016) (diatomic) any one.
dniwn from this ~tio n.
Phosphorus (PJ (tetraatomic).
Ans. (a) Ille numb er of atoms present in one molecule
of an eleme nt or a comp ound is called its Q.6. (a) State law ofconsta nt proportion.
atomicity. (b) 'TM chemical formula oforide ofan tlffllfflt 'X".
(I>) It means the molecule is monoatomic. X2O5. Writt tire chemical formula of i t s ~
: , . (CBS£ • 20JJJ
e.g., Na, Fe, Ar
Q.4. (a) Who gow the laws ofchnnical combination 7 Ans. (a) It states that a pure chemical comPoUrlcl
always found to be made-up of same
(b) Mrat fon,,aI the llczsis far John Dalton [Link]
combined together in the same fix~ ratio
Dalton 's atomic tlirory ? (Al-2017, 2016, 2015)
mass.
Ans. (a) (1) Lavoisier, (ir) Joseph L. ProusL
(b) X05.
(b) The theor y was forme d on the idea of
divisibility of matter and the smallest particles
of matte r are atoms.

l!_BORT llfSWER fflEQU~STIONS (3-MARIS)

, For example, the molecular formula of Al
Q.1. Define atomicity. Givt an example of each of
monoatomic, diatomic, tetraatomic and polyatomic sulph ate is AI2(50.J3•
molecules. It indicates that:
t (r) The compound is made -up of three din
Ans. Atomicity is defined as numb er of atoms presen kinds of atoms - Al, 0 and S.
in a molecule. He is monoatomic, H2 is diatomic, (i1) There are total 17 atoms in a molecule.
P4 is tetraatomic and 5s is polyatomic molecules. 3
(iii) The valency of Aluminium (AJ •) is 3 ~
Q.2. An eltment 'X' fonns an oxide with formula Xp3. of sulph ate (SO/- ) is 2.
(a) Stale tl1L valency of X. Q.4. Whal is the difference between cation nnd an lllliaii
Write the fonnula of:
(b) (CBSE -10U,
(i) chloride of X, (ii) sulphate of X. Ans. r-- ~, ~- .
Ans. (a) X has valency equal to 3. 1. ltlsnegallvtly
1. It Is positively charged.
e.g.,cr.
~ /02- •.g., Na•.
2. It is formed from metal 2. It Is formed from
atoms.
metal atoms.
~03 3. On passing electric 3. On pualn g tit
current, It moves curren t, It rnov,

(b) (zi xS{ a· (i,) ~ so;- towards cattlode. towards anode.

4. It is smaller In size than <4. It Is larger In 1izt
its parent atom. parent atom.
'-'

X03 X2(S04)J
Q.5. (i) Name the body which approves 1/,e nomencJa
QJ. Whllt is molecularformula ?State with example what of elements and compounds.
infomuztion can be derived from a molecularformula.
(ii) 11,e symbol of scdium is written as Na and
(CBS£ -2016)
as S. Give reason.
Ans, Achemical formula that shows the number and (iii) Name one element which fom1s diatomic and at
kinds ol atoms in amolecule is called a molecular whid1 fonns tetraatomic molecules.
formula. (CBSE -2011, 20!i

,._:::::;.:.·h~·-:~·:.:-.~:·-·~:--~ EVERGREEN Self-Studv In Scienctt

 (i) 11\ tff> \At ion al Un ion
Q> ea lis try . of ~ an d Ap pli ed
Cl>) IM llcl s ,,,,.,.,i.u
of o.
•g _, ,t u,it lr ,,.. _ In,,-
(it) "11 ,e sy tnb ol of Na ·, • - tJvor!I i9 "'
(so diu
its La tin n& me No tri um m) Is de riv ed fro m An s. ,7 iC I;S £. :,1 J!I
. (•) 1n • c:h rm lca l su
(iu ) (o) El em en t for mi b, q~
ng Di ato mi c mo l«u Je alw ay s pr ew nt In dd . the .,. .,. ._ ,ue
O:z, N2 (on ly on e). .~ mu s. ln ik pro po ttl ol•
by
(I>) EJ em er, tfo nn ing Ex am ple : Hy dr og m an d ox
Te tra lcm icm ok cu le- P,. yg rn co mb ini ng
Q. 6. (o) W, ,.,t iJ IN law ofC'On$l01tl pn ,po ,tio in the rat io of 1 : 8 to
for m wa ttt .
,u 7 Explam

I
wi th the hll p ofon no mp (I>) Ro ,la tiv o, nu mt
u. ...r of m
co mb ino , to for m mo l..c a" ato m• wh lc: h
:ul n is co n5 tan t il'I a
co mp ou nd .
Q. 7. De fin ejor mu l« "n it lll4SS ofcom poM n4. Oa
lculote INfonn111M ""; ,...
(a)N112C03.1 0H p ..., of:
(G i«T f olo mi cm as so fN (l, )C uS 0
4

I
••2 3u . C • 12 u.O • l6u
Th e fot'1Dula un it m aa , Cu •6 J.5 u, S• J2 u)
of • su bs ~ is a •u (C BS £-: Ol 6J
co mp ou nd - It is ca lcu m of the ato mi c ma SS H
lat ed in U... aame mann of all •to ms in a for mu
the wo rd fo nn ula un it er u mo lec uw ma ss is la un it of •
ma ss is us ed for tho se sub cal cu lat ed . u... on ly dif
sta nc es wh me co ns tit ue nt pu tic les fer en ce is tha t.
(a) Na2C0 3.l 0H 2O • M are ion s. e.g.• Na O.
us of Na + M .ss of C +
Mass of O + Mass of H
• 23 " 2 + 12 " 1 + 16
" 3 + 10 (1 " 2 + 16 ) • 2O
(b) Ct ,50 • M as s of Cu 46 + 12 + 48 + 18 0 • 28
4 + M us of S + Ma ss of 6u
Wr i It the chn nic ol formu O • 63.5 + 32 + 16 " 4 •
Q.8- lae ofthe cqmpoundsforme 15 9.S u
(a) Mg2• an d s 2• d by IN following ions :
(I,) Cw 2• on d OH "
Na mt the compoundsfar (c) AI J+ on d Br -
med in each case.
(a) Element/Ion (CBSE-2016)
M .gn Hi um Sulphide
sy mb ol
Mg s
Qlarge
2+ > < - 2 -
Formula
(b) El em en t/ Ion Mgi5? or MgS
Co pp u Hydroxide
Symbol
Cu -- -- -- OH
Qlarge .,•
2+ - - - - 1-
Formula
Cu(OH)i
(c) E}eJnent/Ion Aluminium Bromide
Symbol
Charge Al -- -- -- Br
:l+ - - - - 1-
Formula
A1Br3
Q.9. (a) Atom isconsidtrtdtltctriaulyneutral. Ex Q.10. Slllte th m rt1lts for writing the
(b) State thevalencyofHtlium. pla in. chn nical formulae.
(c) Ifan atom has atomic mass4 (CBSE • 2015)
and 2
nucleus, how many neutrons do protons in its Ans. (1) The valencies or charges on the ion
must be
ts it havt?
(CBSE-2016) (i~ = ~ m p o u n d consi
(a) Atom is considered ele sts of a
,Ans. ctrica non-metal, the name or symbo metal and
because it consists of equal lly neutral l of the metal
no. of protons is written fir sl
and electrons. ··;"11n comp unds formed with . .
(b) Valency of ~elium • 0 (1111 o palyatonuc ions,
the ion is enclosed in a bracket ..
(c) Atomic mass • p + n before wnttng
the number 10 indicate the rat
4 •2 +n io. In case the
number of polyatomic ion is on
n •4 -2 •2 e, the bracket
is not required.

EVERGREEN Self-Study In Sd 0
ence-9 t" ) , e;;.: .:; •: ; ; '<•:
f ....
I Q.11. (11) Write tht atomicity ofthe fall«Ding molecules: (!,) Write tlrt atomicity oftlrt falluwing:
(r) Sulphur moltcult
(i) Hz504 (ii) C04
(ii) Plrospl,orus molecule
(b) What is the differma b<!twttn 2H and H2 ? (c) Helium atom has 2 dtctrons in its valtna shtll ht
(c) Which of tht fallMng oompmmds 1- polyatomic its valency is not 2. Explain. (CBS£. 1016)
ions? Ans. (a) (1) Cation : A1 3+ (Alumi nium ion)
NaOH, NaQ, Nap, NaNO3 (CBSE- 2013) (ii) Anion: o2· (Oxide ion)
Ans. (a) (1) .7 (i1) 5 (b) (1) 5s (Polyatomic)
(b) 2H represe nts 2 atoms of hydrog en and H2 (ir) P4 (Tetraatomic)
. represents a molecule of hydrogen. (c) Helium atom has only one shell which has
(c) NaOH, NaNC>:J. a capaci ty of accom odatin g 2 electrons.
Thus, it does not have a tendency to gain or
Q.12 (a) Name ti~ anion and cation which constitute the lose electrons (as it is full and stable) and,
mol«ult ofaluminium o:cidt. therefore, shows zero valency. ,

~- '~,,.--- ~--........
~-
n:oiousiiiffiPE-aiiiiTfou~csliiiis)' ....,,.._.._..,..,.._____, ...,••... ., _, • • .u . ~ .. ·-,~~-- • _ ]

(b) Avogadro's consta nt:

Q.1. (a) Definl polyatomic ions, Write an txamplt. 6.022 x 1()23 is defined as the Avogadro',
(b) Ollcuuitt the formula unit mass of CaC03. constant. It is the number of atoms in exactly
(Atomic mass ofC • 12 u, OI • 40 u, 0 • 16 u) 12 g of carbon-12.
(c) [Link] tht moltculllr mass of tht fa/luwing : Mol.v m.15s : Mass of 1 mole of a substar,q
6.022 x 1()23 Relative •
(1)HNO3 of
1 mole of numbe r of mass
(ir) CH3COOH that those
(atoms,
(Atomic mass of H • 1 u, N • 14 u, 0 • 16 u, molecules, • particle • pamc]ea
C • 12 u) (CBSE • 2014) ions) (Avogadro in
Ans. (a) Ouster of atoms that act as an ion are called constant) grams
polyatomic ions. Q.3. (a) Define tht fallowing :
e.g., NH;,ro .3-,so. 2·,etc. (i) Gram atomic mass
(b) CaCO3 • Mass ofCa+ Mass of C + Mass ofO (ii) Gram molee11/ar mass
•40u +12u +16u >< 3•100 u. (b) Calculate the mass of /ht fallowi11g:
(c)(1)HNO3•Masso fH +MassofN + MassofO (i) 2 moles of carbo11 dioxide
•lu+14 u+16u x3 •63u (ii) 6.022 x zo23 molecules of carbon dioxide.
(ii) CH3COOH •Masso fC+M= ofH+M a$ofO (CBSE - 2016)
•12u•2 +1u>< 4+16u x2
Ans. (a) (r) Gmn atomic mass: It is the mass of an
•24u+ 4u+32 u•60u atom in grams that is equal to exactly
Q.2. (1) Wrilt thL chtmica/ symbols of two tltments : one-twelfth (1/12th) the mass of~
(i) which11rtfomrtdfrom thtftrst ltlttroftht atom of carbon -12,
tltmtnts Mint. (i1) Gram molecular mass: It is the sum cf
(Ii) who,t IWnt M$ bttn foktn fivm thL IUlmtS the atomic masses in grams of all atoin,
of tht tltmtnt, in Ullin. pre$('nt in a molecule.
~) DtfintAr,og,dro'sconstimt/llUlmou,[Link] (b) (1) Mass of 2 moles of carbon dioxid
1trllttyrtlmltoont moltof1111,tom, moltt:lllt, a,
(COi) is (2 x 44) u = 88 u. '
ion 1 <Nolfor ENl1111tion)(CBSE-2015)
(0 C. N, 0, etc. (it) Mass of 6.022 x 1()23 molecules of COi
is 44 u.
(h) Na, Pt, K, etc..

EVERGREEN Self•Study In Sde11ct-9

 Q.4. Write the n11ma of the compoun,u ,rprnmtff 1,y the
fallowing fannul11e : (i1) Odcium chlorilk
(i) N11Br (ii) Al20J (iii) ZnNO (c) Cdculllte the farmulll unit ,rum ofAJ2(S0,)3•
(iv) HO (v) N11a . ('Di) [Link]: (Givmolomic,,_rfAJ • 27u,S • 32u,0 • Z6u)
(CBSE-.1013, 2015)
CCBSE-2013, 2014)
Ans. (•) Sodium bromide Ans.~•) (1) Twoatomsofoxygen ➔ 20
(i1) Aluminium oxide (i1) Diatomic oxygm➔02 motecule
(ii•) Zinc ni Irate (ii,) TNtomic oxgyen ➔ ~molecule
(iv) Twoatomsofhydrogenand 1 atom ofoxygen
(iv) Hydrogm chloride
forming~ molecule of water.
(v) Sodium chloride (b) l<2C03- Potassium carbonate
(v•) Calcium carbonate CaO2 - Calcium chloride
Q.5. (o) What do the fallowing farmub,e 1tond far: (c) Alz(S0.)3
(i) 20 (ii) 0 2 (iii) OJ (iv) HzO Al-27•2•54u
(b) Give tlu chemical farmu/oe of the fal/owi"g S-32><3•96u
compounds: • , 0-16><12•192u
(1) Potassium corbcmo~ Formula unit= •342 u.

fl APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS (SOLVED)

Q.1. W11ich will bt chemiClllly morr rr11ctivt rlrmmt A Ans. Initially I/16th of the mass of naturally occurring
with atomic numNr 17 or elffllfflt B with atomic oxygen was taken as the atomic mass unit because
numNr 16? Give rrason also, (Al-1014) this unit gave masses of ll\05t of the elements as
whole numbers.
Ans, (1) Element A with atomic: number 17.
Q.6. Name thr intn-national organisation which approves the
(i•) Reason : Both are non-metals but it is easier
Mmts givffl to thrdnnmts. WrifL thr symbol eftungs/DI.
to gain 1 valence electron. Non-metals
show their reactivity by gaining electron. Ana. (1) International Union of Pure and Applied
Therefore, A will gain 1 valence electron as Chemistry (IUPAq.
compared to B which has to gain 2 valence (i,) w·
electrons. Q.7. How did Brrulius assign symbols to the elmrrnts ?
Q.2. WJ,at formed the basis for John paiton to formul11tr Ans. Berzelius suggested that the symbols ol elements
Dolton's atomic theory ? can be made from one or two letters of the names
Ans. The theory was formed on the idea of divisibility of the elements.
of matter and the smallest particles of matter are Q.8. As pu /he law ofdejinitqroportion, car/,on and oxygrn
atoms. combinr in the ratio of 3 : 8. Ccmputr the mass of
Q.3. 11re rrlativt aromic mass ofoxygtn 11tom is 26. Explain o:rygrn g115 that would bt rtquirtd to m1ct completrly
its meaning. with 15 g carbon.
Ans. The relative atomic mass of an atom is the average Ans. 3 g of carbon combines completely with 8 g of
mass of the atom. as compared to 1/12th the mass oxygen
8
of one carbon-12 atom. :.1 g of carbon combines completely with • 3 g
Q.4. In ttrprtt the number ofmoles ofo:rygai 11toms in PO43-. of oxygen
8
Ans. Number of moles of oxygen atoms in PO .3- is 4. :. 6 g of carbon combines completely with • 3 "
15 g of oxygen • 40 g
Q.5. Givt one relmmt reason why scientists chost 1/16 of
the mass ofan atom of naturally occurring o:rygm 115 Q.9. (i) (11) l-\-7iat do you understand by Zamu or 1 u ?
tire atomic mass unit.
(b) How is it linked with relativt atomic mass ?

EVERGREEN Self-Study In Sclence-9 65c::z;JI

rI (ii) How do w bi«D tht ,:,refffla of•toms ifthty de
not mst indq,ffldmtlyfor "90$l oftht ntfflfflb 7
Q.t J. Girr IJ,rtt diffe,mct"S btlw•-m an 11ti,m and I I ~
Ans. ~- ~----..... -·•-- ---·· IF Pb-,

I (l'lt•:Jrr-~tllol
Oneatomicmassunitisa IN..~unitequal
(I) Alam la ... .......
.,.,.. cl ... . . . . .
( I ) ~ • - -......
per1k:lloll ll....,_

.....------
AM. (1) (11)
or a compound tM1
llleltakNpe ,tlne
1 CNfllallNCtlo ft. I• capable of ••
I to exactly
12
th the mus of~ C-U atom.
(i) M- ■ ~1'101 ~
(1) A moleCUle la .......,
(II) Therelative atomic mass of the atom of an elable by ..... . . . . by .....
(ir) Similar atom• can (ii}W,., ...... moilcdll
element is the aVttage mass of the atom. combine In varying combine In a11r

_
,..,.,,.,_ bming dif. nu,nbera, . . . pn,dld
1 b'l,-11a..,. ....,..

....
as compued to th the ffl<l$S of one """' rnalec:ulN with
12 dlffelenl p,q,e,11N, o.g.,U.....,m ailoa
e.g.. ~ando3
carbon-12 atom. _._.
comb1M will 50 -
moleCUlea. . . - - -
(ii) Atoms of most elements are not able to exist
--..,.ya.
independently. HOW'e\-er, they form molecules
and ions, which •~te in large numbers to
form matte' which we can see, feel or touch Q.14. (a) Wlrat are molecults? Using aamplts diffmntildlt
and hem we know about their presence. between the molecules of 11n tlement 11114 •
compound.
Q.10. Otlorinr 11tom is tkctrically neutnu but diloride is a (b) Derive tire dremical formulae of tire molecults
~ ion. Ezplmn. (Al-2013)
formed bttw«n tire following ions :
AM. In chlorine atom the number of electrons is equal (i) A,♦♦• and SO4-
to the number of protons that is 17, hence it is (ii) Ba++ a11d No3-
electrically neutral. Ans. (a) A molecule can be [Link] as the smallelt
In chloride ion one electron is gained in the valence particle of an element or a compound that
shell to attain octet state so the number of protons is capable of an independen t existence and
shows all the properties of that substance.
are 17 but the number of electrons are 18 (one
The molecule of an element is constituted by
excess than proton), hence it carries a charge of
the same type of atoms, e.g., 0 2, while the
-1 and is thus negatively charged. molecule of a compound is constituted by
Q.11. Which of tht follcwing sptcits lurvt 18 electrons ? different types of atoms, e.g., CO2.
ea•2, K', Na, a-, Ar (b) (,) Element/Ion : Aluminium Sulphate
Oiemical p ~ ofall tl,e isotopes ofan element are Symbol Al S04
simiJAr. Statt rtJl5Cm. (Dt'l/11-2016) Charge 3+ 2-
Ans- (11) ea•2, 1<+, a-, Ar Fonnula Al2(SOJ3
(ir) Element/Ion Barium Nitrate
(b) They are chemically similar because they have
same atomic number. (Valence electrons are same Symbol Ba N0:3
which determines the chemical properties.) O,arge 1-
Q.12. (a) Define atomicity. Fonnula
(b) State tht atomicity of tl1t following molecules: Q.15. (a) Write one word for tire fallowing :
(i) Oxygen, (ii) Phosphorus, (iii) Sulpur, (iv) Argon. (i) In a balanced chemical cquatio11, t/1t sum a{
the masses of reactant and products rmiain,
(Al-2015) undza11ged.
Ans, (a) The number of atoms present in a molecule (ii) A group of atoms carryi11g a fixed d111rgt Ofl
represent its atomicity. 1/iem.
(b) (1) Oxygen Diatomic (b) Write chemical formulae of tlie followin1
(i~ Phosphorus Tetraatomic compound:
(i) Sodi11m phosphate (ii) A111111011iw11 carbonlllt
(iii) Sulphur Polyatomic
(c) Writethed1c111iml1111mcsoftlwfallowi11gco111pounds:
(iv) Argon Monoatomic
(i) K2SO,s, (ii) MgiP0~2, (iii) NHp, (iu) ZnS,
(v) Na3N, (vi) AgBr.

---:.,--=::.:::=~:.:::J EVERGREEN Self-Study In Sclenct-9

 (") (1) Law of conservation o 1 - (b) Wlwn ice melts into wai.r. la a J'llyakal
(i1) Polyatomic ion. [Link],«eolk'einam&ll~cork
(b) (i) Na3P04 (i1) ~CO, ii and weight It (My W..,. g). "81 dw ....
(c) (i) Potassium sulphate, (ii) Magnnium gffltly and ~ (!IOliJ) llk>wly nwlta Into wet«
phosphate, (iii) Ammonium chloride, (liquid). Weigh the f1aak again ( W - (t). It
(io) Zinc sulphide, (o) Sodium nitride, i9 found there is no change in dw we'3ht I.,.
(t'I) Silvff bromi~. "'...., • w_
Ice ~ W•lrrl -+
Q.16. N"mr 1M inkmlltional organi;:,,ition 11,ho -,,,,rows
""mrs oftltmna 1$.
G~m t.~llmpl~ u,ith~ticrl lo,hoa, thlll lht Lino
I
. (ooloJ) (l,qu,J).
It ief4WWWftta a
physical ctw,g,P.
ofa,n..,,ni,.ati<ln of,,._ ,q,p1;n "'plrysia,l mmgn al.40.
This shows law ol C'OIW'rVation o l - holJ•
(a) International Union of Pure and Applied tr,,. for physical changft.
~stry (IUPAq.

fl ANALYZING, EVALUATING & CREATING TYPE QUESTIONS (SOLVED) -

Q.l- What is mr11nt by atomicity ? HC1W mllny diffrrml Note : All of the above ~ ' 9 are the molcaak-s cl(
~ ofmol«ulN a~ known on tht bcrsis ofatomicity 7 an element. which rrn.'1ns one, two or more alOml
(Dd/11-W/2) of the same element existing as one sr,rcin in the
free state.
Ans- The number of atoms p = t in one molt'CU!e of Q.2. C11/cu/11tt the moltcu/11~ m11u of the fallou•ing
the substance is called its atomicity. Depending
on the number of atoms present in a molecule, the rom,,.,urrh:
following types of molecules are known : (1) NH4NOJ (ir) H 2SO4
(,) Monoatomk molecules: The noble gases exist (iii) Na2C03 (iv) NllOH
as single atoms and. therefore, their molecules (v) HNO3 (vi) Al2 (S0J3 (Cll$[ • 1011)
are monoatomic. Ans. (1) NH•N03 => 14 + 1 • 4 + 14 + 16 • 3 • 80 u
(i1) Diatomic molecules: The molecules consisting (i1) Hi5()4 => 2 • H + 1 • S + 4 • 0
of two atoms, t.g., 0 2, N2' 0 2, H2• Br2' 12- etc. • 2 • 1 + 1 >< 32 + 4 • 16 • 98 u
(ii•) Triatomicmolecules:Themolt.'culesconmting (ii,) Na2co3 => 2 • Na + 1 >< C + 3 >c 0
of three atoms, t.g., 0 3 (Ozone molecule). • 2 • 23 + 1 • 12 + 3 " 16 • 106 u
(iv) Tetratomic moleculu : The [Link] (iv) Na0H => 1 >< Na + 1 • 0 + 1 >< H
consisting of four atoms, t.g~ P4 (Phosphorus • 1 M 23 ♦ } IC 16 ♦ 1 >< 1 • 40 U
molecule).
(v) HN~ => t • H + 1 • N + 3 • 0
(v) Polyatomic molecules : The molecules
consisting of more than four atoms, t.g., 5s • 1 • 1 + 1 >< 14 + 3 • 16 • 63 u
(Sulphur mokcule). (vr) Al2(504)J => 27 • 2 + 32 >< 3 + 16 >c 12 • 342 u

0NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS (SOLVED)

Q. I. Sitlak took 5 moles ofcarbon atoms irr a container and While, mass of carbon atom carried by Sidak
Selrnj also look 5 molts of sodium atoms in anollrtr • (5 ,c 12) g • 60 g
co11tni11cr of same weiglrt. (a) Wlrost conl11i11er is Thus, Seh.1j's contJiner is heavy.
IIC11Vl.1!1' ?(b) IMro::e [Link].T Jras 111ort 1111111~ ofatoms ? (b) Both the containers have same number of
(Nol fi1r [m/11ntio11) atoms ns they have same number of moles of
Ans. (a) Mass of sodium atoms carried by Sehaj ntoms.
• (5 • 23) g • 115 g

EVERGREEN St!lf-Study In Scltnce--9 ..-t::~_.-,-w_::.,..:.:.:::::;:::::::::_-_____=-=--::::==.:=-_,-;,:,:..-.:...-.....,,., 67 C!lmll

 Q.2. Fill in the missingdAhl in~ Tobit: Mass •
Numberofatomsofs ilver • Atomlc:-

~ • _!!!_ "NA
108

-
[Link]..- 2 0.5
[Link],tic:IN 3.011 • 1023
Nwnberofatomsofg old
36g 115g
Ratioofnumberof atoms of gold to silver
Ans.

r......
"-tr
"-° COa ...... Mgelz~
•Au:Ag
m
100x197
JCN • ...!!!-"N
A· 108 A

-
[Link]- 2 0.5 s • 108: 100 JC 197
0.5
[Link]-ticloa 1.2044•1 o>' 3.011 •1()23 3.011•1o>' 3.011 •1()23
• 108 :19700• 1: 182.41
:,Sg 22g 115g [Link] Q.5. A sample oftthane (C2 Hi;) gas has tht samt
1.5 JC za2°moltcuksofmttliant(CH.J. Howmmry
Q.3. What 11rt ionic 11nd moluul11r compounds 7 Givt
moltcults dots tht sampltofgas contain 7
Ullmplts. (NotforEtltll
Ans. Atoms of different elements join together , 16
in definite proportions to form molecules of Am. Mass of 1 molecule of CH,• NA g
compounds. Examples : water, ammonia, carbon Mass of 1.5 " 1()20 molecules of methane
dioxide. Compounds composed of metals and
non-metals contain charged species. The charged 1.5 IC 1020 JC 16
NA g
species are known as ions. An ion is a charged
particle and can be negatively or positively 30
Mass of 1 molecule of C:z~ • NA g
charged. A negatively charged ion is called an
anion and the positively charged ion is called Mass of 1.5 >< to20 molecul~ of C:zH,
cation. Examples: sodium chloride, calcium oxide. 1.5 JC 1020 ~ 16
Q.4. A silvn- omamnrt of mass 'm' gr11m is polished with NA g
gold tquillllltnt to 1% of tht mass ofsilwr. Compute :. Number of molecules of ethane
tht ratio of lht numbn ofatoms of gold and silwr in 20
(Not for Evaluation) • l.5><10 x16 ".&.[Link]'to20
tl1t 01'1111mtnt.
NA . 30
Ans. Massofsilver •mg
m
Massofgold • - g
100

CASE-BASED/SOURCE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED/INTEGRATED
ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
Read the ca5" and answer the questions that follow : atomic mass units, scientists initially took 1/16 of
mass of an atom of naturally occurring oxygen u
Case-1
unit. This was considered relevant due to two reasons
We define the atomic mass unit (earlier abbreviated ' .
• oxygen reacted with a large number of elemenll
as 'amu', but according to the latest IUPAC
and formed compounds.
recommendations, it is now written as 'u' - unified
mass) as equal to the mass of one carbon atom, then we • this atomic mass unit gave masses of most of the
would assign carbon an atomic mass of 1.0 u and oxygen elements as whole numbers.
an atomic mass of 1.33 u. However, it is more convenient However, in 1961 for a universally accepted atomic
to have these numbers as whole numbers or as near to a mass unit, carbon-12 isotope was chosen as the s ~
whole numbers as possible. While searching for various reference for measuring atomic masses. One atomic

z;;,' ; : :1:;,;:-z~ 7,.r;;:.,; \?¢3 EVERGREEN Self-Study In Sdenct-1

 ,.,
s un it.-,u
rn as s un it is a m as aJ to tw U d at om s. Th e po st
ul •t n of th is
th e m as s of on e atO IJ\ of exactly on e- th of •m al l pa rtl cl n ca lle
(1 /1 2t h) ..1 2. T he•-• ~.tf ve u fo llo ws :
l el em en t ~b
.. on .,, th eo ry m ay be •ta m: f
at or ni c m as se s of al • ,.. ,v e .....__ ith fo un d cle s ca lle d
ca rb on -t2 . ~ lv
(1) Al l m at te r fs m
ad e ol va y tin y pa rti
of ns.
re sp ec t to an at om ate in ch an ic aJ reilCtlo
ne ra ) a gr o at om ., wh ich pa rti cip
A rn ol ec ul e is in ge more •tom. vw bl e pa rti cle s, wh
ic h ca nn ot
e ch em ic al ly bo nd ed t ~ hv o or (i, ) At om s ar e in df tta cti on .
th at ar
' th at la. tightly he ld d in a ~
ct iv e fo rc es . be cr ea ted or- dn tro ye
to ge th er by at tra tia l In m as s
ass Was d fined (ii ,) At om s of a gi
ve n rle ml !'n t ar e id en
(a) H ow at om ic m in ea ru er tiznes 7 m fe .
w e an d ch em ia l pr op
W hy it is _changed no 7 dU fe re nt
re nt el em en b ha ve
(b) De fin e m ol ec ul
e. (iv) At om s of di ffe
pr op at ie s.
(c) W hi le se ar ch in g
fo r va nou a at on u masses an d ch em ia l ) w ho le
c Dlasa un its in th e ra tio of so ul
W hich e Iem en ts w as ch <>sen at fn.i J leve) an d• (v) At om s co m bi ne
tia po un ds .
w hy ? nu m be rs to fo rm co m
at om s ar e
Or m be r an d ki nd s of
(vi) 1lW! re lat iv e nu
of ca rb m po un d.
(c) W hi ch is ot op e on wa• ch Os en fo r • co ns ta nt in a gi ve n co
. at . om ic th eo ry
ur uv er sa lly ac ce pt ed OI J\i c wa s
un it. lio w do (a) W hi ch po st ul
at e of D al to n' s at
s?
CONft'Vation of m as
.
yo u de fin e at on uc -- nu --
IU \i t? su pp or te d th e la w of
ic th eo ry
e of D al to n' s at om
Ca se -2 (b) W hi ch po st ul at ?
co ns ta nt pr op or tio n
ol mass st a. _ha t.m as s su pp or te d th e la w of
Law of co ns er va tio n -t ~ . can neither t w ho pr ov id ed th e ba
sic th eo ry
str oy ed in a rJ•u.- , Na m e th e sc ien tis
be cr ea te d no r de -~ ca t ~a ct i (c) hi s m ai n
on. 'n le la w m at te r. W ha t we re
of de fin ite pr op or tio
ns . This la w w 85 ab ou t th e na tu re of ry w as
ta nc e the 1ei ne • •la te d by Pr ou st w hi ch la w s hi s th eo
as "I n a ch em ic al su bs e nt s ac hi ev em en ts. O n
pr op or tio ns by l?l ass'' ar e al wa ys ba se d?
pr es en t in de fin ite
at om ic theory • Or
Ac co rd in g to Da lto n's atter, whether e la w
po un d or a . 'al J m co m po se d o su ita bl e examples, th
an el em en t, a co m m ix tu is re (c) Justify by giving tw
as s.
of co ns er va tio n of m

In Sclence -g ft
&:SW#iWMif!l 69 1S11m
EVERGREEN Self-Study
■ \¼fiiii•l;l=i3t•WCl•Mi$t•):■ =liht-1 ;ft~Sii•);li:J=i11

Enon
• Qundon: • More poinu ahouJd be given u :
Slllle the post,Jato ofDal/on's atomic theory ofma&r. (r) Compounds are formed when ato1111
Nridr cflas postu/illo is not a,md 111 prr,ml ? different element• combine with
Students write insufficient answers : other in small whole number ratl01. •
P06t1.1Utes of Dalton's atomic theory: (ir) 1he relative number and kinds of alolnl
(1) Every elen,e-1\t is composed of extremely small a given compound are constant.
particles called atoms.
(i1) Atoms of a given element are identical, both in
mus and properties. Different chemical elements
have different kinds of atoms; in particular, their
atoms have different masses.
(iii) Atom,cannotbeaeated,destroyedortrm;l'ormed
into atoms of other elements.

• Question: • More poinu should be given u :

State tht lino of amsmxition of mRSS, Is this /,zw In all chemical reactions, there is only
"7'Pliaible lo tht chrntictd reactions 7 EIIZborate your of reactants taking place when productl
imswer with tht help of11n ex11mplt. formed. There is no Joss or gain of mus.
Students write insufficient answen : For example, in the following reaction, the
Law of conservation of mass states that mass can mass of the reactants is equal to the total
neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical of the products formed.
reaction.
Ba02(,zq) + Na2SO,(,zq) ➔ BaSO,(s) +2NaCl(
Yes, this law is applicable to the chemical [Link] 142 g 233.5 I 117 I
reactions.

• Quation:
• More points should givenu:
What is the differtnct bttwten 1111 atom and a
Atom Mol«ult
molecule 7
When similar atoms When similar
Students write insufficient answen : molecules combine
combine together in
varying numbers, together in •nJ
Atom Moltt11le number, a simple
molecules of different
(r) Atom ls the smallest (r) Molecule is the properties can be similar product le
particle of an element smallest particles of an formed. e.g., 02, 03 formed. e.g.,
that takes part ln a element or a compoWld
chemical reaction. that is capable of an 2N02--+NP,
independent existence.
(ir) An atom is usuaUy not (ii) A molecule is usually
stable by itself. st~ble by itself.

EVERGREEN Self-Study In
 [
• Quntlon:
Stoll ruin far writing the chmrical farmu!M.
Students write lnaufficlent ANwen : • MOff polnb ahoald be glnn u:
(1) The [Link] cw charges on the ion must be In compounds formed with polyatomil: _kww. the
balanced. ion is enclosed In a bracket belott wnting tM
(ir) When• compound consists ol a metal and a nwnba to indicate the ratio. Howffff, in CAN
non-~u,, the name cw 1ymbol ot t!w metal the number o{ polyatQlnic ion is «w, dw bracket
is written first. r.g., C-aldum oxide (uO), is not requittd.
Sodium chloride (NaO), etc.

• Quntion:
W,.,,t is the dijfrrma brtwm, a,tion tmd 11n 1111ion l • More polnta abould be &fffll u:
Students write l111uffident .1nswen : [Link] AAioe
Callon Anion (r) On paHing electric (r) on pusrng electric
current, it moves current, it moves
(r) It is positively chilrged. (r) It la neg..tively charg@d. towardsanode.
towards c•tliode.
e.g., Na•. e.g., a-.
(i1) It is amaIJa in size than (i,) It la targtt in lize than ita
(ir) It is formed from [Link] ir) It la fonMd from non- its parent atom. pattnts atDln.
atoms. mrtaJ atoms.

EVERGREEN Self-Study In Sdenc~9 (, =1 ,, f 71--

 CunEIITIITj
Muimum Mllrb 1 ■
Ti-: l½ lto11n

PART A : Give Short Answen: Q.16. Give the formulae ol the following compounde:
Q.L Which ~ t e ol [Link]•s •tomic theory is the rewt (1) Magnesium bicarbonate.
ol the J.w o/ ~ l i o n oi 1NSS? (ii) Cupric oxide.
Q.2. WNt Is an atom ? (ii,) Fttric oxide.
(iP) Ammonium hydroxide.
Q.3. Which postubite ol [Link]'s •tomic theory can explain
the J..w ol definite proportions ? (P) Calcium carbonate.
(111) Potassium carbonate.
QA. [Link] the molar mass oi sulphur and phosphorus Q.17. Explain giving a suitable example :
molecule.
Q.5. How many atoms are present in one molecul 0 f (1) Law of conservation of D\a$S.
lllumlnium sulphaite 7 e (i1) Law of consWlt proportions.
Q.6. ~ the atomic mass unit. Q.18. WNt rules are to be kept in mind while wrllinl a
PART B : GiYe Rusons for the Following: chemical formula 7
PART E : Numerical Based Questions:
Q.7. ~toms of most elements are not able to exist
indepffldenUy. Then how these atoms form the matter Q.19. Which has mott numbtt of atoms:
that we can feel, see or touch ? 100 g1ams of Magnesium or 100 gram, of A l ~
QA It is said that mol«ules of many elements such as (Given : At mass ol Mg • 24 u, Al • 'Ou).
argon (Ar). helium (He), neon (Ne), etc., are :nade- up
Q.20. What is the mass (in g1un) of:
ol only one atom of [Link] element Why is it so 7
Q.9. Why is it incomct to say that, •atoms are indivisible (o) 1 atom of oxygen
pMticles'? (b) 1 atom of sodium ?
Q.10. The atoms of elements such as helium, neon, argon, Q.21. Calcul1te the number of aluminium ions Praat
radon, etc., do not form ions easily. Why is it so 7 in 0.051 g of aluminium oxide. (Given : At 111111 af
Al• ZJ u).
Q.11. ~y valency of a.n element is considered very
[Link] 7 Q.22. Calculate the number of molecules of 1ulph11r
(Sa) present in 64 g of solid sulphur. (Given : Al !Na
PART C : Differentiate Between the Following :
ofS • 32 u)
Q.12. Differentiate between cation and an anion.
Q.23. (a) Calculate the number of moles present in :
Q.13. Give differences between an atom and an ion.
PART D : Give Answers in Detail: (i) 92 grams of sodium.

Q.H. Give the main postulates of Dalton's atomic theory. (i1) 108 grams of aluminium.
Q.15. What is meant by : (b) Calculate number of atoms present in :
(a) Molecular mass (1) 0.1 mole of sulphur.
(b) Oiemical formula (i1) 2 moles of phosphorus.
(c) Mole?

!I

ONLINE EXAMINATION SYSTEM

Link for Chapter Test :

[Link]
Scan QR Code to Start Test