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Chapter 1-NA

xử lí tín hiệu số (Trường Đại học Sư phạm Kỹ Thuật Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh)

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CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION

Lesson #1: A big picture about Digital Signal Processing

Lesson #2: Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog
conversion
Lesson #3: The concept of frequency in CT & DT signals
Duration: 5 hrs

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Lecture #1: A big picture about

Digital Signal Processing

Duration: 1 hr

Outline:

1. Signals

2. Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

3. Why DSP?

* * * * * * *

Learning Digital Signal Processing is not something you accomplish; it’s a journey

you take.

R.G. Lyons, Understanding Digital Signal Processing

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Signals ?

Given a continuous-time (CT) signal x(t), we can sample

it to generate the discrete-time (DT) signal x(n)

x ( n ) = x ( n ∆ T ), where ∆ T is the sampling period

1-D signals: speech, audio, biosensor, ECG, etc.

2-D signals: image (optical, X-ray, MRI), remote sensing

data, etc.

2.5-D signals: video, ultrasound images (2-D + time)

3-D signals: graphics and animation

Multi-D signals: multi-spectral data, sonar array etc.

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1-D signals
EEG

ECG

Speech signal

Color image

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2-D image signals

Binary image??? Grey image Color image

(indexed image)

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2-D images (Time of Flight MRI)

ICA
ECA

Imagin
Plaque
g

location CCA

CCA Bifurcation ICA

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2.5-
2.5-D video signals

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3-D animated signals

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Information Technologies Are Driving Fast

Image Sensors: Digital Still Camera (DSC), PC Camera

(CCD and CMOS), Digital Camcorder, portable

scanners, etc.

Powerful Computers: faster and multi-core CPU, low

power embedded CPU, USB2 ports, CD/DVD RW,

flash memory & mini disk, etc.

Data Compression: audio/image/video coding (data

compression) standards. HDTV and digital radio.

2D/3D graphics/video cards: faster display and better

quality.

Communication: Internet, ATM, ADSL, wireless LAN,

WiMAX, WDM in optics, transceiver/modem, etc.

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Two Main Categories of DSP

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS Noise removal

Spectrum analysis Interference separation

Feature extraction Signal compression

Signal detection Signal coding

Analyze Filter
Signal estimation Signal synthesis

Signal verification Spectrum shaping

Signal recognition

Signal modeling

Measures Processed

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Radar

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Biomedical

Analysis of biomedical signals, diagnosis, patient

monitoring, preventive health care

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Speech compression

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Speech
recognition

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Communication

Digital telephony: transmission of information in

digital form via telephone lines, modern technology,

mobile phone

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Image processing

Image enhancement: processing an image to be more

suitable than the original image for a specific application

It makes all the difference whether one sees darkness through

the light or brightness through the shadows

David Lindsay

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Image processing
Image compression: reducing the redundancy in the

image data

UW Campus (bmp) 180 kb UW Campus (jpg) 13 kb

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Image processing

Image restoration: reconstruct a degraded image using a

priori knowledge of the degradation phenomenon

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Music

Recording, encoding, storing

Playback

Manipulation/mixing

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Finger print recognition

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Noise removal

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Lecture #1: A big picture about

Digital Signal Processing

Duration: 1 hr

Outline:

1. Signals

2. Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

3. Why DSP?

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What is Digital Signal Processing?

Represent a signal by a sequence of numbers (called a

"discrete-time signal” or "digital signal").

Modify this sequence of numbers by a computing

process to change or extract information from the

original signal

The "computing process" is a system that converts one

digital signal into another— it is a "discrete-time system” or

"digital system“.

Transforms are tools using in computing process

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Discrete-
Discrete-time signal vs.
continuous
continuous--time signal

Continuous-time signal:

- define for a continuous duration of time

- sound, voice…

Discrete-time signal:

- define only for discrete points in time (hourly, every

second, …)

- an image in computer, a MP3 music file

- amplitude could be discrete or continuous

- if the amplitude is also discrete, the signal is digital.

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CT signal vs. DT signal

00 10 00 10 11

CT signal DT signal

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Signal processing systems

Analog signal Analog signal

x(t) Processing y(t)

Analog signal processing

Analog signal Analog signal

x(t) y(t)
A/D Processing D/A

Digital signal processing

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Digital Signal Processing

implementation

Performed by:

Special-purpose (custom) chips: application-specific integrated

circuits (ASIC)

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA)

General-purpose microprocessors or microcontrollers (µP/µC)

General-purpose digital signal processors (DSP processors)

DSP processors with application-specific hardware (HW)

accelerators

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Digital Signal Processing

implementation

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Digital Signal Processing

implementation

Use basic operations of addition,

multiplication and delay

Combine these operations to accomplish

processing: a discrete-time input signal

another discrete-time output signal

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An example of main step:

“DT signal processing”

From a discrete-time input signal:

{ 1 2 4 -9 5 3 }

Create a discrete-time output signal:

{ 1/3 1 7/3 -1 0 -1/3 8/3 1 }

What is the relation between input and output signal?

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Lecture #1: A big picture about

Digital Signal Processing

Duration: 1 hr

Outline:

1. Signals

2. Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

3. Why DSP?

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Advantages of Digital Signal

Processing

Flexible: re-programming ability

More reliable

Smaller, lighter
less power

Easy to use, to develop and test (by using the

assistant tools)

Suitable to sophisticated applications

Suitable to remote-control applications

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Limitations of Digital Signal

Processing

A/D and D/A needed
aliasing error and

quantization error

Not suitable to high-frequency signal

Require high technology

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Lecture #2: Analog-

Analog-to-
to-Digital and
Digital-
Digital-to-
to-Analog conversion

Duration: 2 hr

Outline:

1. A/D conversion

2. D/A conversion

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ADC

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Sampling

Continuous-time signal
discrete-time signal

Analog Digital
Sampling
world world

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Sampling

Taking samples at intervals and don’t know what happens in

between
can’t distinguish higher and lower frequencies:

aliasing

How to avoid aliasing?

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Nyquist sampling theory

To guarantee that an analog signal can be perfectly

recovered from its sample value

Theory: a signal with maximum of frequency of W Hz must

be sampled at least 2W times per second to make it possible

to reconstruct the original signal from the samples

Nyquist sampling rate: minimum sampling frequency

Nyquist frequency: half the sampling rate

Nyquist range: 0 to Nyquist frequency range

To remove all signal elements above the Nyquist frequency

antialiasing filter

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Anti-
Anti-aliasing filter
magnitude

Anti-aliasing Analog signal

filter response spectrum

frequency

0 W 2W =f 3W 4W
s
magnitude

Filtered analog signal

spectrum

frequency

0 W 2W =f 3W 4W
s

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Some examples of sampling frequency

Speech coding/compression ITU G.711, G.729, G.723.1:

fs = 8 kHz
T = 1/8000 s = 125µs

Broadband system ITU-T G.722:

fs = 16 kHz
T = 1/16 000 s = 62.5µs

Audio CDs:

fs = 44.1 kHz
T = 1/44100 s = 22.676µs

Audio hi-fi, e.g., MPEG-2 (moving picture experts group),

AAC (advanced audio coding), MP3 (MPEG layer 3):

fs = 48 kHz
T = 1/48 000 s = 20.833µs

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Sampling and Hold

Sampling interval T (sampling period): time between samples
s

Sampling frequency f (sampling rate): # samples per second

s

0 1 2 3 4

Analog signal Sample-and-hold signal

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Quantization

Continuous-amplitude signal
discrete-amplitude signal

Quantization step

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Quantization errors & coding

Quantized sample
N-bit code word

1.5V
1.1V
1.25V
1.0V

0.82V
0.5V

0.0V

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Example of quantization and coding

Analog pressures Range of
Quantization
analog
are recorded,

Digital code Level (V) inputs (V)

using a pressure

transducer, as 000 0.0 0.0-0.1875

voltages between
001 0.375 0.1875-0.5625
0 and 3V. The

010 0.75 0.5625-0.9375

signal must be

quantized using a 011 1.125 0.9375-1.3125

3-bit digital code.

100 1.5 1.3125-1.6875
Indicate how the

101 1.875 1.6875-2.0625

analog voltages

will be converted 110 2.25 2.0625-2.4375

to digital values.
111 2.625 2.4375-3.0

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Example of quantization and coding

An analog voltage Quantization

Range of analog

Digital code Level (V) inputs (V)

between -5V and 5V

100 -5.0 -5.0
-4.375

must be quantized

101 -3.75 -4.375
-3.125

using 3 bits. Quantize

110 -2.5 -3.125
-1.875

each of the following

111 -1.25 -1.875
-0.625

samples, and record

000 0.0 -0.625
0.625

the quantization error

001 1.25 0.625
1.875

for each:

010 2.5 1.875
3.125

-3.4V; 0V; .625V

011 3.75 3.125
5.0

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Quantization parameters

Number of bits: N

Full scale analog range: R

N

Resolution: the gap between levels Q = R/2

Quantization error = quantized value – actual value

Dynamic range: number of levels, in decibel

N
Dynamic range = 20log(R/Q) = 20log(2 ) = 6.02N dB

Signal-to-noise ratio SNR = 10log(signal power/noise power)

Or SNR = 10log(signal amplitude/noise amplitude)

Bit rate: the rate at which bits are generated

Bit rate = N.f

s

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Noise removal by quantization

Error
Noise

Q/2
Q

Quantized signal + noise After re-quantization

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Non
Non--uniform quantization

Quantization with variable quantization step 
Q value is

variable

Output Non-

Q value is directly uniform
proportional to signal

amplitude
SNR is

constant
Uniform

Most used in speech

Input

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A-law compression curve

 A s1 ( t ) 1
 , 0 ≤ s1 ( t ) ≤
s 2 ( t ) = 1 + ln A
 A
1 + ln( A s ( t ) )
s2(t)
1

1
, < s1 ( t ) ≤ 1
 1 + ln A A 1.0

A=87.6
A=5
- 1.0 A=1
0 1.0 s1(t)

- 1.0

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ITU G.711 standard

Input range Step size Part 1 Part 2 No. code Decoding output

word

0-1 2 000 0000 0 1

... ... ... ...

30-31 1111 15 31

32-33 2 001 0000 16 33

... ... ... ...

62-63 1111 31 63

64-67 4 010 0000 32 66

... ... ... ...

124-127 1111 47 126

128-135 8 011 0000 48 132

... ... ... ...

248-255 1111 63 252

256-271 16 100 0000 64 264

... ... ... ...

496-511 1111 79 504

512-543 32 101 0000 80 528

... ... ... ...

992-1023 1111 95 1008

1024-1087 64 110 0000 96 1056

... ... ... ...

1984-2047 1111 111 2016

2048-2175 128 111 0000 112 2112

... ... ... ...

3968-4095 1111 127 4032

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ITU G.711 A-
A-law curve

Sign bit Part 1 (3bits) Part 2 (16bits)

Code-word format:
0/1 000
111 0000
1111

1.0
1
7/8
2
6/8
3
5/8
4
4/8
5
3/8
6
2/8 7
1/8
8
0
1/16 1/8 1/4 1/2 1.0

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Example of G.711 code word

A quantized-sample’s value is +121

Sign bit: 0

Part 1: 010

Part 2: 1110

Code word: 00101110

Decoding value: +122

A quantized-sample’s value is -121

Code word: 10101110

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Lecture #2: Analog-

Analog-to-
to-Digital and
Digital-
Digital-to-
to-Analog conversion

Duration: 2 hr

Outline:

1. A/D conversion

2. D/A conversion

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DAC

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Anti-
Anti-imaging filter
magnitude

Anti-imaging
Images
filter

0 W 2W =f 4W = 2f
s s

frequency

Original two-sided

analog signal spectrum

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HW

Prob.1. An analog signal is converted to digital and then

back to analog signal again, without intermediate DSP.
In what ways will the analog signal at the output differ
from the one at the input?

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HW

Prob.2. An analog signal is sampled at its Nyquist rate

1/Ts, and quantized using L quantization levels. The
derived signal is then transmitted on some channels.
(a) Show that the time duration, T, of one bit of the
transmitted binary encoded signal must satisfy

T ≤ Ts /(log2 L)
(b) When is the equality sign valid?

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HW
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Sample(V) 0.5715 4.9575 0.6250 3.6125 4.0500 0.9555 2.8755 1.5625 2.7500

Prob.3. A set of Quantization

Range of analog
analog samples,
Digital code Level (V) inputs (V)
listed in table 1,
000 0.0 0.0
0.3125
is digitized using
the quantization 001 0.625 0.3125
0.9375

table 2. 010 1.250 0.9375
1.5625

Determine the 1.875

011 1.5625
2.1875
digital codes, the
100 2.500 2.1875
2.8125
quantized level,
101 3.125 2.8125
3.4375
and the
quantization 110 3.750 3.4375
4.0625

error for each 111 4.375 4.0625
5.0

sample.
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HW

Prob.4. Consider that you desire an A/D conversion system, such

that the quantization distortion does not exceed 2% of the full ±
scale range of analog signal.
(a) If the analog signal’s maximum frequency is 4000 Hz, and
sampling takes place at the Nyquist rate, what value of sampling
frequency is required?
(b) How many quantization levels of the analog signal are needed?

(c) How many bits per sample are needed for the number of levels

found in part (b)?

(d) What is the data rate in bits/s?

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HW

Prob.5. An analog voice signal with voltage between

-5V and 5V must be quantized using ITU G.711

standard. Encode each of the following samples; and

record the quantization error for each:

(a) -3.45198 V

(b) 1.01119 V

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HW

Prob.6. A 3-bit D/A converter produces a 0 V output

for the code 000 and a 5 V output for the code 111,

with other codes distributed evenly between 0 and 5 V.

Draw the zero order hold output from the converter for

the input below:

111 101 011 101 000 001 011 010 100 110

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Lecture #2
The concept of frequency in
CT & DT signals

Duration: 2 hrs

Outline:

1. CT sinusoidal signals

2. DT sinusoidal signals

3. Relations among frequency variables

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Mathematical description of CT
sinusoidal signals

Functions:

x a ( t ) = A cos(ω t + θ), − ∞ < t < +∞

= A cos( 2πf t + θ), − ∞ < t < +∞
xa(t)
Plot:


Tp = 1/f
Acosθ

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Properties of CT sinusoidal signals

1. For every fixed value of the frequency f, x (t) is

a

periodic: x (t+T ) = x (t)

a p a

T = 1/f: fundamental period

p

2. CT sinusoidal signals with different frequencies are

themselves different

3. Increasing the frequency f results in an increase in the

rate of oscillation of the signal (more periods in a

given time interval)

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Properties of CT sinusoidal
signals (cont)

 For f = 0
T = ∞
p

 For f = ∞
T = 0
p

 Physical frequency: positive

 Mathematical frequency: positive and negative

A j ( Ωt +θ ) A − j ( Ωt +θ )
xa (t ) = A cos(Ωt + θ ) = e + e
2 2
 The frequency range for CT signal:

-∞ < f < +∞

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Mathematical description of DT
sinusoidal signals

Functions: x (n ) = A cos(Ω n + θ), − ∞ < n < +∞

= A cos( 2πFn + θ), − ∞ < n < +∞
2

1 .5

Plot:
0 .5
Amplitude

-0 . 5

-1

-1 . 5

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
T i m e in d e x n

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Properties of DT sinusoidal signals

1. A DT sinusoidal signal x(n) is periodic only if its

frequency F is a rational number

x(n + N) = x(n) ∀n
A cos[ 2πF0 ( n + N ) + θ)] = A cos( 2πF0 n + θ) ∀n
2πF0 N = 2πk
k
F0 =
N

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Properties of DT sinusoidal signals

2. DT sinusoidal signals whose frequencies are separated by

an integer multiple of 2π are identical

x ( n ) = cos[(Ω 0 + 2π) n + θ] = cos(Ω 0 n + 2πn + θ) = cos(Ω 0 n + θ)

All xk (n) = A cos(Ω k n + θ ), k = 0, 1, 2, ...

Ω k = Ω 0 + k 2π , − π ≤ Ω 0 ≤ +π
are identical

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Properties of DT sinusoidal signals

3. The highest rate of oscillation in a DT sinusoidal signal is

obtained when:

Ω = π (or Ω = −π)

or, equivalently, 1 1
F= (or F = − )
2 2

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Illustration for x ( n ) = cos(2π F0 n )

property 3
F = 1/8
0
F = 3/24
FF =03/12= 1/4
1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

F = 1/2
F = 3/6 0
FF =03/4= 3/4
1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-π ≤ Ω ≤ π or -1/2 ≤ F ≤ 1/2: fundamental range

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Sampling of CT sinusoidal signals

CT signal Sampling DT signal

x (t) x (nT)
a a

A cos(2πf nT + θ)
A cos( 2πf t + θ) 2 πf n
 
= A cos 

+ θ 
fS
 

f
F= Normalized
fs frequency

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Relations among frequency variables

CT signals DT signals

ω = 2πf Ω = 2πF

− ∞ < ω < +∞
− ∞ < f < +∞
f − π ≤ Ω ≤ +π
F=
fs − 1 / 2 ≤ F ≤ +1 / 2
− π / T ≤ ω ≤ +π / T
− f s / 2 ≤ f ≤ +f s / 2 1
T=
fs
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Exercise

Consider the analog signal

x(t ) = 3 cos100π t , t[ s ]
a) Determine the minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing
b) Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate fs = 200 Hz. What is
the DT signal obtained after sampling?
c) Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate fs = 75 Hz. What is
the DT signal obtained after sampling?
d) What is the frequency 0 < f < fs/2 of a sinusoidal signal that yields
samples identical to those obtained in part (c)?

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HW

Prob.7. Consider the analog signal

x a (t) = 3cos2000πt+5sin6000πt+10cos12000πt
a) Determine the minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing
b) Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate fs = 5000
samples/sec. What is the DT signal obtained after sampling?
c) What is the analog signal we can reconstruct from the samples if
we use ideal interpolation?

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 lOMoARcPSD|13340603

HW

Prob.8. Consider the analog signal

x(t ) = 3 sin 100π t , t[ s ]

a) Sketch the signal for t from 0 to 30 ms
b) The signal is sampled at the rate fs = 300 samples/s. Determine
the frequency of the DT signal x(n) and show that it is periodic.
c) Compute the sample values in one period of x(n). Sketch x(n) on
the same diagram with x(t). What is the periodic of x(n) in ms?
d) Can you find a sampling rate so that x(n) reaches its peak value?

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