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Integral Calculus: Standard & Definite Integrals

This document discusses integral calculus, specifically the process of integration as the reverse of differentiation, and provides the general solution for integrals of the form ∫ax^ndx. It explains the concept of indefinite and definite integrals, including the addition of an arbitrary constant 'c' in the results of indefinite integrals. Additionally, it presents applications of integrals in civil engineering, such as finding moments and products of inertia for specific curves.

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13 views5 pages

Integral Calculus: Standard & Definite Integrals

This document discusses integral calculus, specifically the process of integration as the reverse of differentiation, and provides the general solution for integrals of the form ∫ax^ndx. It explains the concept of indefinite and definite integrals, including the addition of an arbitrary constant 'c' in the results of indefinite integrals. Additionally, it presents applications of integrals in civil engineering, such as finding moments and products of inertia for specific curves.

Uploaded by

lifekris17
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MODULE 9: INTEGRAL

CALCULUS The general solution of integrals of the form


where a and n are constants is given by:
 STANDARD INTEGRATION
∫ax^ndx= (ax^n+1/n+1)+c
The Process of Integration
The process of integration reverses the process of This rule is true when n is fractional, zero, or a
differentiation. In differentiation, if f (x ) = 2x 2 positive or negative integer, with the exception of
then f ′(x)=4x. Thus the integral of 4x is 2x2, i.e. n = −1
integration is the process of moving from f ′ (x)
to f (x). By similar reasoning, the integral of 2t is
t2
Integration is a process of summation or adding
parts together together and an elongated S,
shown as , is used to replace the words ‘the
integral of’. Hence, from above,
∫4x=2x2and 2t is t2

In differentiation, the differential coefficient


dy/dx indicates that a function of x is being
differentiated with respect to x, the dx
indicating that it is ‘ with respect to x ’ . In
integration the variable of integration is shown by
Each of these three results may be checked by
adding d (the variable) after the function to be
differentiation
integrated

Thus and

∫4x dx means ‘the integral of 4x with


respect to x’,

∫2tdt means ‘the integral of 2t with


respect to t’.

As stated above, the differential coefficient of 2x2


is
4x, hence 4x dx =2x2. However, the differential
coefficient of 2x2 +7 is also 4x. Hence 4x dx is also
equal to 2x2 +7. To allow for the possible
presence of a constant, whenever the process of
integration is performed, a constant ‘c’ is added
to the result.

Thus ∫4xdx=2x +c and ∫2tdt=t +c


‘ c ’ is called the arbitrary constant of
integration.
Standard Integrals

Since integration is the reverse process of


differentiation the standard integrals listed in
Table 39.1 may be deduced and readily checked
by differentiation.

Problem 1. Determine (a) ∫5x2dx (b) ∫2t3dt

Each of these results may be checked by


differentiating them.
This problem shows that functions often have to
be rearranged into the standard form of
∫ax^ndx before it is possible to integrate them.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Integrals containing an arbitrary constant c in


their results are called indefinite integrals since
their precise value cannot be determined
without further information. Definite integrals are
those in which limits are applied. If an
expression is written as [x ]ba , ‘b’ is called the
upper limit and ‘ a’ the lower limit. The
operation of applying the limits is defined as
[x]ba =(b)−(a)
The increase in the value of the integral x 2 as x
increases from 1to3 is written as 13x2dx.
Applying the limits gives:
CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

SOME APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS

MOMENTS OF INERTIA

1. Find the moment of inertia of the area


enclosed by the loop of the curve y2= x2(1-x),
with respect to:
a. y-axis b. the
line x=1

2. Find the product of inertia of y= -x2 + 6x – 6


with respect to the coordinate axis.
CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

Common questions

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Integration is described as a process of summation because it enables the calculation of the total accumulation of quantities, such as areas under curves, by summing infinitely many infinitesimally small quantities. The integral sign itself, an elongated S, symbolizes this summative process, replacing the expression 'the integral of' the function to be evaluated .

To find the moment of inertia about the y-axis of an area enclosed by y^2 = x^2(1-x), one would set up an integral that considers the distribution of area about the y-axis. Specifically, if dA is an area element dx*dy corresponding to the curve, the moment of inertia about the y-axis, I_y, is ∫x^2 dA evaluated over the respective bounds of x as dictated by the loop of the curve .

The rule ∫ax^n dx = (ax^(n+1)/(n+1)) + c applies not only to positive integers but also to fractional and negative integers, with implications for broad applications of integration in handling various types of functions including polynomial, rational, and those with roots or reciprocal powers. The continuity of this rule (except for n = -1) ensures that integration can address diverse mathematical scenarios .

The product of inertia for a region, such as the area under y = -x^2 + 6x - 6 with respect to the coordinate axes, can be calculated by setting up the integral I_xy = ∫∫xy dA, where dA is an element of the area such as a vertical or horizontal strip. This double integral will be evaluated over the region bounded by the parabola and the axes to determine how the area's mass distribution correlates to both axes .

The general solution for integrating functions of the form ax^n is ∫ax^n dx = (ax^(n+1)/(n+1)) + c. However, this rule does not apply when n = -1, because it would involve division by zero, which is undefined .

Indefinite integrals include an arbitrary constant 'c' and their precise value cannot be determined without additional information, as they represent a family of functions. Definite integrals have determined upper and lower limits ('b' as the upper limit and 'a' as the lower limit), and represent the area under the curve or the net signed area depending on the function's behavior between these limits .

Rearranging functions into standard forms like ax^n simplifies the integration process by aligning them with known integration rules, facilitating straightforward application of these rules. This technique reduces complexity, minimizes errors, and enhances the efficiency of integration by directly matching the function with a corresponding antiderivative pattern which can be easily integrated using well-established formulas .

Applying limits to an integral transforms it into a definite integral, such as evaluating ∫x^2 dx from 1 to 3. This process involves calculating the antiderivative at the upper limit and subtracting the evaluation at the lower limit, resulting in a numerical value. This operation is practically applied in calculating areas under curves and solving problems in physics and engineering where specific boundaries and conditions are considered .

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. When differentiating, if f(x) = 2x^2, then the derivative f'(x) = 4x; thus, integrating 4x yields 2x^2. The constant of integration 'c' is added during integration to account for any constant that may have been eliminated during differentiation, as the differential of 2x^2 + 7 is also 4x, showing multiple functions having the same derivative .

The arbitrary constant 'c' in indefinite integrals is significant because it represents any constant value that could have been present in the original function prior to differentiation. It preserves the family of all antiderivatives that share the same derivative, acknowledging that differentiating different functions (e.g., 2x^2 and 2x^2 + 7) could yield the same derivative. Thus, it indicates a range of possible functions rather than a single solution .

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